27 Proceedings of the Council. DECEMBER, 1926--JANUARY, 1927. Nomination of the Council, 1927-1 928.-The balloting list for the election of the Officers, Council and Censors at the Annual General Meeting on the 1st March has been prepared and issued to the Fellows and Associates. Members who desire to vote are required to return their voting papers to the Secretary so that they be received at the Institute not later than 4.30p.m. on Monday, 28th February. Dr. L. E. Campbell and Mrs. P. 11. Tookey Kerridge have been appointed Scrutineers for this election. Revised Regulations for the Admission of Fellows.-The Regulations for admission to the Fellowship have been revised as follows:-I. Every Associate applying for admission to the Fellowship is required to produce evidence:- (a) That he is not less than 24 years of age; (b) That since his admission as an Associate, and for a period of three years therefrom, he has been continuously engaged in the study and practice of chemistry in a manner satisfactory to the Council.2. Except as provided hereunder, every such Associate will be required to pass an examination in one of the specified branches. Only in exceptional circumstances will the Council consider applications froni Associates for election to the Fellow-ship without examination: every such Associate will be required to produce evidence satisfactory to the Council:- (i) That he has carried out original research of sufficient merit; or (ii) That he has devised processes or inventions of suficient inerit ; or (iii) That he is possessed of knowledge and ability equivalent to having fulfilled the conditions contained under (i) or (ii) above.Applications from Associates engaged in important analytical, industrial or consulting work of a general or spccialised character may be considered under clause (iii). The nature and responsi- bility of the position held by the candidate will be taken into consideration, as well as any thesis, report or other practical work on any chemical or technological subject subniitted by him. When any such reports are of a confidential nature, these will only be seen and assessed by an Assessor, whose name will be agreed between the Council and the Principals concerned. Every such Associate will be required to pay in addition to the entrance fee (see 4 below), a non-returnable fee of five guineas for the assessment of the evidence submitted.3. The application on the prescribed form must be accom-panied by the names of some responsible persons, preferably Fellows of the Institute, who will confirm the statements made by the candidate. 4. The entrance fee payable by an Associate on election to the Fellowship is five guineas. No name can be transferred to the Register of Fellows until this fee has been paid. 5. Only in exceptional cases will applications for election to the Fellowship be entertained from persons other than Associates. Every such application must be made on the prescribed form and must be accompanied by evidence of age, a certificate of character satisfactory to the Council, and full documentary evidence of the applicant’s general and scientific education and professional career, together with the entrance fee and first annual subscription, both of which will be returned if the application be not accepted by the Council.Candidates applying for election to the Fellowship without examination will also be required to pay a non-returnable fee of five guineas. The Council will decide whether the applicant, if accepted as a candidate for the Fellowship, may bc exempted from passing an examination, or shall be required to pass either the ordinary examination for the Fellowship in a specified branch or a special examination or any other test. If any such examination or test be imposed, the Fellowship examination fee must be paid.THE EXAMlNATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP (F.1.C.). I. On or before the date fixed for the closing of the List for each examination, every candidate -intending to present himself is required to forward:- (a) The application duly filled in and accompanied by the certificates and evidence indicated on the form supplied for the purpose. (b) The Examination Fee. 2. Normally each candidate for the examination is required to select a branch, in which he desires to present himself (see pp. 30-33),such selection to be approved by the Council; but Candidates whose experience is not covered by the syllabus of any branch specified below may apply for permission to take a special examination.In these cases they may'be required to attend before the Board of Examiners for a preliminary interview. A candidate submitting himself for examination in any branch must satisfy the Council that he has had sufficient experience in the selected field of work. A candidate in Branch E. must satisfy the Council that he has had at least three years' experience in work of the nature required. 3. The examination will occupy at least five days. 4. The Examiners will be at liberty to apply any test which they think desirable, either viva voce, or by writing, or by experimental work. In particular, the Examiners will be at liberty to set problems relating to the branch and field of work selected, and candidates will be expected to frame reports and opinions which will be intelligible to a lay client.5. During the practical examinations the candidates will be at liberty to consult books of reference, provided, however, that the Examiners may require candidates to carry out exercises without such aid. 6. The candidate may present a thesis or a report on any original investigation, or other records of practical work on any chemical subject, which the Examiners will take into account. The thesis, or other such record, must be forwarded with the application form, and must be accompanied by'evidence as to whether the investigation has been carried out conjointly or independently by the candidate. When any such reports are of a confidential nature, these will only be seen and assessed 30 by an Assessor whose name will be agreed upon between the Council and the Principals concerned.7. The Board of Examiners may recommend that a candidate who has failed at the examination shall not be allowed to enter again until a period not exceeding a year has elapsed. 8. A certificate showing the field of work in which he has passed will be issued to each successful candidate on his admission to the Fellowship. 9. Subject to the approval of the Council, a Fellow may submit himself for examination in any branch, and if successful a special certificate will be issued to him. BRANCHES. BRANCH CHEMISTRY.A.-~ORGANIC The candidate will be expected to show a fundamental knowledge of Inorganic Chemistry, with an intimate knowledge of methods of analysis, of the general methods of research, and of the apparatus employed in research.In addition, the candidate will be expected to have a general knowledge of the application of chemistry to well known and important fields of work and industries depending mainly upon inorganic chemistry, such as the manufacture of sulphuric acid and alkalis, metallurgy, etc. The candidate may, if he so desires, elect to take a portion of the examination in a special section of inorganic chemistry, subject to the approval by the Council of its character and scope. At least two written papers will be set, and when a candidate selects a special section, then, so far as may be found practicable, one paper will be set on general inorganic chemistry and one on the special section chosen by the candidate.A practical examination will be held extending over not less than four days. BRANCHB.-PHY SICAL CHEMISTRY. The candidate will be expected to show a fzindamental knowledge of physical chemistry, including the methods and apparatus used in physico-chemical processes arid investigations. In addition he will be expected to have a general knowledge of the application of physical chemistry to well known and important fields of work. The candidate may, if he so desires, elect to take a portion of the examination in a special section of physical chemistry, subject to the approval by the Council of its character and scope.At least two written papers will be set, and where a candidate selects a special section, then, so far may be found practicable, one paper will be set on general physical chemistry and one on the special section chosen by the candidate. A practical exam- ination will be held extending over not less than four days. BRANCHC.-ORGANICCHEMISTRY. The candidate will be expected to show a fzcndamental know-ledge of organic chemistry, with an intimate knowledge of the methods of analysis, of the general methods of research and of the apparatus employed in research. In addition, the candidate will be expected to show a general knowledge of the application of organic chemistry to well known and important fields oi work and industries depending mainly on organic chemistry, such as fuel industries ; dyes ; synthetic drugs; oils, fats and waxes, etc.The candidate may, if he so desires, elect to take a portion of the examination in a special section of organic chemistry, subject to the approval by the Council of its character and scope. At least two written papers will be set, and when a candidate selects a special section, then, so far as may be found practicable, one paper will be set on general organic chemistry and one on the special section chosen by the candidate. .A practical exam- ination will be held extending over not less than four days. BRANCHD.--BIO-CHEMISTRY. The candidate will be expected to show a fundnmePztaZ knowledge of chemistry and methods of research in relation to plant and animal life, and a good general knowledge of the technique of microscopy and bacteriology, as applied to the more important fields of bio-chemical work.The candidate may, if he so desires, elect to take a portion of the examination in a special section of bio-chemistry, subject to the approval by the Council of its character and scope. At least two written papers will be set, and when a candidate selects a special section, then, so far as may be found practicable, one paper will be set on general bio-chemistry and one on the special section chosen by the candidate. A practical examination will be held extending over not less than four days. 32 BRANCHE.-THE CHEMISTRY (INCLUDING MICROSCOPY)OF FOODSAND DRUGS AND OF WATER.As in the present regulations for Branch E,-except that the word “added” before the word “preservatives” will be deleted and the words “colouring matters” will be inserted in the second paragraph of the syllabus. BRANCH]I;.-.hGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY, As in the present regulations for Branch D. BRANCHG.-~NDUSTRIALCHEMISTRY. The candidate will be expected to have a good knowledge of general chemical technology and will also be required to select a section of Industry by means of which his knowledge of the subjects of the examination may be specially tested. It is not possible to give a complete list of Sections which may be chosen, but the following examples of industries are given as a guide.Alkalis. Foods. Brewing. Leather. Cement. Metallurgical Industries. Ceramics. Mineral Products. Coal and Coke. Oil, Fats and Waxes. Coal Gas. Paints, Varnishes and Resins. Coat Tar. Petroleum. Dyes and Intermediates. Rubber. Electrochemical Industries. Refractory Materials. Explosives. Sulphuric Acid. Fertilisers, Water and Sewage. Fine Chemicals. Any industry not mentioned may, however, be chosen by the candidate subject to the approval by the Council of its character and scope, The candidate will be expected to show a good general knowledge of chemistry, and a fmdavzenztal knowledge of those branches of chemistry which have close relation with the section of the Industry selected. He will also be expected to have:- (i) A general knowledge of: the application of well-known chemical and physical laws to industrial operatioils ; the develop- ment, control and transmission of heat and power; fittings and 33 stores ; properties of materials used in general construction of plant; process costs ;working costs; economics of manufacture; a working knowledge of the operation of plant in general use in industrial chemical works, (ii) A specialised knowledge of the application of the fore- going to the Section of Industry selected by the candidate, including: the sources and characters of its raw materials; the uses of finished products;‘ the treatnient of any by-products or effluents; the technical methods of analysis employed.Papers will be set in general chemical technology, and on the selected industry.The candidate will also be tested practi- cally and orally, and may be required to interpret drawings or models of plant and fittings. Questiom which might involve the disclosure of unpztblished processes and details of plants irt particular works will not be put. Associateship.-The following addition has been made to the syllabus for the Examination for the Associateship :--“The substances given for qualitative and quantitive examinations may include any “rare *’ elements of utility in the arts and manufactures. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Pt*ize.-I.-As an inducement to registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit, and to devote some thought to questions of professional organisation and to the position of chemists in the life of the community, the Council will offer, annually, a Medal and Prize for the best essay not exceeding three thousand words, on a set subject of professional, as opposed to technical, or purely chemical, importance.The subject for the first Sir Edward Frankland Prize Essay is ‘‘The Importance of Chemistry to the Welfare of the People.” 2.-Entries will be limited to registered students who are less than twenty-two years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. 3.-The Medal will be awarded in memory of Sir Edward . Frankland, K.C.B., D.C.L., F.R.S., first President of the Institute (1877-1880),and there will be, in addition, a Prize of Ten Guineas. 34 4.-(a) Intending competitors will be required to send their essays to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which they reside, on or before 31st December, 1927.(b) Each essay must be accompanied by a signed declara- tion that it is the independent work of the candidate. (c) The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from among the essays received, not more than three considered to be most worthy of the award of the Medal and Prize. (d) The essays will be valued partly for their literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. (e) The essays selected will be sent to the Council, and will be referred to Assessors appointed by the Council.(f)On receiving the report of the Assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. 5. The Medal and Prize will be presented to the successful candidate, by the President of the Institute, at the Annual General IIeeting, or by the Chairman of the Local Section to which the successful candidate belongs, at a meeting of the Section. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. 35 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-At the December meeting of the Section, Mr. J. C. A. Brierley, the Honorary Secretary of the Section, gave an address on “Chemistry as a Factor in Education.” He said that the main object of education was to enable the individual to enjoy a fuller life, to be of more use to the State and to himself, and to know and appreciate more of human thought and endeavour than he would without education.The object was not solely to enable him to earn his living, how- ever necessary that might be. They wanted the future manhood and womanhood to have some appreciation of where they stood and some knowledge of the history of the world and the universe. Mr. Brierley, having referred to the teaching of history, languages, mathematics and other subjects, said that on the science side in his own school, the Belfast Academical Institution, they taught nature study, astronomy, physics and chemistry. They wanted to make the young people into good workers, for without that, results were valueless. They found their opportunity in physics and chemistry, but they were not training their young people to be physicists or chemists, though they wanted them to know fundamentals and even something of the latest develop- ments in physics and chemistry.They did not have hours for lecture and hours for laboratory work : they never lectured; they discussed matters in the class room. They wanted to know something-and they found their answer by working in the laboratory. In teaching chemistry, the historical aspect and the human touch werc kept in the foreground. The history of the search after the true meaning of combustion, the work of celebrated chemists, and the borderland where they found it difficult to separate chemistry from physics all provided a splendid means of inculcating a love of the subject, of developing the reasoning powers, and of demonstrating the living nature of science, so that their youth went out into the world wanting to know more.In all such work there was thc neccssity for enthusiasm on the part of the teacher and the realisation that it was not his aim (at that stage of education) to make a chemist, but a man. