155 Proceedings of the Council. (April-May , 1920.) War Memorial : Benevolent Fund.-A War Memorial, in bronze and oak, showing the names of Members and Students who died in the service of their country during the War, has been placed in the entrance hall of the Institute, and will be unveiled on the earliest suitable occasion. As a further memorial the Council have resolved to establish a Benevolent Fund. Although hitherto there has been no such Fund, the occasions on which a personal appeal has been made to a few members have been fairly frequent. On some such occasions a sum has been raised by private subscription for the benefit of the widow of a deceased member, or to assist a member temporarily or permanently incapacitated from practice, but such appeals have fallen mainly on the more intimate friends of the members concerned.In other instances, through the generosity of a few Fellows, the Registrar has administered a fund in relief of temporary distress. The disbursements thus made during the past ten years have amounted to Ez15 2s. 6d. The balance of this fund, including a donation recently received, amounts to E51 17s. With this amount, and a sum of Ezoo already contributed by the mem- bers of Council and of the Benevolent Fund Committee, an account has now been opened with the bankers of the Institute. The solicitors of the Institute agree that, while this scheme may not fall strictly within the functions of the Institute, and is not an object towards which it may apply its general funds, it is certainly within its chief aim, namely, the maintenance of the dignity and welfare of the profession of chemistry.For the present the fund will be administered by the Council of the Institute on as simple a basis as possible for the benefit of Fellows, Associates, and their dependants, the Council being at liberty at any time to extend its objects 156 as funds allow. A Benevolent Fund in connection with the Institute should afford a further bond of human interest between the members. All who have experience in such matters are aware, however, that the most deserving cases are often overlooked through ignorance of the existence of such a fund, or through diffidence on the part of those most intimately concerned ; but the Council and the Benevolent Fund Committee look to the Fellows and Associates generally, and the Committees of Local Sections particularly, to bring such cases to their notice, in order that the Institute may be the means of affording assistance where necessary.Had such a fund been inaugurated sooner, the need for it would probably have been more clearly demonstrated, and the fact that such a fund now exists will no doubt bring to light from time to time cases of distress which would otherwise remain overlooked. Contributions may be forwarded at any time to the Registrar. Cheques and postal orders should be made payable to “ The Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund,” and crossed ‘‘ London County, Westminster and Parr’s Bank, Bloomsbury Branch.” The scheme is as follows :-INSTITUTECHEMISTRY FUSD.OF BENEVOLEXT Founded 1920 : As a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-19r8. Object. The object of the fund shall be to help necessitous persons who are, or have been, Fellows or Associates of the Institute of Chemistry (whether subscribers to the fund or not), their wives and children, and widows or dependent relatives of deceased Fellows or Associates. Rules. I. The fund shall be raised by voluntary donations and subscriptions, which may be made at any time, and shall be administered by the Council of the Institute, who shall appoint an Executive Committee (consisting not entirely of members of the Council), to be known as the Benevolent Fund Com-mittee, to be elected at the first meeting of the Council after the Annual General Meeting in each year.2. The Benevolent Fund Committee shall consist of not less than twelve members; three to form a quorum. The Benevolent Fund Committee shall, subject to the provisions of Rule 6, consider all applications for assistance, and report to the Council with such recommendations as they may deem fit. 3. Grants in aid may take the form of single payments, annuities, provision for the education of children, or other assistance approved by the Council, and shall be in the sole discretion of the Council, whose decision as to granting or refusing aid, and the amount and conditions under which such aid is granted, shall be final.4. Applications for grants in aid shall be made on forms to be obtained from the Registrar. Such forms shall state the age of the applicant, his or her connection with the Institute, and present means of subsistence, and shall supply such particulars and evidence as the Council may require. All applications shall, subject to the provisions of Rule 6, be considered by the Benevolent Fund Committee at the earliest opportunity. 