ABSTRACTMusculoskeletal abnormalities have rarely been reported after major organ transplantation. We recorded five cases of elbow complications after orthotopic liver and bilateral lung transplantation. Three patients (four elbows) developed heterotopic ossification at the elbow, leading to decreased range of motion, pain and difficulty performing self-feeding and perineal hygiene. Two patients (three elbows) had electrodiagnostic evidence of ulnar mononeuropathy at the elbow, whereas one patient had bilateral median mononeuropathies caused by compression at the level of the ligament of Struthers. Surgical resection of ectopic bone with postoperative radiation was required in two patients (two elbows), and nerve decompression was used in three patients (four elbows). Common factors noted in all patients with either heterotopic ossification or ulnar mononeuropathy at the elbow included prolonged encephalopathy and the use of wrist restraints with the presentation of symptoms occurring weeks after surgery. In the patient with bilateral median nerve entrapment, symptoms occurred immediately after surgery suggesting perioperative limb compression. Elbow complications after organ transplantation should be recognized to minimize long-term disability through preventive measures and appropriate treatment.