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Annual Dinner of the Section was held jointly with the local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, at the Queen’s Hotel, Birmingham, on zznd January. More than IOO members and friends were present. Mr. J. C. Mann, chairman of local Section of Society of Chemical Industry, presided. The toast of the “Institute of Chemistry ” was proposed by Prof.Haswell Wilson, Professor of Pathology in the University of Birmingham, who referred to the important part taken by chemists in the development of Medical Science. He stated further that he considered the Institute of Chemistry had set a standard which placed chemistry high among the scientific professions. The President of the Institute (Prof. Henderson) in replying, said that the function of the Institute was to promote, in every possible way, the welfare of the profession of Chemistry. He urged that more attention should be paid to changing the attitude of the public towards men engaged in scientific work. The toast of the “Society of Chemical Industry ” was proposed by Mr. K. H. Wilson (Chairman of Midland Section of Chemical Employers Federation).Mr. F. H. Carr, President of the Society, responded. Mr. Mann proposed the toast of “The Guests,” Comcillor Hume replied. Musical items were provided by Dr. Norris and Messrs. Chamberlain, Mason and Megson, and a very enjoyable evening was concluded with the toast of “The Chairman,” Dr. Douglas Frank Twiss has been elected District Member of Council for District (i) Birmingham and Midlands, in the place of Mr. C. A. F. Hastilow, whose term of office will be completed on the xst March. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-The fourth meeting of the session was held on the 19th January, in the Bristol University Chemical Department-Sir Ernest H. Cook presiding over a large attendance.A lecture, illustrated by lantern slides, was given by Mr. T. Wallace, Deputy Director of the Long Ashton Research 37 Station, on “Researches on the Nutrition of Fruit Trees.” Tn order to appreciate the general aims of scientific research on the nutrition of fruit trees it was necessary to understand the problems of the fruit grower. It was not sufficient to produce merely considerable bulks of fruit : public taste demanded “quality,” which, in the case of apples and pears, implied size, flavour, general appearance and “finish,” colour, etc. ; and often the production of certain fruits at certain seasons of the year, probabIy not the season when they are naturally easily available. Nutritional questions were to be studied, not only with a view to yields, but on the consideration of factors relating to quality, time of maturity, and behaviour in storage.It was essential to investigate the whole of the growth processes of the trees. Mr. Wallace referred to the history of scientific investigation on the subject which had been conducted in the United States, as well as in this ccjuntry. The early work of Lawcs and Gilbert had shown the possibilities of ex-periments in the case of agricultural crops, and work on fruit nutrition had bcen modelled on similar lines. The more important experiments in England had been carried out at Woburn, Bedfordshire, and at Hadlow and East Malling, ir! Kent. There was need for considerable work of a fundamental character in the laboratory in order to gain the knowledge required for the solution of problems which the older experimcnts had revealed.A basis for such studies had been provided by Kraus and Kraybill, in America, who had examined the notion that growth and fruitfulness in plants were opposed to one another, carbohydrateand had evolved a theory which was known as the ~-nitrogen value theory. This hypothesis had provided a stimulus to workers on this subject. It was claimed that “fruit bud formation” resulted from high carbohydrate conditions at the appropriate time during the summer, while “fruit-setting ” was dependent on relatively high nitrogenous conditions during the spring. The experinients in America mainly related to the use of nitro-genous manures in sod orchards, and the use of fertilisers in conjunction with the systems of management-clcan cultivation, cultivation plus cover crops, sod and sod plus mulch.The main field investigations on trees and bush trees in England were in progress at Long Ashton, East Malling, Perdis- well, and Botley. In most cases the experimental plots were relatively young, but at certain centres the results obtained were 38 of great significance. The work at Long Ashton was started in 1920, and the programme included pot culture and laboratory studies on the effects of deficiencies of the essential elements in the diets of various fruit plants, on the balance of the nutrient elements, on the effects of acidity and alkalinity of the nutrient media, on leaf scorch of fruit trees, as well as chemical and physiological experiments.Trees and bushes were grown under conditions allowing of much more control than was possible in fields, with a view to examining in detail various factors involved in the field problems. It appeared that previous investigators had obtained but little knowledge of a fundamental character : the results of experiments were expressed mainly in terms of gross tree growth or fruit yields, without information as to how they had been effected; but it was essential that such knowledge should be gained if progress were to be made. The results obtained in the Long Ashton pot experiments had shown the value of the line of work adopted: starting with the simple elements and working upwards to the elaborated organic products.As yet, they had little to say on the subject of field experments; those in progress related to the effects of deficiencies of certain elements, and to the comparison of the effect of the use of dung and artiiicial manures on apples, gooseberries, black currants and strawberries, and the effects of time of application of manures on apples. The only results to hand at present were those of experiments on gooseberries, relating mainly to the action of potash manures in controlling leaf scorch. The ultimate aim was to control the “per-formance” of the tree in the field. Their method was to go to the field to find problems, to investigate the various factors of such problems both by laboratory methods and field ex- periments, and finally to test the utility of the results obtained in the commercial orchard. After the discussion, Mr.Wallace was accorded a vote of thanks, proposed from the Chair. The Annual Meeting of the Section will be held on 11th March when a discussion will take place on the question of Registration. Cape.-On 11th December, 1926, by the courtesy of the Cape Town Corporation officials, the members of the Cape section of the Institute and of the Cape Chemical Society, and other chemists resident in the locality, were invited to the 39 Southern Suburbs Sewage Disposal Works. The Corporation was represented by Dr. A. Abdurahman (Chairman of the Streets and Drainage Committee), Mr.Lloyd Davies (City Engineer), and Mr. E. H. Croghan (Chemist and Manager of the Sewage Disposal Works), and the Stellenbosch Municipality was represented by Mr. H. Wicht (Town Councillor), Mr. Blersch (Town Clerk), and Mr. Floyd (Engineer). The drainage scheme embraces an area of 30 square miles, involving about 136 miles of sewers, which at present serve a population of about IOO,OOO. The Sewage Disposal Works comprise a large pumping station at Rapenburg, which deals with most of the sewage from the Maitland-Woodstock-Kenil-worth area, and sis pumping sub-stations, five of which are already working. At the main station the visitors noted the modern electrically-driven equipnient for pumping the sewage and screenings to the disposal works, and were shown special pumps for raising sludges, and also the provision made for dealing with storm water and for the efficient control of the system.The electric power utilised is derived from the large power station of the Corporation. From Rapenburg, the sewage is ultiniately pumped to the bacterial treatment plant at Athlone, about a mile away. Prof. Smeath Thomas expressed the thanks of the visitors for the kindness and hospitality which had been shown them and also spoke of the interest they felt in what they had seen, Dr. Abdurahman, in reply, said that it had given him very great pleasure to be able to welcome such. a concourse of pro-fessional chemists. He realised how much they were dependent on mutual aid: the chemist was of continual assistance to the engineer, and, speaking as a medical man, he wished to bear testimony- to the valuable help he had repeatedly received from Mr.Lloyd Davis, the City Engineer. Before continuing the inspection, Nr. Croghan gave a lecture in which he demonstrated, by means of a model, the working of the double-storey treatment tanks, in which the sewage from the Rapenburg pumping station was trcated; and then, with the aid of simple apparatus, explained how the treatment was controlled. Large quantities of industrial trades waste were dealt with in addition to domestic sewage. The treatment tanks, three in number, are 34 feet deep, and in these tanks the solids hitherto in suspension in the sewage, settle through slots into the lower storeys, which are termed 40 sludge digestion chambers.Here, natural bacterial agencies produce a practically odourless sludge. By gravitation through an underground pipe system, the sludge is occasionally with- drawn to a pump well some 150yards distant, from which point it is pumped either to drying beds or to the cropping lands attached to the works. The sludge is said to be highly valued by farmers, and, at present, is supplied free of cost. The settled effluent from the sedimentation tanks passes on, for the production of a purified product, to percolating beds. These consist of brushwood bales of Port Jackson acacias, which grow in great profusion all over the Cape Flats, The bales are superimposed upon concrete false-bottom floors, each bed at present being operated covering a surface area of nearly an acre.The sewage is continuously sprinkled over the bales of brushwood by travelling distributors, which move backwards and forwards automatically, propelled solely by the flow of the sewage itself. This method has proved efficient and economical compared with the method of distributing the liquid over stone which is difficult to procure. During the last two years, field experiments have been conducted having regard to sewage irrigation practice and agricultural development, the cultivation of various crops and natural and artificial pastures, and the possibilities of cattle grazing in relation to the feeding qualities of indigenous grasses. On behalf of the National Botanic Gardens at Kirstenbosch, tests are being carried out at the works in connection with the growing of medicinal plants.The visitors noted the promising extent of peppermint under cultivation, as well as various species of yelargonium grown as a source of essential oils. The tour of inspection occupied about four hours and was brought to a close by a drive through the Langa native township with its modern lay-out, which is another of the City Council’s useful development schemes. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The Section has been deprived of one of its active and valued members owing to Mr. B. D. W. Luff having obtained an appointment in the Liverpool area. Mr. Luff was the first Honorary Secretary from 1918to 1922,and subsequently served on the Committee, becoming Vice-chairman in 1925.Mr. J. Adam Watson, who has recently been elected District Member of Council, has succeeded to the office of Vice-chairman. 41 Two further meetings have been held in co-operation with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry: on 18th November at the North British Station Hotel an interesting address on “Some Chemical Aspects of Geology” was given by Mr, Watson. On 7th December, at the Rooms of the Phar- maceutical Society, Edinburgh, Mr. Francis H, Carr, President of the Society of Chemical Industry, dealt with “Vitamins in their relation to Industry,” giving a summary of the existing knowledge of the subject and showed how problems, such as those of the isolation and the estimation of these active sub- stances, were being successfully pursued. Giaagow and West of Scotland.-The Section, having considered the subject of the registration of chemists, has forwarded the following resolutions and views to the Council, directing particular attention to No.7:-(I) “General Registration is desirable but only if made ultimately com pulso ry.’’ (2) “Compulsory Registration is impossible at present because Chemists are not in a position to put forward a case.” (3) a. “Voluntary Registration will be a necessary preliminary step as it will tend to bring the profession into a position to urge forward the proposition of compulsory Registration. b. The Institute of Chemistry be invited to co-operate with other chemical societies in the formation of a Voluntary Register.’’ (4) “The question of the practicability of any scheme of Registration cannot be decided without trial.” (5) “Dr. Gordon’s scheme along with an alternative put forward by Dr. Hopper should be sent to the Special Com- mittee on Registration for their consideration. Both schemes are intended to increase the scope of the Institute.” Briefly stated: Dr. Hopper’s scheme suggests the present Associates be styled A.I.C. (Honours) and a grade A.I.C. (Pass)be instituted in ordcr to admit all who could reasonably be regarded as qualified chemists, the standard of the latter diploma to be approximately that of a pass BSc. degree with chemistry as principal subject.Both Pass and Honours A.I.C. to attain to the same standard before admission to F.I.C. Dr. Gordon’s scheme provides that those who hrtvc taken a Pass B.Sc. degree with chemistry as principal subject be admitted A.I.C. but bo required to pass an Inter-Fellowship Examination before proceeding to F.I.C. of tho standard and scope of the present A.I.C. Examination in General Chemistry. 42 “Preference was indicated in favour of Dr. Hopper’s scheme.” “The Institute oi Chemistry should be the Registration Authority, but in the event of it not being so, neither of these schemes should be adopted.” (6) “In the event of neither of the schemes mentioned in (5) being acceptable, a third grade of membership of the Institute should be established; the National Certificate (Higher) in Chemistry is suggested as a suitable minimum qualification.” (7) “A referendum of all members of the Institute be taken on a numbef.of questions relative to Registration.” H uddersfield.-An ordinary meeting of the Section was held at the Queen Hotel, on 24th November, 1926, Dr. Hodgson in the chair. Capt. J. A. Foster gave a very interesting address on “Forensic Chemistry or Chemical Jurisprudence,” illus-trating by actual examples the many varied cases in which a consulting chemist may be called as an expert witness. A discussion followed and the meeting closed with a cordial vote of thanks to the lecturer. ,4 meeting of the Section was held in the Technical College, on 24th January, 1927, when Prof. R.Robinson gave an address on “Electronic Displacement Theories in Organic Chemistry.” Dr. Hodgson, the chairman, in his introductory remarks, commented on the lead which British chemists were to-day giving in modern schools of thought. Prof. Robinson dealt with his subject so far as it applied to the orientation of benzene derivatives. Dividing ions into two groups, kationoid groups being deficient in electrons and anionoid groups having a surplus of electrons, the lecturer illustrated the directive influence of such groups upon substitution in the benzene nucleus. A short discussion took place, and Prof. Robinson replied to questions. Prof. Heilbron will address a meeting on 25th February on “The Unsaponifiable Matter of Oils and their connection with certain oil-soluble Vitamins.” Prof, Ingold will give an address on “Transmission of Reactivity in Molecules” on 11th March. These meetings will be held in the Technical College. Irish Free State.---Prof. W. E. Adeney presided at a meeting of the Section, held in the Physics Theatre, Trinity College, on 12th January, whcn a lecture, ilustrated by lantern slides, was given by Dr. T. J. Nolan, of the State Laboratory, on the “Design and Functioning of Sporting Ammunition.” The lecturer took the rz bore, 24 inch cartridge as the representa- tive type, and dealt in detail with the qualities necessary in cap, powder, paper, wadding and shot, so that a properly func- tioning cartridge might be obtained.The method of preparation of the various constituents and their mode of assembly was described, the means used for determination of the pressure developed by a cartridge, the gun recoil, the velocity of flight of the shot, and the pattern produced were given. Of particular interest were photographs of shot in flight when fired from (a) cylincier, and (b) choke barrel. The lecture concludcd with an illustrated description of the results of rough usage of sporting cartridges and showed the large factor of safety that exists in the handling of this type of ammunition. A short discussion followed, in which Mr. O’Farrelly, Prof. Werner and Col. Stapleton took part. The meeting concluded with a hearty vote of thanks to Dr.Nolan. Leeds Area.