5. In any case of urgent necessity the Benevolent Fund Committee shall have power to make an immediate grant not exceeding a total of EIO. The Registrar of the Institute shall also be authorised to make a grant in any similar case not exceeding a total of E5, and shall report all such grants to the next meeting of the Benevolent Fund Committee.All disbursements in such cases shall be reported to the Council. 6. The Benevolent Fund Committee may consult the Local Sections of the Institute and their Committees, and ask for their advice and assistance with regard to cases arising within their respective districts. n 7. Monies not required immediately for the purposes of the fund may be invested at the discretion of the Council in duly authorised trustee securities under the seal of the Institute for and on behalf of the Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. The dividends derived from such investments shall be allocated to the income of the fund. It shall be competent to the Council to realise or vary such investments as and when they think fit, for the purposes of the fund.All legacies bequeathed to the fund shall be invested. 8. The Benevolent Fund Committee shall prepare a state-ment of the accounts of the fund up to December 31st each year, and submit the same to the Council for publication in the Journal of the Institute. Such statement shall be cer- tified by a chartered accountant, to be appointed by the Council at the first meeting held after the Annual General Meeting in each year. 9. The rules of the fund for the time being in force may be altered, added to, or rescinded by the Council as and when they deem fit by a majority of three-fourths of the members present at a meeting convened with due notice of that purpose.10. In the event of it being found necessary from any cause to wind up the affairs of the fund, any amount outstanding to the credit of the fund shall be applied to an object of similar character. Finance.-A policy has been completed with the Sun Insurance Office for the redemption of E50,ooo at ninety years, and at an annual premium of Ex10 8s. 4d., having in view the fact that the lease of the Institute expires in 2012. It is held by the Council that a redemption fund is a desirable method of creating a reserve for future contingencies, and this view was endorsed by the members present at the Annual General Meeting. The Finance Committee thought it advisable, however, that an inquiry should be addressed to the ground landlord regarding the possibility of purchasing the freehold of the site of the Institute, and, in that event, the cost.The Council then learned that the site was included in that offered by the Government to the University of London. 159 The matter is still undecided, but the Council feel confident that the interests of the Institute will not suffer. The question has been raised whether a reduction might be allowed in the amount of the annual subscription of Members residing outside the United Kingdom. In view of the fact that between four and five hundred Members would come under that category, the Council regret that it would not be possible to make any concession to such Members. General Purposes Committee.-The General Purposes Committee have received the revised By-laws from the solicitors, and they have since been under the consideration of a Sub-committee, consisting of Mr.Horatio Ballantyne, Dr. J. T. Dunn, and Mr. George Stubbs. The draft will again be reviewed by the General Purposes Committee before it is submitted to an Extraordinary General Meeting of the Institute. Income Tax.-In Part 11.of the Journal it was mentioned that the General Purposes Committee had considered a proposal received from the Commissioners of Income Tax with reference to the application made by the Council for an abatement to be allowed to members of the Institute in respect of their annual subscriptions. The Commissioners proposed entering into an agreement with the Institute whereby private practi- tioners could secure such abatement, provided the tax were paid by the Institute, but stipulating that such abatement should not apply in the case of members holding whole time appointments.The proposed agreement did not appear, therefore, to be to the advantage either of the Institute or of the members concerned, and the Council decided that it should not be entertained. The Council have, however, given their support to a Memorial prepared by representatives of the Institute, the National Union of Scientific Workers, the British Association of Chemists, and other bodies which it is