ObjectiveTo compare levels of two inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), in selected regions of the vulva, vestibule, and vagina in women with vulvar vestibulitis and in asymptomatic controls.MethodsSelective samplings of surgical specimens from 12 women undergoing perineoplasty for vulvar vestibulitis and ten pain-free subjects undergoing posterior vaginal repair were prepared into tissue homogenates and analyzed for concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α. Interleukin-1β and TNF-α concentrations were measured by sandwich enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. The results were reported after adjustment for total tissue protein concentration.ResultsMedian tissue levels of IL-1β and TNF-α were elevated 2.3-fold and 1.8-fold, respectively, in women with vulvar vestibulitis relative to pain-free women. Median IL-1β tissue levels were increased significantly from 1.3 pg/mg to 3.0 pg/mg total protein in women with vulvar vestibulitis compared to pain-free women. Median TNF-α tissue levels were increased from 83 pg/mg to 148 pg/mg total protein in women with vulvar vestibulitis compared to pain-free women. Analysis by selected anatomic site of women with vulvar vestibulitis revealed a significant 2.2-fold higher median level of TNFα at the vulvar site compared to the vestibule.ConclusionConcentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α were elevated in women with vulvar vestibulitis relative to those in asymptomatic controls. This elevation in inflammatory cytokines with vulvar vestibulitis varied according to anatomic site and was, paradoxically, lowest in the area of highest hyperalgesia, the vulvar vestibule. Inflammatory cytokine elevation may contribute to the pathophysiology of mucocutaneous hyperalgesia.