-A meeting of the section was held in the Great Northern Hotel, Leeds, on December 13th. Prof. J. W. Cobb, who occupied the chair, annouiiced that the committee had elected Mr. B. G. McLellan (York) as chairman of the section. The report of the meeting at York, of delegates of the North- East Coast and Yorks. Voting Area, was presented. At that meeting a resolution was passed, viz. :--“That, owing to the anomalies that arise from the present system of election to the Council, the Council be asked to reconsider the advisability of electing its members by districts alone.” The Chairman said that the Council had demitted this resolution to local sections, and it would be submitted for discussion at a future meeting.Mr. F. Scholefield (Manchester) was called upon to open a discussion on ‘‘Registration of Chemists.” He pointed out that the movement for registration had never come from the leaders of any profession. It was the general body of members of the Institute who felt the competition of irregular practitioners among consultants or of unqualified persons in industrial work. He also pointed out that the original founders clearly had in mind the production of n. register of chemists as one of the objects of the Institute. He traced the history of the movement in recent times, outlined the Statement of the Manchester and Liverpool sections on the subject, and discussed the report of the Institute Committee, printed in the Proceediqy for August, 1926.Mr. Scholefield believed that the Register would be difficult of achievement without the help of bodies outside the Institute, and he deprecated the formation of a third grade within, in view of the possible danger of depreciating the value of the Fellowship and Associateship. Initially, registration would have to be voluntary. He did not think that the difficulty of the title Chemist need prove a fatal obstacle. There was already a movenient in favour of producing a register of the “directory type,” He thought that, in any register, the range of experience of members ought to bc set out and classified, so that it would indicate who were the competent people in the several branches. Dr. K. B. Forster (Leeds) advocated the production of a register, and urged chemists to help themselves in this direction and not to await legislative action.He pointed out that the setting up of a register did not mean the conferring of any degrees or diploma, and raised the question whether it was essential to create a new organisation for the production of such a register. He admitted the difficulty of finding a suitable title, but this should not prove insuperable to a body of creative workers such as chemists. Mr. R. Gawler (Leeds) dissented from the views advanced by Dr. Forster, preferring “free trade ” in the practice of chemistry if the practitioner rendered a useful service to those employing him. He felt that it would be necessary to make out a convincing case in the public interest before action could be taken to close the profession.The Regulations showed that members of the Institute were more or less committed beforehand to a view as to the qualifications necessary before a person could be described as a chemist. Mr. B. G. McLellan (York) favoured the production of a register as a means of unifying the profession. He doubted whether the Institute alone could now carry it out. They were suffering from the effects of an academic and insular attitude shown in their early days, which had resulted in the formation of other bodies to operate where the Institute had apparently failed. Before attempts are made to form a register, there must be unity, or at any rate, concord between the various professional bodies, and for that reason he favoured the delega- tion of the duty to an ad hoc registrative body.He did not favour the institution of a third grade within the Institute. As a title, he thought that the word “Chemist” was preferable without adjectival qualification. He submitted a resolution signed by eighteen members in York supporting the compilation of a register as a means of unifying the profession, viz.:“We consider that the compilation of a Register would go far to unify the Profession, and support the movement to bring such a Register into being.” Mr. H. J. Hodsman (Leeds), pointed out that a register of the “directory type ” would be a great convenience, especially as some of the principal societies no longer issued their member- ship lists.He had also been impressed by the fact that the founders of the Institute had in mind the desirability of a register, but they seemed to get side-tracked into making it an examining body only. The lack of facilities for training and examination might have justified the policy 50 years ago, but the effect had been to cramp the Institute. Now that the Institute delegated examinational functions more freely and relied on a scrutiny of qualifications, it became a general registering body, and he would require much persuasion before agreeing that it was desirable to set up a new one. His main criticism would be that the Institute tended to measure chemists by the standards of the laboratory worker, and to look coldly on attainments and experience which proved successful in manufacturing industry.If necessary, he would establish a third grade and for that purpose thought the name “chemist” might serve, as it did not lend itself to the formation of specious combinations of letters which might lower the prestige of F.I.C. or A.I.C. At the same time, there inust be a line drawn somewhere. He saw, for instance, no movement for including solicitors’ clerks and nurses among legal and medical practitioners. There would always be a body of chemical workers at the fringe of any professional organisation, however widely the net was cast. Chemistry, unlike law or medicine, was a subject of general educa- tion just like Latin or English. Young people become interested in the subject at school; they were later assisted financially to go further with it at college. Chemistry was, therefore, a profession which could be entered cheaply by the clever boy, and that must have an effect on the economic position of chemists themselves.The Chairman summed up the discussion as indicating a feeling among those present in favour of compiling a com-prehensive register of chemists. There was a divergence of opinion as to whether the Institute should be the registering body or whether a new organisation should be created for the purpose. He pointed out that the Institute seemed to be the only body with machinery for sifting the claim to registration. Professor C. H. Desch (Sheffield) contributed a written statement: “The subject of the registration of chemists has to be considered in connection with the general question whether it be desirable to make chemistry a closed profession.So far as the position of fully trained chemists is concerned their interests are adequately safeguarded by the Institute, which has the standing of a recognised professional institution, and insists on a standard of experience and knowledge which is generally regarded as satisfactory. The British Association of Chemists, of the work of which I really know nothing, seems to be adequate to safeguard the interests of persons engaged in chemical works, etc., who have not reached the standard required by the Institute. The whole influence of a qualifying body depends on its maintenance of a high standard.So long as the Institute holds its present position, the possession of its Fellowship or Associateship will be regarded as the best qualifica- tion for a post in public service or in works. I very strongly object, however, tg any attempt to make chemistry a closed profession. The examples of medicine and law are commonly quoted, but in these two professions the range of qualification is comparatively narrow and easy to define. On the other hand, a chemist, by which term I understand a man who practises some occupation, the scientific basis of which is chemistry, cannot be defined, since his functions may vary so very widely. Any attempt to close the profession would mean a standardisa-tion and the enforcement of a narrow outlook on chemists.Even the restriction of the practice of medicine, necessary as it is felt to be, bears serious evils with it, and we have seen lately how a privileged body may become tyrannical by refusing to recognise any methods which have not been approved as orthodox. I sincerely hope that all scientific workers will keep 47 themselves free from any such narrow restrictions. We need in science the greatest possible independence of thought and action, and I consider that chemists should aim at maintaining their position by keeping up a high standard of work and personal honour, and not by any attempt to exclude outside workers.” Dr. Forster moved that: “This meeting declares itself in general agreement with the statement on registration prepared by the Manchester and Liverpool Sections, and urges the Council to go forward with the compilation of a register of professional chemists,” Mr.David McCandlish (Leeds) seconding, suggested that some guidance might be obtained from the action of the dental pro-fession in a similar matter. The motion was carried by 10votes to 2, several members having left the meeting before the vote was taken. In addition there were written communications supporting registration from 19members (including 18 from York), and I against. On 24th January, Prof. J. W. Cobb gave a lecture before the Section, on “The Training of a Fuel Chemist,” of which the following is an abstract. The conviction that our fuel supplies must be used efficiently and economically is becoming more firmly and generally estab- lished, with the result that there is probably no branch of chemistry providing better opportunities than fuel for the right type of man.These opportunities come in the first instance in connection with the established carbonisation industries. The gas industry depends upon scientific practice in respect of its main products, its by-products, and the proper utiJisation of gas, coke, and tar. The development of the gas and coke oven industries depends on a scientifically trained personnel, more than on any other single factor. Moreover, the need for economy in fuel utilisation, the demands for liquid fuel, particularly motor spirit, the awakening of the public conscience to the evils arising from smoke,all make for the intervention of the trained fuel technologist.The training has to meet many requirements, and, if it is to be effective without being too long, a careful selection has to be made of the subject-matter. It would be easy to say that such a training should include courses that would imply the superposed training of a chemist, a physicist, and an engineer, 48 followed by works experience. Such a scheme is quite impractic- able and would inculcate too exclusively the attitude of the acquirer of knowledge and not sufficiently that readiness €or independent action and for malting the best use of knowledge already acquired, which is characteristic of the best type of practical man.The courses in fuel or gas engineering, as given by the Univer- sity of Leeds in the first year, are given, are given up entirely to basic sciences, Chemistry, physics, and mathematics, with an introductory course in general engineering and a short course (one hour per week) in fuel. The second year course develops chem- istry and engineering further, and deals with such special branches of physics and chemistry as thermal efficiencies, calorimetry, and pyrometry-all of fundamental importance to the fuel technolo- gist. The third year course may be varied, but is substantially devoted to the more specialised subjects of carbonisation, fuel, and gas engineering. In this year the special technique of the fuel chemist is learned in the fuel laboratories in connection with furnaces, refractory materials, pyrometry, calorimetry, gas analysis, the methods of testing gas appliances and the like.Contact with the most modern practice is maintained by short lecture courses, given by lecturers from outside, on such subjects as coke oven and gas works practice, gas distribution, and benzole recovery. Practice in exposition by the students is obtained at a weekly colloquium where new processes or re-searches are explained by the students themselves. Some works experience is obtained by the students, during the long vacation, at gas works, coke oven plants, and producer gas plants, although the first vacation course is usually spent at a general engineering works.This three years’ course leads to a degree or a diploma. The successful student is ready to take a works post in the fuel industries, since he has a knowledge of the principles underlying the use of fuel and of the laboratory technique employed in fuel work, and also a knowledge of industrial processes which must, however, be supplemented by experience. The fourth year course consists in carrying out under super- vision some piece of allotted research work, and is really a training in research methods: it leads to an honours degree. The fourth year training is not suitable for every student and is only recommended for those who have some aptitude for research. 49 In the other universities which set out to train fuel chemists, the practice is somewhat different.At London, for example, the fuel training is entirely post-graduate, following upon the completion of a full degree course in science. The fully qualified fuel chemist is now in great demand. His work is of an interesting character; his opportunities are great and likely to be greater, In the discussion following the lecture, Dr. L. L. Lloyd (Bradford), advocated instruction in economics for students destined for industry, and suggested the advisability of giving notice in advance of the subject of lectures so that students might form their own opinions. Mr. C. P. Finn (Wath-on-Dearne), doubted whether any university training would give a man in advance the “applied economics” of the type necessary to a works manager, which could be learnt only in the school of experience.Men trained in the methods described by Professor Cobb were better fitted than the average graduate in chemistry for successful work in the coke oven industry. The chemist was often too anxious to remain in a laboratory. Mr. C. P. Thorp (Hull) expressed approval of the curriculum outlined and lamented that his own university training left him without the knowledge of engineering which he found so necessary in his daily work. Mr. H. Marsden (Wakefield) spoke of the difficulty which a young industrial chemist finds in calculating costs, especially in a large concern. Mr. H. J. Hodsman (Leeds) said the address raised the question of the training of industrial chemists.The Institute regula- tions seemed designed to suit laboratory workers, analytical and research chemists. Was it desirable that all men destined for manufacturing life should hc forced through the same mould? It may be said that their engineering training in applied chemistry should follow graduation, but time was a limiting factor. For certain types of men destined for an industrial Life, early association with practice was desirable. In a discussion on qualifying examination standards, Mr. Riley (Leeds) insisted on the maintenance of the matriculation standard. The chairman ernphasised that admission to the Institute was regulated by the charter and the historical develop- ment of the Institute. Professor Cobb in replying, said that the students in Fuel at 50 Leeds took ;I short course of applied economics.He doubted the advisability of exacting a course of training specially suited to laboratory workers for all chemists going into executive industrial work. He would also prefer to demand in all cases some experience in the practice of chemistry after graduation before admission to the Institute. Mr. McLellan’s paper on “The Chemist in the Food Industry ” will be given on 14th March. London and South-Eastern Counties.-A meeting of the section was held at the Institute, on 15th December- Mr. G. W, s. Marlow in the chair-when the proposition was discussed-That provision should be made for the election of a certain number of Associates to the Council.Mr. Tritton referred to the early constitution of the Institute, pointing out that in 1885 there were about 430 members, less than 20 being Associates. At the present time about 65 per cent. of the members of the Institute were Associates, but the Council was still composed solely of Fellows, He thought that the tendency was to make the conditions for Fellowship more severe and consequently a large proportion of Associates did not proceed to the Fellowship, Moreover, the younger men were now taking posts in industry, and many would ultimately obtain managerial posts of importance. These, even if remaining Associates, should be entitled to take part in the policy and management of the Institute. The total subscriptions paid by Associates were about double those paid by Fellows and, for this reason also, Associates should have their own representa- tives on the Council. Associates were specifically excluded from the Council by the terms of the Charter, and, therefore, to put this suggestion into practice would necessitate an alteration.He considered that the present constitution of the Council was undemocratic and not in the best interests of the Institute. Mr. Barrett, in seconding the proposition, suggested that the Council should appoint a Committee to consider the matter. The Associates desired someone to represent their views on the Council. Mr. Phillips said that the Institute was artificially divided into two classes. To many Associates, the Fellowship was not open because of the restricted character of the Fellowship examinations. 51 Mr.Kendrick considered that Associates should be represented on the Council, especially with regard to the election of Asso-ciates to the Fellowship. The present regulations were too limited to allow the greater proportion of Associates to become Fellows. Many of those who were so excluded might be of great value to the Institute and their presence on the Council would give it wider views, including those of industrial chemists. Mr. Kent-Jones pointed out that it was possible for Asso-ciates to be examined in specialised branches of Chemistry for the Fellowship if they applied to the Institute for such exam- inations. He considered that any move which would reduce the necessity or desire of Associates to become Fellows would be wrong.Mr. Winks explained that the desire of the Institute was for as many Associates as possible to become Fellows. Although specified branches for the Fellowship examination appeared to be limited they were viewed in a generous way. The election of Associates to the Council would tend to maintain a continual barrier between Fellows and Associates. Mr. McLachlan thought that it was not necessary for Asso-ciates to be eligible for election to the Council, but that there should be a change of policy with regard to the admission of Associates to the Fellowship. Mr. Collett explained the changes in the regulations with regard to the admission to Associateship and Fellowship which took place in 1917.Previous to that date it was necessary to pass the intermediate examination or obtain a first or second class honours degree before taking the A.I.C. examination in the special branch chosen. He explained that the Council desired and expected Associates to become Fellows and that they were fully alive to the difficulties which some Associates experienced in finding in the syllabus a branch which would meet their requirements. One of the prime duties of the Institute was to act as a qualifying and examining body: he asked the members to consider, therefore, whether Associates should be members of the body which considered applications for election to the Fellowship. There was no discrimination on the Council between the interests of the Fellows and the Associates; the only privileges the fornier had, apart from the additional prestige, were possible membership of the Council and the right to make themselves responsible for registered students. 