proposed to submit, on behalf of scientific workers generally, to the Lords of the Treasury, with regard to securing abatement in respect of subscriptions to societies, 160 libraries, and periodicals ; purchase of technical books, instru- ments, etc.; rent and expenses of private laboratory and/or of study ; travelling and other expenses incurred in attending scientific meetings ; provision of special clothing for work and renewal of clothes damaged in the course of employment ; and other expenses incurred in the course of research. The General Purposes Committee have also considered a question raised by a Fellow with regard to a proposal to assess for purposes of income tax the proceeds of the sale of an inven- tion or patent. The Fellow had agreed to accept shares in the venture for working the patent in part payment for the patent, and the Income Tax Authorities contended that the proceeds, including the value of the shares, should be reckoned as income.The matter was eventually decided in favour of the Fellow on the lines of the opinion expressed in a book by the late Hallett Fry on Income Tax, based on the report of a Royal Commission (1905)~namely, that “the amount which a patentee receives from the sale of his patent is capital and not income, though if he, instead of ‘a lump sum, receive an annual payment as royalty, it would be taxable by deduction . .’, The Report of the Commission showed that ‘‘ invention can hardly be regarded as a profession . . .” and that “ . . . when it leads to patent rights, the sale of them is but little of the character of annual income. Where a royalty is paid, the income from it is assessed ; where the patent is purchased outright, the transaction is treated as a capital transaction on both sides, and no assessment is made on the original patentee in respect of the lump sum received by him.” Legal and Parliamentary Committee.-The Legaland Parliamentary Committee have had under preliminary con-sideration the desirability and possibility of taking steps to secure powers to restrict the practice of chemistry, in any event for the present, in matters affecting public health and in dangerous trades, to duly qualified and registered chemists.161 The Committee have also discussed means whereby the Council may be kept informed of measures promoted in Parliament which may affect the interests of the profession of chemistry.Steps have been taken to secure the help of Members of Parliament, who will undertake to watch such interests in the House of Commons. The Council will be glad if Fellows and Associates will direct the attention of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee to any such matters which may come to their notice. Services Committee.-The Services Committee was originally appointed, acting jointly with representatives of the Institute of Metals, to consider the position of chemists and metallurgists in the Naval, Military and Air Services, and the action to be taken to secure for them better recognition and status. In a Report, submitted to the Council in November last, the Committee arrived at the conclusion that, in view of the important work of chemists and metallurgists during the War and of the fact that much waste of men and material occurred through the absence of any permanent Service body capable of dealing with chemical and metallurgical questions, it was desirable that a Royal Army Chemical and Metaliur- gical Corps, or similar organisation, corresponding in some respects to the Royal Army Medical Corps, should be formed to deal with such questions.With the concurrence of the Councils of the two Institutes, a Sub-committee was, there- fore, appointed to consider and report on this proposal. In April of this year the Council of the Institute of Metals decided not to proceed further with the matter, but the representatives of the Institute of Chemistry proceeded to discuss a report from the Sub-committee, including a draft scheme for the establishment of an Army Chemical Service, which was in due course submitted to the Council.The Committee suggested that this scheme would form the basis for a working organisation, and would indicate what is desirable in the interests of the country. Moreover, it was suggested that the principles might be extended to apply to other scientific professions, constituting an army scientific organisation, similar provision being made in respect of the Naval and Air Forces. The Committee held also that such a scheme would provide for the proper organisation of chemists in the event of war, having due regard to the question of securing their recognition and status. Early in April a letter had been received from the Con- joint Board of Scientific Societies suggesting the