PURPOSE:This study was performed to analyze the outcomes of patients with local (pelvic) recurrence (following radical surgery for rectal cancer) who subsequently underwent a new operation.METHODS:Forty‐five patients (19 percent of 213 local recurrences) were explored surgically because the disease was deemed to be confined to the pelvis with a limited extension and, therefore, amenable to surgical cure.RESULTS:Only 21 of the 45 patients who underwent surgical exploration had an oncologically radical operation (RO). In the remaining 24 patients, either a simple exploration or palliation or a nonradical procedure (R1‐R2) was performed. In the RO group, there was a 19 percent five‐year survival ratevs.a 0 percent rate in the R1‐R2 group (median survival, 4 months). Site of recurrence (anastomosisvs.other sites) was statistically associated with a higher chance of long‐term survival for those who underwent an RO operation.CONCLUSIONS:The prognosis of locally recurrent rectal cancer is dismal; less than 10 percent of all patients who underwent surgical treatment benefit from reoperation with an overall survival for five years. On the basis of these results, we no longer consider the surgical approach as the primary option for treating locally recurrent rectal cancer.