52 Messrs.Howard, Crosbie, A. J. Chapman, and Claremont also contributed to the discussion. Mr. Tritton, in his reply, discussed the various points which had been raised during the debate. The Chairman put the motion to the meeting, which was lost, 15 voted in favour, 18 against. It was agreed to pospone until the next meeting, the con- sideration of a motion “That in future the annual general meeting be held at some reasonable hour in the evening.” The discussions were keen and full of interest.Manchester and District.-On 6th December, 1926, at the “Manchester,” Ltd., the Section held a social evening. After an address by the Chairman (Dr. Levinstein)-in the course of which he reviewed the position with regard to the question of Registration-a Dinner, Dance and Cabaret took place and was greatly enjoyed by about 200 members and friends. Mrs. Nora Pearson with a partner gave a demonstration of dancing, and later appeared, in conjunction with Mr. Ryder Boys, of the Manchester School of Music, in the Quarrel scene from “The School for Scandal.” South Wales.-A largely attended meeting was held jointly by the South Wales Sections of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institution of Mechani-cal Engineers, on 8th December, at the Technical College, Swansea, Mr.C. M. W. Grieb in the chair. A paper on “Lubricating Oils, their Preparations, Properties and Examination,” was read by Mr. E. Le Q. Herbert, of the National Oil Refineries, Ltd. Mr. Herbert condensed a wide subject into a paper full of interest and concluded with a description of recent researches on lubricating oils. An animated discussion followed, Messrs, Grieb and Wood, Profs. Bacon and Coates, and others taking part. A hearty vote of thanks to Mr. Herbert concluded the meeting. A meeting of the South Wales Section of the Institute of Chemistry, was held on 26th January, at the University College, Swansea, Mr. C. M. W. Grieb being in the chair.The two resolutions relating to the present system of election to Council, passed by the North-East Area Executive Committee and the Liverpool and North-Western Section were then discussed, After some discussion, it was decided to adjourn the further consideration of the matter to another meeting, and the Hon. Secretary was requested to circulate a copy of the resolutions to all members of the Section. The meeting desired that the agenda should also give notice of a discussion on the desirability of Associates being eligible for election to Council. The meeting then adjourned to a joint meeting with the South Wales Section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals. Mr. J. R. Green read a paper on “Quantitative Spectro- graphic Analysis in Metallurgy,” describing the methods of Spectrographic Analysis.The paper was illustrated by numerous examples and slides. In the discussion, Messrs. Grieb and Taverner emphasized the limitations and difficulties of the method. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded to Mr. Green. Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). AN informal social evening was held at the Institute on 26th January. An excellent programme of music was provided by members of the Association and a dumb charade, culminating in a representation of the process of transmutation, performed in ten scenes, was very cordially received. A visit to the Royal Institution has been arranged by the courtesy of Sir William H.Brag for Wednesday, the 2nd March; and on Thursday, 31st March, Dr. E. F. Armstrong will give an address at the Institute on ‘‘The Transition from Chemical Student to Industrial Chemist.” January Examinations, 1927. Summary of the Report of the Board of Examiners. An Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship was held at the Institute from 3rd to 8th January, inclusive. Fourteen candidates were examined and seven passed, two candidates completing their examination by satisfying the Board in the translation of French and German technical literature :-PASSLIST. Avent, Alfred George, Merchant Ventured Tech. College, Bristol. Bunce, Edwin Herbert, Birkbeck College. Clulow, Frederick William, B.Sc. (Lond.), Trained under G.E. Johnson, Esq., F.I.C., at the Municipal Tech. College, Hull; and Bradford Technical College. Cocker, Leslie, Huddersfield Technical College. X-iunecke, James Richard, BSc. (Lond.),Trained under G. E. Johnson, Esq., F.I.C.,ah the Municipal Tech. College, Hull. Myer, Edward, Liverpool Central Tech. School. Taylor, Arthur Edgar, Birmingham Municipal Technical School. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-In the theoretical papers, the answers to the questions on physical chemistry were rather superficial. The definition and determination of P, was generally well done, but the answers dealing with equations of state, application of electrometric methods in analytical chemistry, and Brownian motion were vague and unsatisfactory. No candidate dealt successfully with the quantitative part of the question on Brownian motion, and the term “electrometric” was stretched to include electrolytic analysis and even gas analysis in a combustion pipette.In inorganic chemistry, answers requiring memory only were well done; but the methods suggested for the preparation of pure gold, ammonium chloride and caustic potash, or for the separation of aluminium,iron and titanium were very inadequate. Tn the practical inorganic paper, the qualitative work was 55 fairly good, bat only four candidates definitely found vanadic acid, although all the candidates observed and noted at least two characteristic reactions for vanadium. In the quantitative section, the chlorine determination was fairly accurate, and that of calcium was nearly as good, although some candidates did not appear to recognise the fact that calcium phosphate would be precipitated on the addition of ammonia in excess.The phosphate determination was badly done, only two candidates obtaining good results. ORGANICCHEMI~TRY.-In the theoretical papers, the his- torical question on the work?of Griess, Hofmann and KekulC was attempted by all candidates and generally well answered. A question on the stereochemistry of trihydroxyglutaric acids was attempted, but not very successfully, by only three candidates. Only one candidate gave a practicable process for separating aliphatic primary, secondary and tertiary amines from a mixture of the three bases.The method generally favoured was that of treatment with nitrous acid, which involves the destruction of the primary mine. In the practical exercises, the candidates, when required to identify the elements in the phosphate or arsenate of quinine failed, with one exception, to recognise the presence of the phosphorus or arsenic in the acid radical of the quinine salt. Candidates were asked to identify either methyl acetate or ethyl formate,-isomeric esters with similar boiling points. This exercise was performed rather badly. In three instances the acetate was returned as the formate on quite inconclusive evidence. The results obtained on the second day in the quantitative exercise-determination of quinine in its phosphate or arsenate -were very satisfactory. In the qualitative work, some difficulty was experienced in finding nitrogen, by the cyanide test, in methylacetanilide.FROM FRENCHTRANSLATION AND GERMAN.--AlthOUgh the passages selected for translation were longer than usual, the results were better than in former examinations. There were no failures in French; the three candidates who failed in German were also weak in the theoretical and practical organic papers. 56 The following papers and exercise8 were given :-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 3rd JANUARY, 1927: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOURquestions only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of the method of preparation and properties of the element fluorine. Compare the properties of fluorine and its compounds with those of the other halogens, with special reference to points of difference.2. Give an account of how you would prepare: (a) Pure gold, from sterling gold. (b) Pure ammonium chloride free from carbon compounds. (c) A solution of caustic potash of high purity, especially as regards freedom from sodium compounds, 3. What is “Brownian motion’’ and how has it been studied ex- perimentally ? Whak deduct.ions have been drawn from the quantitative study of Brownian motion 0 4. Give an account, with examples, of the application of electro-metric methods in analytical chemistry, OT Give a critical account of the methods proposed for the separation ofaluminium, iron and tifaniwn. 6.Write a short essay on the compressed gas industry from the point of view of its influence on advancesin pure chemistry. 2 to 6 p.m. (Foaa pueatwns only to be attempted.) 1. Give an account of the preparation, properties, reactions and applications of three of the following : metallic tungsten, phosphorus trioxide, potassium metantimoniate, zirconia, potassium bichromate. 2. Define Pg,and describe a method for its determination in a coloured liquid. Give examples of the useful application of measurements of P, in the laboratory and in industry. 3. Complete the equations: 2 S0,NCl + ccq = NaNH,+N,O = 2HC1+MoOs = Give the conditions necessary for each reaction and indicate how dehite products may be isolated in each cam. 4. Give an account of the sources, preparation and uses of the principal compounds of boron.5. Discuss the following equations of Btate: (a) van der Waals (p + u/ua) (u -b) = RT. (b) Dieterici p(v -b) = RTe ltTO --A and indicate the best means of comparing the deductions from those equations with experiment, or Discuss the following statement : “Whenever acidity or alkalinity exhibits itself in a solution of a salt we can infer hydrolysis.” 57 TUESDAY, 4th JANUARY, 1927: 10 am. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be attempted.) 1. What contributions to organic chemistry are associated with the names of the following chemists: Kekuld, Griess and Hofmann? 2. Describe the methods avaihble for the preparation of aliphaticamines, indicating the processes for isolating primary, secondary and tertiary aliphatic amines from mixtures of these bases. 3.How are the following inorganic reagents employed in the synthesis of organic compounds: (a) aluminium chloride, (b) chromium trioxide, (c)ozone, (d) zinc dust? 4. What is implied by the term “alkaloid”? Select any three alkaloids and show how their chemical constitutions have been determined. 5. Indicate the possible number of isomeric trihydroxyglutaricacids, CO,H.CH(OH).CH(OH).CH(OH).CO,H. How many of these isomerides am known, and how many are opticaUy active t Describe the preparation from natural sources of one of these isomerides. 6. Write an essay on the introduction of sulphur and radicals containing sulphur into organic substances, contrasting the methods available in the aliphatic series with those practicable in the aromatic sene8. WEDNESDAY, 5th JANUARY, 1927: 10a.m.to 4.30p.m. 1. Identify the elements in the material A, which is a salt of an organic base, and determine the percentage amount of the base. (A‘: quinine phosphate, or A”: quinine arsenate). (The identifications must be returned to-day, but, if necessary, the quantitative estimation may be completed to-momow,) 2. Identify the organic liquid B. (B‘: methyl acetate or W:ethylfonnate.) (This exercise must be completed to-day.) THURSDAY, 6th JANUARY, 1927: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Report on the nature of the two components of Solution C. C’: methykcetanilide in aaetone; C”: p-aaetotoluidide in methyl alcohol.FRID.4 Y, 7th JANUARY, 1927: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the solution D. (Potash alum with 10 per cent. orude sodium vanadate.) (This exercise must be completed to-day.) 2. Determine calcium, phosphoric acid, and chlorine in solution E. (This exercise may be continued to-morrow.) Results are to be expressed as grams of Ca,Cl, and PO, per lo0 grams. of solution. Candidates are recommended to weigh out the portions of solution taken for analysis. SATURDAY, 8th JANUARY, 1927: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Conclude the analysis of solution E. 58 Notes. Lectu re.-Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, Past President, has kindly consented to give a lecture before the Institute on 11th March next, at 8 p.m., when he will deal with the general progress of the profession of chemistry during the past fifty years.Benevolent Fund.-The Benevolent Fund Committee hinds that in consequence of the insertion of a line--on the form for the payment of annual subscriptions-to provide for a con-tribution to the Benevolent Fund, the response so far received this year shows some improvement. Members who pay their subscriptions by bankers’ form, however, do not receive this form. The Committee has, therefore, issued a form to such members in order that those who wish to do so may instruct their bankers to pay an annual contribution to the Benevolent Fund, and by this means secure an assured income which will place the fund on a sounder financial footing. Marcelin Berthelot.-The centenary of the birth of Marcelin Berthelot will be celebrated at the Seventh Congress of the SociM de Chimie Industrielle (49, Rue des Mathwins) to be held in Paris in October, 1927.South Africa.-Mr. James Gray, Honorary Corresponding Secretary (Transvaal), has forwarded a copy of a Memorandum on “The Profession of Chemistry in the Union of South Africa,” compiled from information received from members of the South African Chemical Institute, at the request of the Union Depart- ment of Labour. The Memorandum shows that there are about fifteen private practitioners in the Union, whose work is mainly analytical chemistry for the general public and for mining and industrial companies,-the analysis of minerals, water, coal, manufactured and raw products , fertilisers and feeding stuffs.The majority of chemists in the Union are employed in industries, 59 either as analysts or in control of inanufacturiiig processes. The chief industries are mining (gold, platinum, copper, diamond and coal), iron and steel, explosives, fertilisers, soap and glycerine, cement, ceramics, glass, food stuffs, brewing, sugar, condensed milk, mineral waters, glucose, starch, oil expressing, and lubri-ca ting greases. The Union Government employs chemists in Government Laboratories at Cape Town and Johannesburg, at several agri- cultural colleges, and at the Agricultural Laboratory, Pretoria ; and many chemists are engaged as teachers in the universities and high schools. The attention of the Department of Labour is directed to the fact that the chemist is required to have a good education and to undergo a systematic training leading to recognised degrees and qualifications, for which ample facility is provided in the Union.Professional training by means of correspondence schools is definitely deprecated. Attention is directed to the Associateship and Fellowship of the Institute, and to the fact that examinations are heId in South Africa. The prospects for new entrants to the profession in the Union are not promising, because few new industries are starting; there is no great prospect of expansion of chemical work in the estab-lished industries and the value of chemists and of scientific control is not sufficiently appreciated.60 0bituary. ACWORTHJOSEPH JOHN died on 3rd January in his 74th year. Born at Rochester, Kent, he studied science at the College of Chemistry in Oxford Street, and after working for a short time at the Britannia Works Co.-now Ilfords, Ltd.-proceeded to Erlangen where he engaged in research on the colour sensitising of photographic emulsions and was awarded the de,pee of Ph.D. In 1871 he returned to England and erected laboratories for experimental work at Cricklewood, where he established the successful business of t.he Imperial Dry Plate Co. with which hc remained associated until his retirement in 1917. He was elected a Fellow of tho Institute in 1878. BICKELLFREDERICK GUTHRIEdied at Sydney on 7th February, in his 66th year.He was tJheson of Professor Frederick Guthrie of the ltoyal College of Science, and studied chemistry at University College, London, and at theUniversity of Mebrkurg, but returned wit,hout graduating on receiving an offer of the position of Assistant to Professor Maxwell Simpson at Queen’s College, Cork, with whom he worked from 1882 t.0 1888. He was then appointed Assistant Dainoristrator at the Royal College of Science, where he continued until 1890, when he proceeded to Australia and became Demonstrator in Chemistry at Sydney University tinder Professor Liversidgc?. Two years later he was appointed Chemist to the Department of Agriculture, New South Wales, which position he held until his retirement in 1923, when he received a presentation in recognition of his servioes and proceeded to Queensland as AgriculturalEditor of the Daily Mail, Brisbane.He was the author of manypapers contributed to the Journal of the Chemical Society, Thorp’sDictionary of Applied Chemistry, Agricultural Gazette (New South Wales), and the Australian Association for the Advancement of Science. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1900. ALBERT BADENHomms died, as the result of an accident, at Birmingham, on 24th December, 1926, in his 27th year. Born at Wolverharnpton, he was educated at the Contra1 Secondary School, Birmingham, and matriculated at London University in 1916. In 1917 he entered the laboratories of Rudge, Whitworth, Ltd., where he worked for fourteen months, and in the following year was on service with the Wireless Section, R.N.V.R.After the war he was engagedfor six months in tho physical testing department of the Austin Motor Co., Ltd. He studied at the University of Birmingham from 1919 until 1922, when he graduated as B.Sc. in Metallurgical Chemistry, in the Honours Division. Later, he was appointed Scientific Investigator and Ilosearch Metallurgist to the Birmingham Small Arms Co., Ltd., and, in August 1926, obtained an appointment with the Crittall Uanufacturing Co., Ltd., at Braintree, Essex. He waa elected an Associate of the Institute in 1922. EDWARDHENRYRENNIEdied at Adelaide early in January, 1927, in his 75th year. The son of E. A. Rennie, Auditor-General, New South Wales, he was educated at the Grammar School tmrl t,he University of Sydney, where he graduated as B.A.in 1870 and M.A. in 1876. At 61 bqth examinations he obtained gold medals and distinction in natural science. From 1870 to 1875 he was lecturer in natural science at the Sydney Grammar School, and after holding a similar appointment for eighteen months at Brisbane Grammar School, came to London in 1877 and studied at the Royal College of Science. At the end of 1878 he became assistant to Dr. C. R. Alder Wright and demonstrator in chemistry at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School. In 1882, he obtained the degree of D.Sc. (London) and, on his return to Australia, was for a time engaged in the Government Analyst’s Department in Sydney.In 1885 he was elected to the Angus Chair of chemistry in the University of Adelaide, which he held for over 40 years. He was twice President of the Royal Society of South Australia, and was the autjhor of various papers on the Chemistry of Australian natural products. He was elected a Fellow in 1880 and for many years was An Ilonornry Corresponding Secretary of the Institute. CHARLXSFREDERICK died in his 28th year while on a holidaySTOCKER in Switzerland, being overwhelmed by an avalanche on the 2nd January. Born at Bromley, Kent, he was educated at Aldenham School, and matriculated at London University. He continued his studies at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, but his course was interrupted by 20 months service with the Machine Gun Corps.In 1921, however, he obtained the diploma of A.R.C.S. (First Class) and graduated as B.Sc. (London) before joining the Research Staff of Messrs. Vickers. In 1925 he became Manager of the Medway Oil and Storage Co., Isle of Grain, Kent. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923. Informtation has only lately been received of the death, in March, 1925, of REGINALDSUGDEN. He was educated at West Leeda HighSchool, and at Leeds University where he graduated as B.Sc. with First Claw Honours in 1913. He continued working as a University Research Scholar and was awarded the degree of M.Sc. in the following year, when he ww appointed Works Research Chemist to Messrs. George Bray & Co., Ltd . He was elected an Assoctiate of the Institute in 1917.ALEXANDERWATT died at Wallasey, Cheshire, on 30th November, in his 79th year. In 1866, he began his chemical studies as pupil assistant to Professor A. Cnun Brown, then an Extra-mural lecturer in the Medical School at Edinburgh, where he remained until 1869, when he eii~clred the University of Edinburgh and for two years acted as class assistant to Professor Cmm Brown, also studying physics under Teit and botany under Balfour. In the examinations of the Science and Art Department, in 1869, he obtained first place in Organic Chemistry and eighth placrs in Inorganic Chemistry, and was awarded the “Hope” Scholarship of the University for the years 1871-1872. He matriculated at the University of Bonn and worked under KekulB and Engelbach, and in 1872 worked with Kolbe at Leipzig.On his return he obtained an appointment as Assistant in the chemical works of Messrs. Macfarlan & Co. at Edinburgh, then worked for a few months at Oakbank Oil Works, Mid Calder, and in 1874 became Chief Chemist to Messrs. Macfie 8: Sons, Liverpool, with whom he remained until his retirement a few years ago. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1878. By his Will he left S50 to the Benevolent Fund of the Institute, and to the Library his collection of photogra,phic negatives of titles, pictures and portraits from books on alchemy, chemistry and early science . 62 JVHNW'JUSTER died ut Sliakespearo Hoacl, Hanwell, 011 Wth Jauuery,in hi8 60th year.Educated at, King Edward VI High School and Mason College--now the University--.Birmingham,he passed the Intemedi8te Examination of the Institute in 1900, and, having worked for about 8 year with Mr. J. Kear Colwell, passed the Final Examination for the Associateship in tho Chemistry of Food and Drugs, etc., in 1901. He then entered the laboratory of Dr.-later Sir-Thomas Stevenson, at Guy's Hospital, where, in addition to analytical work he devoted himself to research in toxicology, and in 1904 he was elected to the Fellowship. After the death of Sir Thomas in 1908, Mr. Webster was appointedChemical Pathologist at St. Mary's Hospital, Paddington, where he became associated with Dr.--now Sir-William H.Willcox, and later was appointed Senior Official Analyst to the Home Office, in which capacity he was engaged in many notable criminal cases involving the detection of poisons.63 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute:- “Chemicals, British, Their Manufacturers and Uses.” Pp. 286. (London: Eniest Benn, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. The Official Directory of the Association of British Chemical Manu-facturers, 1927. “Chemistry, First Principles of.” F. W. Dootson and A. J. Berry. Pp. 339. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.) 6s. An elementary textbook for the use of candidates for the School Certii ficate Examinations of the English Universities. “Chicago University : Abstracts of Theses.” Science Series, Vol.11. Pp. 399. (Chicago University Press.) 15s. Theses submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Chicago in various branches of pure and applied science. “Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry, A Comprehensive Treatise on.” J. W. Mellor. Vol. VII. Pp. x + 977. (London: Longmans, Green & Co., Ltd.). L3 3s. Deals with titanium, ziwonium, hafnium, thorium, germanium, tin,lead, and &he inert gases. OPTICALCONVENTION,1g26.-The Institute has received a copy of the Catalogue of Optical and General Scientific Instru- ments exhibited at the Imperial College of Science and Technology in April last (6s. net, gd. postage). The book contains illustrated descriptions of the instruments and apparatus exhibited by leading British makers, and descrip- tions of the Experimental and Research and Historical Exhibitions at the Convention.The Optical Convention has also announced the publication of its Proceeding, in two volumes, quarto, bound in cloth, Parts I and 11 (k3 net, postage IS. 3d.). The volumes contain 84 the full text of.the presidential address and of nearly IOO papers read at the Convention, with reports of the discussions and of certain special lectures. Particulars of the above can be obtained from the Optical Convention, I, Lowther Gardens, Exhibition Road, London, s.w.7. Messrs. Adam Hilger, Ltd. have published a Bulletin of Development covering the twelve months ending 30th June, 1926, giving, inter aZia, particulars of new instruments produced by the Company, and a list of publications from its Research Department.Messrs. Bailli&re, Tindall & Cox, London (English Agents) have forwarded a specimen copy of ‘‘Chemical Reviews ’’ which is published by the American Chemical Society, 22s. 6d. net, post free, per annum. British Chemical Standards-The organisers of the British Cheinical Standards niovenient have published a report on the threc years’ working of the movement: October 1922 to September 1925. The object of the movement is to supply reliable analysed samples of steels, irons, slag, ores, brass, gunmetal, phosphor bronze, manganese bronze, white metal, dolomite, etc., for the use of chemists in iron and steel, engineering and other works, and also in universities, colleges and technical schools.The analysis is supplied with each sample. Copies of the Report may be obtained on application to the Organisers, 3, Wilson Street, Middlesbrough, England. The Register. At the meeting of Council held on 21st January, 1927, 3 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 27 new Associates were elected and 8 Students were admitted. The Institute has lost 5 Fellows and 3 Associates by death. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Chqnnan, Cecil, BSc. (Dun.), A.M.T.Chem,E., 108, Gaia SCreet, Riddrie, Glasgow. Hickinbottom, Wilfred John, Ph.D. (Bim.), 142, Albert Bod, Stechford,Birmingham.Phillips, Henry, D.Sc. (Lond.),SO, Brook Street, Kennington, London, S.E.11.New Assodates (elected without Examination). Ad~tiii, William Bennett, B.A. (Cantab.), Woodleigh, East Barnet ROILC~,Enfield, Middlesex. Angel, Thomas Huber, B.Sc. (Wales), 27, Loasdale Road, Soumemouth. 13nrne!s, Ceorge Reginald, B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.), 49,Holland Rotcd, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, Uanchester. Harnes, Ronald Sidney, B.Sc. (Wales), “Craiglee,” Marine Terrwe,Waterloo Port, Caernarvon, N.Wales. 13eLtzeley, Robert George Lynton, M.Sc. (Birm.),74, Gough Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.Chadnrick, Richard, B.A. (Cantab.), Clinton, Moorfield Road, Ben Rhyd- ding, near Leeds. l%colmne. Alick Irving, BSc., Ph.D. (Liv.), School House, Banks, near Southport.Herbert, Ernest LeQuesne, B.Sc. (Edin.),“ Jesmond,” Broadway, Stockport.Holloway, Arthur Herbert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 59, Albion Rod,London, N.16. James, Alfred Clive, BSc. (Lond.), Government Laboratory, Clement’g Inn Passage, Strand, London, W.C.2. Marriott, Robert Henry, MSc. (Leeds), Westcroft Lodge, High Street, Carshalton, Surrey. AIoNab, William, XA., BSc. (Glas.), 56, Eden Street, Riddrie, Glasgow.Norman, &.hur Geoffmy, BSc. (Birm.), 313, Gillott Road, Edgbaston,Birmingham.Pollett, William k’ranois Ogilvie, B.8c. (Land.), 2, Greenham Road, Muswell Hill, London, N. 10. Stiff, Philip Alfred, B.A. (Cantab.), 9, Coombs Road, Skewen, Glani. Stubbs, Leslie William, BSc. (Loncl.), 31, Meadvale Road, Croyclon.Tompkins, Eric Sidney, 13.8~.(Birm.), “Jlycot,” Scholar’s Lane, St#ratford-on-Avon.GG IVarburton, Miss Ida Kathloeu, B.Sc. (Lond.), 68,Poxhtrll Road, ShwWO(N{Rise, Nottingharn.Webster, John George, Assoc. H.W.C., c/o Dickson, 9, Bruntsfield Gardens, Edinburgh.Westwood, John Borthwick , Assoc.H.W.C., 10, Neadowbank Aveiiue , Edinburgh.IVilCshire, John Laumncc, 13.S~. (Lond.), 36, Fordel Roncl, Cat.forc1, London, S.E. 6. New Associates (by examinatiod. Awnt, Alfred George, 5, Langham Road, Knowle, Bristol. Bmce, Edwin Herbert, 37, Northcote Rod, Walthamstow, Emex. Cocker, Leslie, 25, Barbiwn Road, York. Hunecke, James Richard, B.Sc. (Lond,), 1, Brooklyn Street, Hull. Myer, Edward, 26, Field Way, Waverkreet Liverpool.Tficglor, Arthnr Edgar, 76, Rlackpool Stmet, Rurton-on-Trent,. New Students, t'larke, John Robert, 21, Hereford Road, Seaforth, new Liverpool.Greenstein, Jacob, 63, College Lane, Durban, Natal.Gresham, Harold Ernest, 8, Campion Street, Derby. Loveless, Alfred Henry, Little Urswick, Ulverston, Lana Pickering, Basil Arthur, Division of Chemistry, Scott Agricultural Laboratories, Department of Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya Colony.Sanders, Frederick George, 45, AnerIey Park, Anerley, London, S.E.20. Snow, George Edward, 108, East Parade,Heworth, York. JYoodhed, Mtwriw, 47, Snnderland Rod, Bradford. DEATHS, Fellows. ,I oseph John Acworth, Ph. J ) Frederick Bickell Guthrie. Edward Henry hnnie, 1) Sc. Alexander Watt. John Welwter. Assooiates. Allwrt Uden Hohiies. Charles Frederick Stcwkrr Ihinulcl Supden. 67 General Notices.Examinations in 1 927.--The arrangements lor exainiria- tions for Associateship and Fellowship during 1927 arc. as follows: Dates of Exam. Entries close. 25th to 30th April, Monday, 14th E‘eb., 1927. or 2nd to 7th May. 19th to 24th Sept. Monday, 18th July, 1927. OY 26th Sept., to 1st Oct. Noticeto Associates.--Associaleselectedprior to February, 1924,who have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain from the Registrar particulars of the Kegulations for aclniission to the Fellowship. Appoiiittnents Register.-A licgister of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified cheniists. Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their collegc course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same term as Pellows and Associates, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their Professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appoiiitments Kegister. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s.for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ-mcnt arc required to pay 6s. Od. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will there- after be supplied with the lists gratis for ;t further period of six months if nccessarj.. ?‘he Institute also maintains ;1 Register of Laboratory Assistant s who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Internicdiate Science Examinations. 1;t~llowsarid Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students art’ iin itd to cornmuriicatc with the Registrar. The Librai*y.--The Lilirary of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and ICcgisterccl Students bctween 68 the hours of xo am.aid G p.ni. on week-days (Saturdays, 10 ii.iii. and I pm.), except when examinations are being held. TIN. library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute's practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.rn.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reierence purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the library of the Society are rcquired to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books.Covers for Journal.-hknibers who desire covers for binding the Journal (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements by indicating the dates of the years for which they are desirous of binding the Journal. Arrangements have been made with Illessrs. A. M'. Bain & Co., Ltd., r7-19, Bishop's Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.z. onto bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS the following terms: Buckrani case, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd.; in all, 4s. Sd. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-Fellows and Associates are invited to co-operate in formirig a collection of slides, to be kept at the Institute and placed at the disposal of members who wish to give lectures, or, alternatively to notify the Registrar if they are prepared to lend slides for this purpose.The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists, which are especially useful to mcriibcrs lecturing on various phases of the history of chcniistry. Changes of Address.-In view of tlic espeiisc involved, tlirough frequent alterations of addrcssograph plates, ctc., licllows, Associates and lkgistered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give as far as possible, their perirzrinent addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments: 6th Edition, 1927. -The sixth edition of A List of OficiaL C'lzewicnL Afi1Suintments is now ill proof.Corrections and suggestions which niiiy iiicrcasc the usefulncss of the List, will be welcoind. Communications should bc addressed to the Ikgistrar. PAGES MISSING FROM 69 TO 70 Officers and Members of Council, 1927-1928 PRESIDENT: RItTHUIG SMITHELLS, C.M.G., D.So., F.RS. VICE-PRESIDENTS : EDlVAl%l)RIC€IARDS BOLTON. HAROLD GOVETT COLMAN, DSc., PH.~. ERNEST MOSTYN HAWKINS. GEORGE GERALD HENDERSON, ~>.SC.,LIJ.D., F.K.S. ROBERT HOWSON PICKARD, D.Sc., F.R.8. JOCELYN FIELD THORPE,C.B.E., D.Sc., F.1C.S. HON. TREASURER : PATRICK HENRY KIRKALDY. MEMSERS OF COUNCIL: FItANCIS WILLIAM FREDERICK ARNAUD : (MAIDSTONE).THOMAS LEWIS BAILEY, PH.D. : (LONDON).HUGH CHARLES LOUDON BLOXAM: (NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE). PERCY EWART BOWLES, PKD.: (NORTH-EASTCOAST AND YORKSHIRE).ARTHUR JENNER CHAPMAN: (LONDON).FREDERICK DANIEL CHATTAWAY, M.A., D.Sc., F.H.S.:(OXFORD).GEORGE CHRISTOPHER CLAYTON, C.B.E., PH.D., M.P. :(CHESTER).WILLIAM CLAYTON, D.Sc. : (LIVERPOOL).JOHN WILLIAM COBB, C.B.E., B.Sc. : (LEEDS).FVALTER HENRY COLEMAN: (GLASGOWAND WEST OF SCOTLAND).WlLLlAM MURDOCH CWMMING, D.Sc. : (GLASQOW).JACK CECIL DRUMMOND, D.Sc.: (LONDON).FRANKLAND DENT, M.Sc., Pa.D.: (THEOVERSEASDOMINIONS).BERNARD DYER, D.So. : (LONDON).ALFRED VTNCENT ELSDEN, BSc. : (WOOLWICH),LEWIS EYNON, B.Sc.: (LONDONAND SOUTH EASTERN COUNTIES).ARTHUR GORDON FRANCIS, BSc.: (LONDON). THOMAS GRAY, DSc., PH.D., LL.D.: (GLASGOW).CHRISTOPHER MAURICE WALTER GRIEB, BSc.: (FYA~SB;ND COUNTYOF MONMOUTH).ISIDOR MORRIS HEILBRON, D.S.O., I).Sc., PH.D.: (LIVEELPOOL).EDWARD HINKS, M.B.E., B.80.: (LONDON).HERBERT HENRY HODGSON, M.A., BSc., PH.D.:(HWDDLRSFIELD).BERNARD FARMBOROUGH HOWARD: (LONDON). CHRISTOPHER KELK INGOLD, DSo., F.R.S. : (LEEDS).ARTHUR WILLIAM KNAPP, l3.S~.: (BIRMINGHAM).ALFRED GODFREY GORDON LEONARD, B.Sc., P3.D., F.R.C.Sc.1.: (IRISHF~IZSTATE).THOMAS MACARA: (LONDON). WILLIAM MARSHALL : (MANCHESTERAND DISTRICT).BASIL GORDON MoLELLAN: (YoRK). LIONEL GUY RADCLIFFE, M.Sc. TECH.: (MANCHESTER).ALFRED RkE, PxD. : (MANCHESTER).ERIC KEIGHTLEY RIDEAL, M.B.E., D.Sc. : (CAMBRIDGE).WILLIAM RINTOUL, O.B.E.: (ARDROSSAN).FRED SCHOLEFIELD, M.Sc. : (MANCHESTER).FRANK SOUTHERDEN, B.Sc.: (BRISTOLAND SOVTH-WESTERN COUNTIES).RICHARD THOMAS, D.Sc. : (LI~RPOOLAND NORTH-WESTERN).JOSEPH HAROLD TOTTON, R.A., BSc. : (NORTHERNIRELAND).DOUGLAS FRANK ‘SWISS, D.Sc. : (BIRMINGHAMAND MIDLANDS).JAMES ADAM WATSON, A.C.G.I.: (EDINBURGHAND EAST SCOTLAND). 72 DATES OF COUNCIL MEETINGS 1927: APRIL ~TH. 1927: NOVEMBEPV 18~~. MAY 20~~. DECEMBEH. 10~~. JUNE 17~~. 1928: JANUARY 20~~1. JULY 22SD. JANUAIIY 27~~ OCTOBER 21s~. FEBRUARY 1~TH. ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING: THURSDAY, 1sT MARCH, 1928. CENSORS: 1927-1928: THE PRESIDEKT, emoflcio. ALFRED CHASTON CHAPMAN, F.R.S. PROFESSOR GEOHGE GERALD HENDERSON, DSc., LL.D ,F.R.S. SIR HERBERT JACKSON, K.B.E.,F.R.S. SIR ROBERT ROBERTSON, K.B.E., D.So., F.R.S. Committees for 1927-28.CHAIRMAN FINANCE AND HOUSE COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT, WITH E. R.BOLTON, ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN, (3. C. CLAYTON, HAROLD G.COLMAN, F. DENT, A. V. ELSDEN,L. EYNON, E. M. HAWKINS, E. HXNKS, B. F. HOWARD,PATRICK H. KIRKALDY,* THOMAS MRCARA, R. H PICKARD, AND J. F.THORPE. GENERAL PURPOSES COMMITTEE : TEE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE. LEGAL AND PARLIAMENTARY COMMITTEE: TIIE PRESIDENT, WITH F. W. F. AKNAWD, T.L. BAILEY,E. R. BOLTON,* P. E. BOWLES, G. C. CLAYTON, F. DENT,B,DYER,C. M.W. GRIRB, T. GRAY, E. M. HAU'KINS, B. F. HOWAKD,PATRICK H. KIRKAL Y, A. W. KKAPP, A. G. G. LEONARD,W. MAR$HALL, A RE)!!, E. K. RIDEAL, W. RINTOUL, AND J. H. TOTTON. NOMINAT1ONS, EXAMINATIONS, AN D INSTlTUTIONS COMMITTEE: THE PRESIDENT* AND COUNCIL IN COMMITTEE (VIUE-CHAIRMAN: PATRICK H.KIRKALDY). PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE: THEPRESTDENT, WITXI H. C. L. BLOXAM, ARTHUR J. CHAPMAN,F. D. CHATTAWAY, W. CLAYTON, W. M. CUMMING, J C. DRUMBIOND, L. EYNON, I. M. HElLBRON, H. H. HODGSON,PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, A. 11'. KNAPP, A. 0.G. LEONARD,T.MACARA, B. G. MaLELLAN, F. SOUTHERDEN, R. THOMAS, 5. F.THORPE," I). F. TWISS, AND J. A. WATSON. 73 SPECIAL COMMITTEES, 1927-28. BENEVOLENT FUND COMMITTEE : THE PRESTDRNT, THEHON. TREASURER,* TTTEFIKANCE AND HOUSE CONMIT'I'EE. WITH P. F. BOWLES (NEWCASTLE),W.H. COLEMAN, A. COULTHARD (MANCHESTER),W.M. CUMMING I\'. )I. GIBSON (BELFAST),(ULASGO\Y), C. M. W. GRIEB, H. H. HODGSON (HUDDERSFIELD),A. W. KNAPP, A. G. C. LEONARD (DuBrm), Whf.McD. MACKEY (LEEDS), W. MARSHALL, B.G. McLELLAS, G. H. PEKRY, C. PROCTOR, F. SCHOLEFTELD,F. SOUTHEHDEN ( HHISTOL), R. THOMAS (LmmrooL), G. RUDD THOMPSON (SOUTHWALEX), J. H. TOTTON, 0. TRTGGER D. F. TWISS (BIRXLN~EEAM),(LONDOX). AND J. A. WATSON (EDINBURGH). Tn the case of Section rrpresentatives, the names of their respective towns or distiiicts are inserted. PUBLIC APPOINTMENTS COMMITTEE : THEPRESIDENT, WITH F. W.F. ARNAUD, T. L. BATLEY, H. C. L. BLOXAJI, E. It. BOLTON,* A. CHASTON CHAPMAN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, H. E. COX, C. H. CRIBB, F.DENT, J. T, DUNN,B. DYER, A. V. ELSDEN, H.J. EVANS, L. EYNON, A. G. FRANCIS, E.M.HAWKINS, E.HINKS, G. N. HUNTLY, W. MARSHALL, S.E. MELLING, A. MOHE, G. H. PERRY, J. C. PIIILIP, P. A. ELIJY RICHARDS, W.H. RORERTS, C. A. SEYLER, H. SILVESTER, C. J.H. STOCK,G. RUDD THOMPSON, J. F. TOCHER, E. W. VOELCKER AND J. A. VOELCKER. JOINT COMMITTEE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE AND OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION: THEPRESIDENT,* WITH J. E. COATES, G. G. HENDERSON, P. H. KIRKALDY, G. T. MORGAN, R. €3. PICKARD, T. SLATER PRICE, AND L,G. RADCLIFFE. REPRESENTATIVES OF THE INSTITUTE ON THE SIR GEORGE BEILBY MEMORIAL COMMITTEE: THEPRESIDENT,THEHONORARY TREASURER, AND THE REGIS-TRAR ?LND SECRETARY. SPECIAL COMMITTEE re APPOINTMENTS REGISTER : THEPRESIDENT, WTTH E. R. BOLTON,* F. DENT, A. V. ELSDEN,L. EYNON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY, B. D. PORRITT, W. RINTOUL, F. SCHOLEFIELD, AND J. F. THORPE. SPECIAL COMMITTEE re REGISTRATION : THEPRESIDENT,* THE VICE-PRESIDENTS, AND THE HONORARY TREASURER, WITH ARTHUR J.CHAPMAN, G. C. CLAYTON, J. C. DRUMMOND, A. V. ELSDEN, H. J. EVANS, 0.A. F. HASTJLO\V, I. M.HEILRRON, A. W. KNAPP, S. E.MELLINQ,F.L.PYMAN, W. RINTOUL,F. SCHOLEFIELD, AND R. THOMAS. 74 BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP AND FELLOWSHIP, 1927-28. Cbiman :THE PRESIDENT. Three representatives of the Nmin&tions, Examinations and Imtitutiona Committee. Examiners for the Aersociateship : GEORGE NEVILL HUNTLY, B.So. (Low.), A.R.C.S. GILBERT THOMAS MORGAN, O.B.E., DSo. (Lond.), F.R.S. Examiners for the Pellowship : Branch A,-INORGANIU CHEMISTRY: JOHN JACOB FOX, O.B.E.,D.So. (Lond.). Branch B.-PEY~ICAL CHEMISTRY: JAMES CHARLES PHILIP, O.B.E., M.A., D.Su. (Aberd.), F.R.S.Branch C.-ORuANfc CEEMISTRY: FRANCIS ERNEST FRANCIS, D.So. (Vict.), PhD. (Erlmgen). Branch D.-BIoammsTRY : HENRY STANLEY RAPER, C.B.E., D.So. (Leeds), M.B., Ch.B. Branch E.~HEMISTRY(including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs,and of Water : WILLIAM HENRY ROBERTS, M.So. (Vict. and Liv.) : THZRAPEUTICS,PHARMACOLOQY, AND M~ROSCOPY:SIR FREDERICK GOWLAND HOPKINS, D-So., M.B. (Lond.), F.R.S. Bmnch F.-AGRXCULTUXALCHEMISTRY;HENRY ALLEN DUG-DALE NEVILLE, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.). Branch G.--INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY((General Chemical Technology) : JOHN THOMAS DUNN, D.So. (Dun.). Examinem in the special sections of Bmch G will be appointed as required. HON. AUDITORS : 1927-28. WALTER PIERPOINT HARMSWORTH AND CHARLES EDWARD BARRS.AUDITOR : 1927-28. DAVID HEAVDERSON, Chartered Accountant. SOLICITORS : Mzsslzs. MARKBY, STEWART & WADESONS, 6, Uishopsgate, London, E.C.2. BANKERS: THE WESTMINSTER BANK, LTD., Bloomsbury Branch, 214, High Holborn, London, W C.l. REGISTRAR AND SECRETARY: RICHARD BERTRAM PILCHER, O.B.E.,Chartered Secretary. ASSISTANT SECRETARY: RONALD LESLIE COLLETT, M.A. (Cantab.), F.T.C. Professor George Gerald Henderson, D.SC., LL.D., F.R.S. (President : 1924-1927) From a photograph b.r Lafay~tte.] 75 Forty-Ninth Annual General Meeting. TUESDAY, 1st MARCH, 1827. THE49th Annual General Meeting of the Institute was held at 30, Kussell Square, London, W.C.X.,on Tuesday, 1st March, 1927,at 4.30 P.M., Prof. G. G.Henderson, the retiring President, in the chair. PRESENTATION OF THE MELDOLAMEDAL. The President welcomed Mrs. Meldola and expressed the -great pleasure it gave the members that she was able to be present for the presentation of the Meldola Medal. He said that on the recommendation of the Board of Examiners, with which Dr. Percy Spiclmann was associated as representing the Society of Maccabaeans, the Council had awarded the Mcldola Mcdal to Dr. Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, in recognition of the quality of his research work,-more particularly, perhaps, his investigations of various aspects of photo-chemical change. The members hardly needed reminding that the Medal was instituted by the Society of Maccabaeans in memory of a promin-ent Maccabaean, who was a distinguished chemist, Professor Raphael McMola, formerly President of the Maccabaeans and an active President of the Institute.(Hear, hear.) The competition for the Medal was restricted to young chernists, and he took it that the significance of that restriction was that the Medal should be regarded not merely as a reward for'good work well done, but rather as an encouragement to further efforts, and in that sense he had great pleasure in presenting to Dr. Norrish the Medal, and in asking him to accept it with his personal congratulations and good wishes. (Applause.) The President then presented the Medal to Dr, Norrish. Dr. Norrish said he thanked the President and the members of the Institutc of Chemistry and the members of the Society of hlaccabaeans for the great honour thcy had bestowed upon him, He only wished that he could feel more worthy to be associated with the name of Meldola in whose honour the Medal was founded; but he would give his best assurance that it would 76 be his earnest endeavour in the future to deserve the Medal, even if he did not feel worthy of it at the moment.Any success that he had achieved had been in a large measure due to his chief, Professor Lowry, and to Dr. Rideal, to whose inspiration he owed a great deal. He considered himself very fortunate in having been able to spend so many years at the Cambridge University Chemical Laboratory. .(Hear, hear.) The Minutes having been confirmed, the President called upon the Hon.Treasurer to submit the Annual Accounts. ANNUALACCOUNTS. Mr. P. H. Kirkaldy (Won. Treasurer), said that he was sorry, for the sake of the members as well as his own sake, that it was not possible to adopt the same procedure as with the Minutes and take any remarks he might have to make as read. He was glad to be able to point to the continued satisfactory condition of the finances. The statement of accounts gave very full details, and therefore there was very little to explain, but should any member present wish for any further details he would endeavour to supply them later. Last year he had mentioned that the Council had, after consideration, adopted a new form of grant to the Local Sections. That new system had been working for the past twelve months, and so far he thought it had worked with complete satisfaction.He should like to draw attention to one item in the receipts side of the General Account, which had caused some concern, namely, the slight decrease in the amount received from Associates’ subscriptions. That decrease was due to a number of Associates being in arrear with their subscriptions. Some of them were out of empIoyment and some of them were receiving only small sdaries, and in such cases the Council was loth to press for payment. The amount of the annual subscription was small, but in some cases it was a real consideration, and if a good and sufficient reason was given for the non-payment of the subscription, time was always allowed by the Council.When the increase in membership during the past ten years, and the difficulty in some cases of obtai ing appointments, were considered, it was hardly a matter for surprise that some of the newly-joined members turned to other professions and for that, or some other reason, allowed their membership of the Institute to lapse. It would save the office a great deal of trouble if notice were given of a change of profession or the 77 dropping of membership, as it would save sending out a number of notices. It was principally from correspondence with regard to the arrears that the office heard of cases which could be helped by the Benevolent Fund and by the Appoint- ments Register. Two years ago, when he first had the honour of addressing the members as Treasurer, he mentioned that the legacy of Sir Alexander Pedler, which represented approximately one-sixteenth of his estate, would amount to about jc;4,800.For about two years the Institute had been waiting more or less patiently for Sir Alexander Pedler’s legacy to be paid.The legacy to which the Institute was entitled was the same in amount and as to its conditions as that left to three other scientific societies, and the four societies concerned had been acting jointly in the matter, and some time ago appointed a well-known firm of chartered accountants to take up the subject with their solicitors, and the Institute had now received Sir Alexander Pedler’s legacy, together with accrued interest, the whole amounting to about &770, taking the securities at their value on the 18th February.In addition to the securities and cash which had been handed over, the estate included some securities which had no present value and therefore had not been realised; so that there was a possibility-although he was afraid there was not much proba- bility-of a further division later on. He should like once more to express the gratitude of the members for this substantial increase in the funds and their appreciation of the thought which prompted Sir Alexander to make his generous bequest. (Hear, hear.) Under the directions of the will Sir Alexander requested that the money should be used, by each of the four societies benefiting, at their discretion for the advancement of science, and as far as possible for the advancement of chemical science.In using the income of the Fund the Council would no doubt see to it that the name of Sir Alexander Pedler was perpetuated. Turning from the General Account to the Benevolent Fund, he was glad to be able to report that several members who received help during prolonged unemployment had now obtained work and appeared to be firmly established, and he thought that fact alone justified the Benevolent Fund. A number of members had been helped over temporary difficulties; the first annuitant had been elected, a fact which he reported last year and, in addition to that, the Fund was giving definite yearly assistance to the widows of three members. In connection with the latter 78 cases the officers of the Fund were bearing in mind the fact that there were young children whose education would have to be provided for, and he could not imagine any better form of help that such a Fund could render.Organised group subscriptions from the staffs of laboratories, where a periodical collection of small subscriptions was made, afforded an excellent means of helping the Fund and provided quite a substantial sum. He would like to remind the members that the present year was the Jubilee year of the Institute and ask them to make a special effort for the Fund, which was doing much to alleviate the troubles of less fortunate members and their dependents. So far, this year about L50 had been received over that received in the corresponding period of Iast year, but the Fund was not yet in a position to extend its scope very much.Shortly, a legacy of -&o would be received under the will of the late Alexander Watt, and for that bequest the Committee had to record its gratitude. In order to emphasise what was being done and what was required to be done in the future, he might sum up by saying that there was one annuitant, that allowances were being made to three widows, which practically meant three more annuitants, that it would be necessary soon to provide for the education of several children, and that there was a desire to provide for another annuitant this year. He felt sure that having put the position plainly before the members, both with regard to the needs of the Fund and the good work it was doing, he could leave it to them to provide the necessary funds, not only for the present needs, but also to build up a Benevolent Fund worthy of the profession.He would like once again to express his great indebtedness to his colleagues on both the Finance and House Committee and the Benevolent Fund Committee for the great interest they had taken in their work and for their personal kindness to him. He had especially to thank those members who, under the By-Laws, were debarred for a time from continuing their work on the Finance and House Committee, and especially his predecessor, Mr. E. W. Voelcker, for the help and advice which he had always so freely given.Also he wished to tender his thanks to the Registrar and the Accounts clerk, Mr. Aiken. In moving the reception and adoption of the accounts for 1926,he asked the members to accord their hearty thanks to the Honorary Auditors, Mcssrs. Barrs & Harmsworth, and he should like to add a word of thanks to them for auditing the accounts of 79 the Benevolent Fund. He moved the reception and adoption of the accounts for 1926. Mr. S. F. Burford, in seconding the motion and the vote of thanks moved by the Honorary Treasurer, said that the manage- ment of the finances of the Institute was an arduous and onerous undertaking. If the honorary Treasurer and Auditors were satisfied, he thought the members had every reason to be so. The motion was carried unanimously.REPORTOF THE COUNCIL. The President moved the reception and adoption of the Report of the Council. (For the President's Address, see pp. 83-95.) Mr. William Macnab said he had great pleasure in seconding the adoption of the Report, which the members had had an opportunity of reading. Those present had had the still greater advantage of hearing the admirable remarks of the President illuminating and extending the Report. It had been a great privilege to listen to the President, and he thought all the mem-bers would feel that the interests of the Institute had been well looked after. The Report of the Council for the year 1926, was received and adopted unanimously. REPORTOF SCRUTINEERS. The Registrar read the Report of the Scrutineers, and the President declared the officers elected as follows:-Tho number of valid votes cast for the 'Officers was 815.President: Arthur Smithelis (813). Vice-presidents: E. R. Bolton (792), H. G. Colman (794), Ernest M. Hawkins (792), G. G. Henderson (815), R. H. Pickard (794), J. F. Thorpe(803). Honorary Treasurer: Patrick H. Kirkddy (814). The number of valid votes cast for the General Members of Council was 815. The General Members of Council were declared elected as follows:-Wm. Rintoul (602), I. &!I.Hcilbron (581), G. C. Clayton (667), J. W. Cobb (540), Bernard Dyer (532), J. C. Drummond (526), Thomas Gray(525), Wm. Clayton (518), A. W. Knapp (516), C. K.Ingold (515), E.K. Hideal (5M),W.M.Gumming (509), F. D. Chattaway (508), Alfred RBc (504), A. V. Elsden (498), A. G. Francis (497). T. L. Bailey (493), B. 0. Mchlltm (4911, L. G. Itadcliffe (489), H. C. L.BIoxam (487), F. Scholefield (4781, A. J. Chapman (471), Thomas Macara (464), F. W. F. Arnaud (449), Edward Hinks (435), H. H. Hodgson (427), B.F. Howard (419). The number of valid votes cast for the Censors was 774. The following were declared elected:- A. Chaston Chapman (499), Sir Robert Robertson (445), Prof. G. G. Henderson (420), Sir Herbert Jackson (371). 