desirability of making provision for continuous research in the applications of science to war, and of providing facilities for the mobilisa- tion of a scientific staff without delay and in the most efficient manner.The Services Committee thereupon recommended that a copy of the scheme be forwarded to the Conjoint Board with a statement that the Institute would be prepared to sup- port any representations on the lines suggested which might be made to the Government Departments concerned. The Report of the Committee was duly approved in principle by the Council and forwarded to the Conjoint Board, who will proceed to consider it at a meeting to be held during the present month.In connection with the above, attention has been directed to the following paragraph quoted from the Journal of Indus- trial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. XII., No. 3, 1920, published by the American Chemical Society :-“The Army Reorganisation Bill passed the House of Representatives on March 18th, 1920. It contains a section providing for the Chemical Warfare Service as a separate unit of the Army, with a chief holding the rank of Brigadier- General, and with ninety officers, ranging from Colonel to Second-Lieutenant, and 1,500 enlisted men. It was in the House that friends of the Chemical Warfare Service had most to fear, for certain members had been outspoken in their opposition to the Service being made a separate unit.This opposition, however, gave way, and now the bill goes to the Senate, where it seems there is absolute unanimity of senti- ment that the Chemical Warfare Service shall not only be a separate unit, but that full provision shall be made for its com- 163 plete development and thorough efficiency. It is a safe pre- diction that any changes made in the section pertaining to the Chemical Warfare Cervice from now on will be only such as tend to strengthen and improve the Service.” Research Chemicals.-Representations having been made to the Council that chemists engaged in organic research were. severely handicapped by the lack of organic chemicals for research purposes, a Committee was appointed in March to consider steps to be taken to Secure adequate supplies of such substances.The suggestion had previously been made by several well-known research cheniists that the Government should allow free import of research chemicals from Germany. The supply available in this country was considered totally inadequate ; while German firms had listed over 3,000 organic chemicals, British firms had listed less than 400, even some fairly common substances being practically unobtainable, and while some compounds were prepared in a high degree of purity, others could only be obtained as technical products and had to be purified before use. As to the question of cost, the Committee were informed of instances where the prices, exclusive of the cost of the bottles, were 300 per cent.above the prices quoted in trade journals. As to the remedy, it was suggested that, in the absence of any statement of policy in the interests of those who were desirous of building up a research chemical industry in this country, German research chemicals should be introduced and any attempt to place restrictions on their importation should be opposed. The Committee learned, however, that, if it were intended to develop the industry, research workers would give what aid they could to such an undertaking. Although the production might not at first be an attractive proposition to the manufac- turers, the Committee were earnestly desirous that an attempt should be made to secure such production, and urged that chemists should do all that was possible to encourage it.In any case, research workers required to know what chemicals were being made in this country and where they 164 could be obtained. It was desirable, therefore, that in the first place a list of chemicals available for purchase should be pre-pared, and that some organisation should be established for collecting and distributing them. Certain chemical manufacturers were known to have the matter in hand, and were seeking information from research workers as to their requirements. The Committee learned, moreover, that the Association of British Chemical Manufac- turers, who had also been in correspondence with the Chemical Society, was already moving in the matter.In May, the Committee received from the Associatioil three lists of research chemicals, including 234 substances listed by the Chemical Society, which members of the Associa- tion made and/or were prepared to supply, 29 which they did not ordinarily manufacture, but were prepared to make, and about 123 not on the Chemical Society’s List, which members of the Association made and/or were