The natriuretic peptide family consists of three members: atrial natriuretic peptide, brain natriuretic peptide, and C-type natriuretic peptide. Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides possess similar effects, causing natriuresis, vasodilation, and suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. C-type natriuretic peptide has been suggested to exert its predominant effect on the vasculature, eliciting vasodilation and inhibiting the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Numerous studies have broadened our current knowledge of the regulation of natriuretic peptide gene expression, biosynthesis, and secretion, as well as structure of specific receptors. This has led to a better understanding of the renal, cardiovascular, and endocrine actions of natriuretic peptides in both normal and pathophysiological states, including hypertensive disease. Development of nonpeptide neutral endopeptidase inhibitors and antagonists for natriuretic peptide receptors may reveal the range of potential therapeutic application of atrial and other natriuretic peptides in hypertension.