80 The President cleclarcd that the officers (President, Vice- Presidents and Hon. Treasurer), General Members of Council, and Censors, whose names had been read, were duly elected for the year ending 1st March 1928.He wished to take the opportunity of expressing the grati- tude of the members to the scrutineers-Mrs. Tookey-Kerridge and Dr. L. E, Campbell-who undertook the task of counting the votes, which was no mere formality, because he knew it took them at least a day-and-a-half to do the work that had to be done. Therefore on behalf of the Institute, he offered the scrutineers very cordial thanks for the duty they so willingly undertook. ELECTIONOF AUDITORS. Dr. George McGowan proposed that Mr, C. E. Barrs and Mr. W. P. Harmsworth be re-elected Honorary Auditors for the ensuing year. The members were greatly indebted to them, Mr.Andrew Scott seconded the resolution, which was carried unanimously. Mr. L, K, Boseley proposed that Mr.David Henderson, Chartered Accountant, be reappointed auditor at a remuneration of thirty guineas. The motion was seconded by Mr. H.I>. Abell and carried unanimously. VOTESOF THANKS. Mr. F. G. Edmed said that the members had listened with very much interest to the address of the retiring President, and he thought such Presidential Addresses always came as a fitting climax to the President’s term of office, particularly in the present case when the Institute had made such great progress under Professor Henderson. He had been particularly touched by the graceful tribute Professor Henderson had paid to the late Sir William Tilden, under whom he (the speaker) had the honour of being trained, and to whose interest and friendly help he owed a very great deal.He had listened with interest to the very closely-reasoned statements of Professor Henderson with regard to the vexed question of Registration; it was quite obvious that was a problem that was going to cause considerable trouble in the future, and it was a great help to get the opinion of one who had evidently devoted very close attention to such a difficult and important problem. He had very much pleasure in moving that the thanks of the meeting be accorded to the President for his Address and that he be asked to allow it to be printed in the JOURNAL. Dr. L. E. Campbell seconded the motion, which was carried with acclamation. Sir Robert Robertson, in proposing a hearty vote of thanks to the retiring Officers and Members of the Council, said that that afternoon the members had heard something about the mechanism and running of the Institute and some of the “secrets of the prison house” had been reveakd.The members knew the great sacrifices that were made by members of Council and the other officers of the Institute by giving their time to the interests of the Institute. The motion was carried with acclamation. INDUCTIONOF PRESIDENT. The retiring President said he might be permitted, as representing the retiring members of Council, to say that he believed each one of them, like himself, had felt it a privilege to be allowed to take part in directing the affairs of such a great institution. He had tried-although it was almost impossible to do so-to express his own personal thanks, not only to his fellow members of Council, but to all the members of the Institute, for the way in which he had been treated during his term of office.He would now vacate the chair in favour of the new President. Prof. Henderson then left the chair, which was taken, amidst cheers, by Prof. Arthur Smithells, the new President. Prof. Smithells said that he had to thank Prof. Henderson in the first instance for the most generous and gracious terms in which he had ushered him into such a high office. He was afraid that what Professor Henderson said about him sprang more from the kindness of his heart than from any merits of the new President. To those members present, and to those who were not present, who had elected him to the office and conferred upon him so signal an honour, it was impossible for him to find any adequate words of thanks, and he was sure they would understand and synipathise with his embarrassment at feeling unable to give any kind of expression to what he felt.The honour of the Presidency had come to him quite unexpectedly, and he could only say in the simplest possible words that he was profoundly sensible of the dignity conferred upon him and profoundly grateful for such a mark of the members’ confidence. He had known the Institute for a very long time and had seen it grow from small beginnings to what it was at present, an Institute not only of first-class importance to chemistry and chemists, but of no inconsiderable consequence to the public of this country and indeed to the Empire. (Hear, hear.) When he looked round the room and saw the portraits of Past-Presidents, he believed there was not one that he had not known personally, and a number of them had been men with whom he had enjoyed very close personal friendship.He knew what those men were, and he knew what they did, and although it only deepened his sense of the honour that had been conferred upon him, it would be understood that it was somewhat disconcerting. He had, during his recent term of office as Vice-President, sat under two old and much valued friends, Mr. Chaston Chapman and Prof. Henderson, and he was sure that no in-coming President could have had better examples before him than those two of his predecessors in office.He could only say that with advancing years his desire to learn from his betters and to improve his ways did not diminish. Some people might say that there was not much room for diminution in those qualities, but he could say that although he could not hope to equal either of his predeces-sors he could at least in one respect hope to be ranked with them, and that was in his earnest desire to give the best that was in him to the interests of the Institute of Chemistry. (Hear, hear.) He knew that in doing the work he should be able to count upon the assistance of those close at hand in the Council and upon that indispensable help to which Prof. Henderson said so much was due, that of the Registrar and Secretary, of the Assistant Secretary and of other officers of the Institute, to all of whom Professor Henderson had paid just tribute.With their help he hoped to be able to carry on the duties of President without any discredit to the Institute, and if he did not succeed-and he could not succeed in every particular-he was sure he might count upon the indulgence of the members. What he had said must be his lame acknowledgment of the honour that had been conferred upon him. All his best speeches were made on his way home from meetings, and if he thought of anything more felicitous, he was sure the Registrar would allow him to make emendations in any report that migtit be issued. (Applause.) The meeting then terminated.83 The Address of the Retiring President. Prof. 6. G, HENDERSON, D.Sc., F.R.S. INsubmitting the Annual Report for your reception and adoption, I have again to remark upon the increase (242) in the roll of membership, which is six more than that recorded last year. On the other hand, the decrease in the number of students indicates some abatement of the enthusiasm for chemistry which marked the period immediately following the war. It has not been the policy of the Institute at any time to adjust the stringency of its regulations and examinations on any principle of “supply and demand”; but rather to indicate to those who believe that they have a bent for our science as a profession that it does not necessarily lead to fortune, that it calls for hard work and sacrifices; and since, as a matter of fact, the supply of chemists does at present exceed the demand, more than average ability is required for even moderate success.It is to be deplored that there are not openings for all who have pursued the somewhat lengthy curriculum and attained the requisite standard of qualification, but in our profession, as in niany others, this situation is due very largely to the sudden and abnormal influx of graduates after the war, which in the face of subsequent years of industrial depression could not be entirely absorbed. It is sometimes said that the proportion of graduates in chemistry who join the Institute is not so high as it should be. The annual output from the British Universities of first and second class honours graduates in chemistry has been roughly estimated at 1,000.I am inclined to think that that figure is too high, but in any case I am sure that a very large number of such graduates have no intention of practising chemistry as a profession. Many engage in teaching chemistry and general science in public and secondary schools, and these would do well to qualify for membership because their association with the hstitute would be advantageous, since they are entrusted with the early instruction of pupils who will ultimately become 84 chemists. Many enter other professions, and it is surprising to find now-a-days what a large number of men,who have graduated, not only in Arts, but in Science, are engaged in callings having no particular relation to their university curricula; and although a great deal of study and labour may in this manner appear to have been wasted, yet I cannot help feeling that the lack of appreciation of science by the public of which we so often com- plain is in some measure combated by the graduates who are not actually pursuing science as a livelihood.I believe, however, that the majority of those who, after obtaining the necessary qualifications as the result of their academic careers, actually practise chemistry in tlw full senst’, are becoming attached to the Institute. Although our Roll has steadily increased, our losses by death are fortunately less in number than they have been for some years; but the list of these contains names which will be received with special regret.Our esteemed Past President, Sir William Augustus Tilden, passed away in December. One of the many well-known chemists who studied under Hofinann in the old College of Chemistry, he was ;Lmaster of his craft, a distinguished investi- gator, a successful teacher-expecting strict disciphe, but very human and devoted to his students-and the author of many useful books. He will rank as one of the outstanding men of science of his period-a period of many great men and of great progress in chemistry. His interest in thc science and the profession was nwint;iincd long after his 1-etireincmt aid \\.as evidenced by his attendance until quite recent times at meetings of the many societies of which lie was an honoured inember. He was President of the Institute when his powers were probably at their best, and his period of office marked a definite advance in the development of its work.It is gratifying to us to know that he watched with the keenest satisfaction the steady growth, in numbers and influence, of the Institute for which he had done so much. I referred last year to Sir John Burchmore Harrison; and now by the death of Professor Edward Henry Rennie, the Institute has lost another Honorary Corresponding Secretary who was ever ready to help us and often welcomed nierribers of the, Institute visiting or settling in Australia. Professor Rennie occupied the Angus Chair of Chemistry in the University of Adelaide for over 40 years, and ybrsued many investigations on the chemistry of Australian natural products.Of other members whom we have lost, William Spiller, a very early Fellow and a Past Member of Council, who died at the ripe age of go years, will be remembered for his early association with the British dye- stuffs industry, his name being identified with “Spiller’s Purple ”; Dr. Joseph John Acworth was a pioneer of chemical industry and the founder of the Imperial Dry Plate Company; Charles Rumble should be recalled as the inventor of the viscometer, of which the standard “Redwood” viscometer is a modification; John Webster, Senior Home Office Analyst, as a skilful toxicologist, whose public services are well-known to all; and Alexander Watt, as an able chemist, whose work was mainly devoted to sugar technology, and who kindly remembered our Benevolent Fund in his Will.The Report of Council is presented in such detail that I do not feel justified in taking up your time by making more than a few brief comments on the work of the various Committees; but I would ask your indulgence to allow me later to refer to the progress of the Institute during my term of office and to add some personal impressions which I hope will be of interest. You will have observed that the views and assistance of the Institute are freely sought by authorities and by other institutions, and that it continues to co-operate with other bodies by appoint- ing representatives to participate in the consideration of matters of mutual interest.The Hon. Treasurer has dealt with the subject of our financial position and resources, recently augmented by the substantial legacy of Sir Alexander Pedler, which will no doubt be applied in the spirit in which it was bequeathed. The Hon. Treasurer has also commented upon the Benevolent Fund and the practical manner in which it has been administered, It is not merely as a matter of form or custom, but with all sincerity that on behalf of the Institute as a whole, I express our grateful thanks and acknowledge our indebtedness to the Hon. Treasurer and his Committees for their valuable services. The reference to the Legal and Parliamentary Committee shows that among the difficulties with which we have to contend is that of endeavouring to secure a title to which our claim has, I venture to say, been fairly and clearly set forth in a statement which has been transmitted to the Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts.I hope that before long the Committee will concur in the publication of the statement in 86 full. When that time comes, T think it will he acknowledged that the Legal and Parliamentary Committee-under the chair -tmnship of MI..E. R. Rolton has been prompt to act, ancl tht! question will bv asktd, ‘‘How in the face of that statement can we be denied the only title by which chemists are known elsewhere through the civilised world, and the only name that can possibly be applied to those who seriously pursue the science and practice of chemistry in the investigation of the secrets of nature, and its application to arts and manufactures? ” Other titles have been coined, but, in my view, none but that of Chemist can satisfy us, and.we must persist in this claim in the hope that our friends thc pharmacists, who are so fortunate in alternative designations, will come eventually to realise how seriously the profession, to which they must acknowledge much indebtedness, is hampcrccl by the existing confusion and how far-reaching is the effect of this confusion in hindering the proper recognition, by the community at large, of the importance of the chemist and his science to the industries and trade of the country.The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee, of which in my absence, Mr. Kirkaldy has also almost invariably acted as chairman, has presented a record of steady and useful work. I would direct the particular attention of Associates to the revised regulations for admission to the Fellowship, and that of the Students of the Institute, in this our jubilee year, to the award of a medal and prize in honour of our first President, Sir Edward Frankland. Under Dr. Slater Price, the Publications and Library Com- mittee has also a record of activity which deserves our hearty commendation ; and the proceedings of the Public Appointments Committee, of which Mr. Bolton was chairman, show that the professional interests of members have been watched and useful action has been taken in several matters of importance.The Committee is reviewing the whole position of public analysts under the Sale of Foods and Drugs Acts, having particular regard to the increasing duties and responsibilities imposed upon them in respect of which local authorities in general have allowed very little or no additional remuneration. The Com-mittee has been empowered to obtain legal advice on the matter, and public analysts will be informed with regard to any steps which may be taken on their behalf. So far, I have sumrnarised most of the main features of the 87 Report, and I may be expected to say something on the much discussed subject of Registration, upon which the work of almost all the Committees has some bearing, In March, 1925,before the matter had been so thoroughly considered by the Council and the Local Sections, I made the following statement :-“As regards Registration, the relation of our profession to the public is different from that of medicine or of pharmacy, and I for one would not welcome legislation which would have the effect of restricting the freedom of any man to practise any profession or craft in which he can prove himself able to earn an honest living without hurt to his fellow-citizens.In this matter I am expressing a personal opinion, and am quite open to conviction, but my feeling is that the question of Govern-ment registration of chemists is not at present within the sphere of practical politics.” I would emphasise the fact that then I had an open mind on the matter.1 was anxious to hear the arguments for and against ; and since then I have had the advantage of presiding at the York Conference in 1925,and at the meetings of the Registration Commit tee. I have carefully considered the Statement pre- pared by the Committee and have read the reports of the dis- cussions on the subject so far held by the Local Sections. I am still open to conviction. One or two Sections have yet to forward their reports, and the Registration Committee will then consider any concrete suggestions which may have been advanced. Whatever the conclusions arrived at by the Committee may be, I do want to assure the Fellows and Associates that the Council is anxious to give due consideration to their views and wishes, and I am confident that if any action can be taken with the full assurance that it will benefit the profession, the Council will gladly pursue it.I make this appeal, however, that every Fellow and ,4ssociate shall loyally stand by the Institute as the body duly authorised by the Crown to register those who are qualified to practise chemistry in the sense in which we use that expression. It is possible that the opportunity will shortly arise when the Institute can usefully enter into negotiations on this subject, and it would, in my judgment, be a serious disadvantage to the profession if during any such negotiations voices were raised in our own ranks which appeared to question the rights of the Institute as the recognised repre- sentative professional body.88 The reports of the Sectional meetings already received indicate that considerable diversity of opinion exists. and 1 think it not improper to remind you that, under the provisions of the Koyal Charter, the Institute is given authority to examine, to grant certificates of competency, and to register persons qualified to practise thc profession of chemistry. Thc powers entrusted to 11s have been cxerciscd for half n century with tht. result that the Register includes the names of more than 5,000 qualified chemists, and that we can now claim with justice that there is a profession of chemistry-which was certainly not the case fifty years ago.I am not convinced that it would be advis-able for the Institute to undertake the preparation of an addi-tional list including, firstly, those chemists who are qualified for the Fellowship or Associateship, but have not as yet applied for admission, and secondly, others who are not qualified for membership. In my opinion the production of a general list of persons connected with chemistry, if considered to be desirable, might very well be undertaken by the Federal Council, but it must not be forgotten that the expense incurred in the prepara- tion and maintenance of a list of this kind must necessarily be considerable. In this connexion I desire to draw the special attention of our members to the recently approved modifications of the Regulations for admission to the Associateship.