prepared to supply. The Associa- tion pointed out that the lists included certain substances, of which the manufacturers might not be able to guarantee a permanent supply unless there were a sufficient demand, and that the lists should be regarded as merely preliminary, since it was hoped to supplement them from time to time, The Council of the Institute, on the recommendation of the Committee, decided to offer facilities to students and research workers by acting as a “ clearing house ” for substances not easily obtainable from British manufacturers and dealers, it being understood that inquiries would be addressed, in the first instance, to the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers (166, Piccadilly, London, W.).The Council, therefore, invite research workers to mention substances of which they may be in special need for research purposes, on the understanding that, if any should not be obtainable through the Association, the Institute will be prepared to circularise such requirements to research workers, in order that chemists requiring such substances may be put into touch with those who have them to spare.165 LIST I. (Research Chemicals on Chemical Society's List which Manufacturers make and/or ar ?repaxed to supply.) Acenaphthene. Benzidine Hydrochloride. Ace tal. Benzil. Acetaldehyde, b.p. 21". Benzoic Acid. Acetamide. Benzoin. Acet anilide . Benzophenone.Acetic Acid, 100%. Benzoyl Chloride. Acetic Anhydride, free from homo-Benzyl Acetate. logous anhydrides. Benzyl Alcohol from Toluene. Acetin (mono). Benzyl Benzoate. Acetone refined b.p. 56"-57". Benzyl Chloride. Acetophenone. Benzyl Cyanide. Acetyl Chloride. Benzyl-Aniline. Acet yl- Phene tidine, see Phenace-Borneol. tine. Bornyl Acetate. Acet yl-SalicyIic Acid. Brom-Benzene. Allyl Alcohol.Brom-Camphor.Allyl Iodide. a-Brom-Naphthalene. Allyl Isothiocyanate. Brom-Phenol (para). Aloin. Bromoform. Amido-Benzoic Acid (ortho). Brucine. Amido-Phenol (meta). Butyl Alcohol (normal). Amido-Phenol (para). Amyl Acetate for Photometry (Hef- Caffeine ner lamps). Camphor. Amy1 Alcohol (iso) Pyridine-free. Camphoric Acid. Amyl Formate (iso). Camphoric Anhydride. Amy1 Nitrate (iso). Carbamide, see Urea. Anethol. Carbon Disulphide. Aniline. Carbon Tetrachloride. Aniline, refined. Carvacrol. Aniline Hydrochloride. Carvol (Carvon). Aniline Oxalate. Chloral Alcoholate. Anisaldehyde. Chloral Hydrate. Anisidine (ortho). Chloroform. Anisol. Cinchonidine. Anthranilic Acid, see Amido-Benzoic Cinchonine cryst. Acid (ortho).Cinnamic Acid. Antipyrine, see 1-Phenyl-2, 3-Di-Cinnamic Aldehyde. Methylpyrazolon. Citral. Atropine Cryst. Citric Acid. Citronella1 refined. Benzaldehyde. Citronellol. Benzamide. Cocaine. Benzanilid: Codeine and Salts. Benzene, for analysis" and for Coumarin. determination of molecular Cresol (ortho). weights. Cresol (meta). Benzidine refined. Cresol (para). E 166 Cresotinic Acid (ortho). Dextrin. Dextrose. Diacetyl Dioxime (Dimethyl Gly- oxime).Dianisidine ,refined. Dibrom-Benzene (para). Dimethyl Aniline. Dinitro-Benzene (meta). Dimethyl-Sulphate, see Methyl Sul- phate.Dinitro-Phenol (OH NO, ; NO, = 1:2 :4).Diphenylamine cryst. Diphenyl-methane.Diphenyl-thiourea (sym). Ethyl Acetate. Ethyl Aceto- Acetate.Ethyl Alcohol, 99, 8 yo.Ethyl Aniline (mono). Ethyl Benzoate. Ethyl Bromide. Ethyl Carbonate. Ethyl Chlor-Acetate. Ethyl Chlor-Carbonate. Ethyl Chloride. Ethyl Cinnamate. Ethyl Cyan- Acetate. Ethyl Ether. Ethyl Ether for anaesthesia. Ethyl Ethyl Aceto-Acetate. Ethyl Formate. Ethyl Iodide. Ethyl Malonate. Ethyl Nitrate (Alcoholic solution, 15%)-Ethyl Oxalate. Ethyl Salicylate. Ethylene Bromide. Eucalyptol.Eugenol. Fluorescein. Formaldehyde Solution. Formamide. Formanilide. Formic Acid. Gallic Acid. Geraniol. Glycerol. Glvcero-PhosDhoric Acid Solution, 25%. Glvcocoll. GFape Sugar, see Dextrose. Guaiacol Cryst. Hexa -Me thylene-Tetramine. Hippuric Acid. Hydrazine Hydrate.Hydrazine Hydrochloride. Hydrobromic Acid, 1.49 free from chlorine. Hydrobromic Acid in Acetic Acid. Hydriodic Acid, 1.7 (Zeisel).Hydroquinone.Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride. Iodine resubl. Iodobenzene. Iodoform Cryst. Isobutyl Alcohol. Isosafrol. Lactic Acid, 1.21. Lactose. Ligroin 0-714.72. Linalool. Malic Acid. Malonic 'Acid. Maltose. Mannit01. Menthol. Mesityl- Oxide. Methyl Acetate. Methyl Alcohol. Methyl Benzoate. Methyl Iodide. Methyl Oxalate. Methyl Salicylate. Methyl Sulphate. Met h ylamine ,33yosolution. Met hyl-E th yl Ketone. Milk Sugar, see Lactose. Naphbhalene.P-Naphthol.Nitraniline (ortho). Nitraniline (meta). Nitraniline (para). Nitro-Phenol (ortho). Nitro-Phenol (para). 16'7 Oenanth 01.Quinolinc. Oleic Acid. Qainone. Oxalic Acid. Oxamet hane. Resorcinol. Oxamide. Oxani lide . Sacc harose. Safrol. SaJicin.Paraldehyde. Salicylic Azid Cryst. Petroleum Ether, 0.64-0-66. Sodamide.Phenace tine. St arch, fat -free. Phenetedine (para), refined. Strychnine Cryst. Phenetol. Succinic Acid. Phenolphthalein. Sulphanilic Acid. Phenyl Acetate. Sulphonal.Phenvl Salicylate (Sslol). Sulphur71 Chloride, refined. Phenil Acetic Acid. Phenyl Hydrazine. Tartaric Acid cryst. Phenyl Hydrazine Hydrochloride. Terpine Hydrate. Phosgene in sealed tubes. Thio-Carbamide (Thiourea). Phosphorus Oxychloride. Thionyl Chloride. Phosphorus Pentachloride. Thymol.Phosphorus Trichloride. Toluene.Pht halimide.Toluene Sulphocliloride (para).Phthalic Acid. Trichlor-Acetic Acid. Phthalic Anhydride. Triox ymethylene. Picric Acid. Piperonal. Urea. Pyridine. Uric Acid. Pyrocatechol.Pyrogallol resubl. Vanillin. Quinine. Xylene. LIST 2. (Research Chemicals on Chemical Society's List which members of the Association do not manufacture, but which they are prepared to make.) a-Alanine. Cresotinic Acid (meta), refined Amygdalin. CH,:OH:COOH: =1:3:4). Anisidine (para). Cresotinic Acid (para), refined Anthracene, refined. (CH,: OH : COOH :-1 :4.3). Arabinose. Cymene. Azoxybenzene.Azobenzene, refined. Dulcite. Benzonitrile. Fenchone. Camphor-oxime.Conine. Guanidine Carbonate. j 168 Inulin. Phenol, synthetic. Isobutyric Acid.Piperidine. Mandelic Acid. Ricinollic Acid. 1 Mannose. Methyl Bromide in sealed Tubes. Salicylamide. Nitro-Benzoyl Chloride (meta). !1 Terpineol Cryst. Phenetidine (ortho), refined. , Toluene Sulphonic Acid (para). LIST 3. (Research Chemicals not on Chemical Society’s List which members of the Association make and/or are prepared to supply. Abrastol. Jhlor-Ph enol (para). Acetone Sulphite. ktamine Hydrochloride. Aconitine. 3esyl Acetate (ortho). Aconitine Hydrobromide. 2resyl Acetate (meta). Allantoin. Zresyl Acetate (para). Amido -acetic Acid. 2resvl Acetate (para). Amido-phenol Hydrochloride (para). Jresyl Methyl Ether (ortho, 0-hido Pyridine. 2resyl Methyl Ether (rnetrr.). Amyl Alcohol. clresyl Methyl Ether (para). Amyl Benzoate.Zyanacetamide. Amyl Butyrate. Amyl Nitrate. Diastase. Amyl Salicylate. Dichloracetic Acid. Amyl Valerate. Diet h ylanilin c. Apomorphine Hydrochloride. Diethyl Acctic Acid. Diethyl Barbituric Acid. Benzal Chloride (tech). Diethyl Ethyl Malonate. Benzamide Hydrochloride. Dimethyl -arnido-azobenzene. Benzene-Sulphonic Acid (75”/, solu-Dimethyl-Ami do-Benzal dehyde tion). (para); Benzonaphthol. Dinitro Cresol (ortho). Benzyl Ether. Emetine. n-Butyl Acetate. Emetine Hydrobromide. Butyl Formate. Emetine Hydrochloride. Butyl Nitrite. Emodin. la-Butyric Acid. Eosin. Erythrosin. Cacodylic Acid. Eserine. Cantharidin B.P. Ethyl Butyrate. Carminic Acid. Caryophyl lene. Fuchsin. Cerotic Acid Fumaric Acid. Chlorbutol (brichlor tertiary butyl alcoholl.Gelsemine Hydrochloride. Chlorophyll. Geranyl Acetate. Chlor-phenol (ortho). Geranyl Butyrate. Geranyl Formate. Phellandrene. Glyceryl Triacetate. Phenyl Carbonate. Phenyl Ethyl Acetate. Homatropine . Phenyl Ethyl Alcohol. Homatropine Hydrobromide. Physostigimine and Salts. Hydrastine. Pilocarpine Hydrochloride. Hyhstine Hydrochloride. Pilocarpine Nitrate. Hydrastinine Hydrochloride. Piperine. Hydrazine Sulphate. Propyl Acetate. Hyoscine Hydrobromide. Hyoscyamine. Raffinose (crude). Hyoscyamine Sulphate. Rhodinol. Rosaniline. Zsobutyl Acetate. Rosaniline Acetate. Is0-Eugenol. Iso-Eugenol Acetate. Sebacic Acid. Isopilocarpine. Sparteine.Sparteine Sulphate. Sulphindigotic Acid (solution). Linalol.Linalyl Acetate. Thiosinamine. Triacetin. Meconic Acid. Trichlor-me ta-cresol. Methoxy Cumaric Aldehyde. Tri-cresyl Carbonate (ortho). Menthyl Acetate. Tri-cresyl Carbonate (meta). Menth yl Valerat e . Tri-cresyl Carbonatc (para). Methyl Carvacrol. Tri-cresyl Phosphate (orthoj.Methyl Eugenol. Tri-cresyl Phosphate (meta). Methyl Iso-Eugenol. Tri-cresyl Phosphahe (pnra). Myristic Acid. Tri-phenyl Phosphate. Tri-nitro Meta Cresol. Nitroparacresol. Tri-nit,ro Tertiary Butyl Xylene. Nitroso-ant ipyrine. Nitroso-be ta -napht hol . Xylidyl-Succinamic Acid. Nitrotoluene (para). Xylidyl-Succinamide. Analytical Standards.