* The Council has given careful thought to the case of chemists who have been unable to follow what may be called the normal course of training, and yet have acquired such knowledge and experience as justify their admission to an examination, and has formulated the following regulations :-Candidates who are not less than twenty-five years of age will be admitted to the ordinary examination for the Associate-ship on condition, (I)that they have received systematic instruc- tion to the prescribed standard, by day OY evenifzg classes, in chemistry, physics, mathematics, and one optional subject, (2) that they have been engaged in the study and practice of chemis- try for at least eight years, and (3) that they are recommended for special consideration by at least three Fellows. Moreover, a candidate who is not less than thirty years of age may be admitted to exnllzination for the Associateship, the natwe of whichwill bedecided by the Council in eaclz case, on condition * [Regulations for the Admission of Students, Associates and Fellows,Revised June, 1926.) that he can produce evidence of training in, and adequate knowledge of, chemistry, physics, and mathematics, and that he has been engagcd in the study and practice of chemistry for at least twelve years and has attained a responsible position.He must also submit the names of three referees, of whom one at Ieast must be a Fellow or Associate. I would also direct attention to the fact that in special cases the Council will consider evidence of general education other than the passing of a preliminary examination.The effect of these modifications of the Regulations is to make admission to the Associateship possible for at least the great majority of those who can claim to be trained chemists, but I have reason to believe that their significance has not been fully sppreciatcd by many of our members, and therefore make no apology for referring to them. In the concluding paragraph of the Report, the Council has been so kind as to suggest that my period of office has been marked by an increased sense of fellowship among members and a quickening of interest in the affairs of the Institute and of the profession.During thc last three years it has been my good fortune to be able to visit most of the Local Sections in this country, and nothing has been more gratifying to me than to note the well-attended meetings and the growing enthusiasm of the members in the consideration of matters affecting their profession. This activity of all our Sections will, I hope, be (mcouraged by every possible means, because there is no doubt that our Institute and our profession can only progress by our holding together in the true spirit of fellowship. Opinions with respect to policy and procedure may be somewhat divergent, but on the other hand, all the Sections are united in striving to support the Institute’s unceasing efforts to secure adequate recognition in all quarters of the national importanceof chemistry.I am sure that you will agree with me in feeling that we owe a debt of gratitude to the Ofice-bearers and Members of Com- mittees of the Sections for the good work they have so willingly done, at the cost 1 fear of no small sacrifice of time and energy. Last year I referred briefly to the work of the Censors, and I think it well to mention that the complaints referred to these officers during the past year have been very few. In those cornplaints which related to certificates which appeared to have been given for advertising purposes, thc Censors have been satisfied that no fault lay with the rncmbcrs concerned. They (30 were innocent and had been sinned against by the misuse of their certificates.One case of serious importance has not yet been concluded. Complaints regarding advertising for practice were received from the Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad. At home, soliciting for practice by means of public advertisement or by circular letter or in any other form is regarded as discreditable to the profession, and hitherto it has been the practice of the Censors to discourage advertisements by Fellows and Associates in any country; but it was pointed out that in certain parts of the world it was the practice of professional men to insert “pro- fessional cards ” in newspapers, and evidence to this effect was received from India, South Africa, and Brazil. In some places medical men have adopted the practice, and an enquiry addressed to the General Medical Council elicited a reply to the effect that the Council had jurisdiction over registered practitioners where- ever they were practising, but in every instance in which a complaint was received the case was considered on its merits, having regard to all the circumstances, and one of the circum- stances would certainly be the custom of the country in which an alleged offence was committed.The Censors felt that representations which they have received rendered it advisable that they should ask the Honorary Corresponding Secretaries to ascertain for them the views of members abroad on the general question. Some replies have been received which show that there is a difference of opinion on these matters which will require further consideration.The JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSand the Reports of the Council which have been published during my term of office have given full details of our activities, but I will add a few statistics which may be of interest. The membership of the Institute and the number of students on the roll at the close of the four years ending respectively on the 3rst January, 1924,1925,1926 and 1927 are as follows:-1924 I925 - 1926 - 1927 Fellows 163s 1685 1731 1763 Associates 2761 3023 32*3 3423 St udeiits The number of Fellows and Associatcs S~OWSa net increase uf 787; but the number of students at present on the roll is 152 less. During the past three years we have examined 308 candi-dates, of whom 137 have passed.In the same period our financial position has becoine niore firmly established and, thanks very largely to legacies from Sir Alexander Pedler and Mr. Edward Riley, our reserve funds have been considerably augmented. The position of the Institute generally as the representative body of the profession is becoming steadily consolidated and its place in the affairs of the country is becoming more and more definitely acknowledged. Notwithstanding the increase in metn-bership, the Appointments Register indicates a slight decrease in imemployment, and I believe that when the industrial activity which has been so much retarded in recent years becomes inore fully restored, as we all trust it will be, chemists will have greater opportunities of showing what they can do to help in maintaining our economic position, and will participate in the results on a scale more representative of their deserts than they have done in the past.The Conference held at York in July, 1925,so far as it re- viewed the regulations of the Institute, and the Conference of Professors of Chemistry held in London, in January, 1926,on “The Place of Applied Chemistry in the Training of Chemists,” proved to be helpful in establishing the principles on which it was subsequently decided to modify the Regulations, and I hope that the practice of holding conferences from time to time to discuss matters of general interest to the profession will be continued. When we compare the present Regulations with those in force ten years ago it will be realised that in accordance with the decisions of thz special general meeting held in April, 1918,the Institute has made it possible, so far as it could be made reasonably possible, for any person who can legitimately claim to be a chemist to become attached to the Institute, provided that he is prepared to comply with fair and reasonable conditions.I yield to none-not even to our Registrar or to our Assistant Secretary-in my firm belief in the aims and objects and useful- ness of the Institute; but it was not until you did me the honour to elect me to this Chair that I began to realise how much more the Institute does for its members and for the public than I had hitherto imagined.The report in our JOURNAL of the proceedings of the Council and its Committees are in themselves sufficient to !K! demonstrate the importance of the part which the Institute plays, but I have also been impressed by the amount of work done day by day in the oflice, which is only known to those actually engaged in it, yet is of great value to our profession. During the past three years 1 have spent many whole days at the Institute, and therefore can attempt to give an account of a typical day in the office, in the hope of still further ex-posing the delusion, which appears to linger in the minds of a few, that the activities of the Institute are almost wholly confined to testing the qualifications of candidates for mern- hership and registering those who are qualified.On the day fixed for a iiiecting of the Council I arrive at the Institute shortly after 10o'clock and find the business well in hand. The. morning post, which varies from 300 letters a day in January to 50-60 a day in August, hat.;htw distributed. The letters containing cheques and accourits to the Accounts Clerk ; applications for membership or examination, letters connected therewith, or relating to appointments, and others on technical matters, gifts of books, and a pile of journals, to the Assistant Secretary; those asking for Regulations and forms to the Chief Clerk; changes of address and similar matters to the Register Clerk, who also deals with the acldressograph plates ; correspond-ence from Government departments and other authorities and institutions, Benevolent Fund matters, Local Section letters and notices, letters containing various enquiries-often of a confidential gr unusual character-to the Registrar. I find a heap of certificates to sign, while the Registrar con-tinues the dictation of letters until I am ready to consider with him the Council Agenda with its correspondence and reports, in preparation for the meeting in the afternoon.U'c are frequently interrupted by members of the staff coming for instructions, or by callers or telephone caIls, which require the personal attention of the chief officer, unless the Chief Clerk or thc Assistant Secre- tary is able to deaI with them. In the mcantirne, the printing departmcnt is busy with notices to be issued from the office to thc members of the various Scctions and th(b addressograpli is busy with the cnvclopes for them. In the tiling and indexing department the incoming letters of the day were rcgistered when they were opened, and the letters of the previou:; day are now being filed with carbon copies of the repIies.The replies to urgent letters, with addressed envelopes attached, are awaiting signature. Enquiries arising from the day's correspondence 93 and a inass of dctail have received attention before 12.30,when, with the two chief officers, I have an opportunity for the dis- cussion of questions of policy or of general interest to the pro- fession, which we are able to continue during lunch. On our return, we are joined by the Hon.Treasurer, and matters of finance and benevolence claim our attention. The Council inects at 4 o’clock, but before that, the letters for despatch, or most of them are ready for signature. The Council takes tea with the recentIy elected Associates and Fellows, who have attended for the admission ceremony, which is the first business of the meeting. The Reports of Committees and abstracts of the letters requiring the special consideration of the Council have been circulated beforehand. The Reports are submitted by the Chairmen of the respective Committees, and the business is keenly followed and dealt with as expeditiously as possible. The decisions of the Council on most of the applications are communicated to candidates on the same evening, and other matters of urgency are dealt with either at the same time or on the following day.I have heard it suggested that, because the officers are often in attendance late with Committees, they may find some time €or leisure, to compensate for staying late two or three times a week; but there are minutes and reports to prepare, and instructions to be carried out, and I know well that a full day’s work falls to every member of the staff every day. I have been amazed at the number and variety of subjects dealt with in the correspondence and also with the careful way in which enquiries of all kinds have been answered: an inscription might well be placed on our door-“Enquire within upon any-thing! ” Within my knowledge enquiries have related to books and journals, Government papers and reports, the purchase and disposal of apparatus and instruments, contracts of service and partnership, professional fees, income tax, laboratory accom-modation, hotel and boarding house accommodation, historical subjects, the loan of lantern slides, photographs and prints, conditions of life and professional prospects in various industries and in various parts of the Empire and elsewhere abroad; intro- ductions to fellow members and other persons, licences for stills and for the recovery of spirits, the names of specialists in various branches of work and in different parts of the country, the inter- pretation of various Acts of Parliament, and patents.Among enquiries which one would hardly expect have been requests that the Registrar should act as a reference for tenancies, insurance 94 and fidelity guarantees, should recommend medical consultants and dentists, schools, hotels and hoarding houses, and should obtain tickets for the Zoo. Of course, it is obvious that the more enquiries received the greater is the accumulation of information; but I doubt whether many other officers of Institutions of this kind treat all enquiries with quite the same good nature. I give you the information because I think that you should know of these things, and not, to encourage an extension of any unreasonable demands on the time and services of our officers. Before bringing this address to a close I desire to give ex- pression to the regret with which I have observed that a con-siderable number of Associates appear to regard promotion to the Fellowship with a certain degree of indifference, or at any rate do not seek to gain the Fellowship as soon as may be possible.I would urge them to bear in mind the difference in professional status between the Fellow and the Associate, and also to cherish the ambition to qualify themselves for election to the Council and thus to have the privilege of taking a prominent part in directing the affairs of the Institute and, consequently, in promoting the welfare of our profession. Now that the end of my term of office as your President is rapidly approaching, I should be guilty of flagrant ingratitude if l’ neglected to take this opportunity of expressing to all my colleagues on the Council during the last three years my deep appreciation of the kindly consideration with which they have supported my endeavour to discharge my duties in a manner worthy of the high traditions of the past.My unavoidable absence from most of the meetings of Committees has added to the labours of the Vice-presidents and Conveners, and particularly of Mr. Kirkaldy, and I offer them most sincere thanks. More perhaps than ever before the advice and assistance of the Regis- trar and the Assistant Secretary have been simply indispensable, and my gratitude to them and to all the members of the staff for their unfailing and most willing help is unbounded. The kind-ness shown to me by all has made my term of office a very happy one, and I shall retain the most pleasant memories of it during the rest of my life.My last duty, which is at the same time a very great pleasure, is to welcome my old friend Arthur Smithells as my successor. Professor Smithells’ eminence as a chemist, as an authority on educational matters, and as the leading builder of the flourishing 96 school of chemistry at Leeds, is so firmly established that to dwell upon it would be altogether superfluous, The valuable services which he has rendered to the Institute are also so weU-known that I need only remind you that he has been a Fellow for forty years, has served for three full terms as a Member of Council, and also for two periods as a Vice-president, and is at present the President of the London Students’ Association.Moreover his personal qualities equip him at all points to approach the task which lies before him with the assurance that his efforts will meet with success and approval. IE relinquish my post with absolute confidence that in his hands the dignity and influence of the Institute will be more than maintained.