-The Council of the Society of Public Analysts have transmitted tothe Council of the Institute a Report, abstracted below, of a Committee consisting of Messrs.L. Archbutt, W. J. A. Butterfield, G. Nevi11 Huntly, and G. Rudd Thompson, appointed to consider the desira- bility of making provision for supplies of standard chemical substances. The Committee is satisfied that there is a demand for AnalyticalControl Standards, which is now being chiefly met by private enterprise and by the importation of the U.S.A. Bureau of Standards Samples, and that the demand appears reasonable for checking and educational rather than commercial purposes. The Committee think that every effort should be made to secure control of the supply of such standards by a responsible body representative primarily of analytical chemists, which might with 170 advantage seek the co-operation of the manufacturing interests, the Engineering Standards Association, the U.S.A.Bureau of Standards, as well as perhaps the existing private organisation. The Committee recommend that the Society of Public Analysts should take the initiative in forming a representative Analytical Standards Committee, the objezts of which shall be :-(1) To decide for which chemicals, commercial metals and alloys, and perhaps ores and certain other products, it is desirable to supply standard samples. (2) To settle how samples shall be provided and issued. (3) To take steps for securing comparative analyses of the proposed standard samples by groups of chemists engaged in the analysis of the particular class of materials to which the sample belongs.The Analytical Standards Committee should conslist of five to seven members of the Society of Public Analysts, aztively engaged in analyses of pure chemicals, alloys, metals, etc. ; and as the Society numbers among its member8 representatives of other bodies, such as the Institute of Chemistry, the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, the Society of Chemical Industry, the Iron and Steel Institute, the Institute of Netals, etc., the Committee suggest that it would be easy to select members for the Standards Committee, who, subject to the approval of the above bodies, would act as their representatives. The Analytical Standards Committee should at the outset arrange :-(1) For the provision of certain chemicals, such as benzoic acid, sodium oxalate and sugar.(2) To report, after making full inquiries of manufacturers, users and teachers, whether there is any legitimate scope for the extension of the scheme on the lines of the U.S.A. Bureau of Standards. Further, the Standards Committee should ascertain to what extent and by what procedure the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research would support the Committee by a grant until the Committee’s work becomes self-supporting. The Council of the Institute have concurred with the proposals contained in the Report, and have nominated Mr. F. H. Carr, Dr. J. T. Dunn, Mr. Lewis Eynon, and Mr. F. W. Harbord, any of whom would be willing to act as representa- tives of the Institute in this connection.Regu1ations.-In October next a considerable number of Associates elected in 1917 will have completed the three years’ registration necessary before proceeding to the Fellow- ship. The conditions under which such Associates can attain to the Fellowship were given in Part 11. of the Journal, and have been printed in a separate pamphlet, which can be obtained from the Registrar. The Council have recently received from several Asso- ciates the request that they should be allowed to take the Examination for the Fellowship before the expiry of the necessary three years registration, and they have decided to consider on their merits applications for such examination and to allow Associates to take the examination provided the evi- 171 dence of their experience is satisfactory, it being clearly under- stood that no Associate can be elected to the Fellowship until he has been, since his admission to the Associateship and for a period of three years therefrom, continuously engaged in the study and practice of chemistry.The three years’ registration obligatory under the provisions of the Charter is duly recorded in the Regulations published in February, but was inadver- tently omitted from the abstract of the revised Regulations given in Part 11. of the Journal published in April. Under the Regulations for the admission of Associates, a candidate who holds the Associateship in Chemistry of the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, A.R.T.C., taken after a four years’ day course, including chemistry, physics, mathe- matics, and an optional subject, will be entitled to apply for admission to the Associateship of the Institute without further examination, provided he produces evidence of having passed an approved preliminary examination in accordance with the Regulations.Assistants, Chemists, Admiralty Inspection Labora-tories.-The Council have been in communication with the Admiralty with reference to the official advertisement which appeared recently in the public press for Assistant Chemists required at the Admiralty Inspection Laboratories, Holton Heath. The terms of the advertisement were calculated to convey the impression that the value of the services of Associates of the Institute with technical experience was assessed at less than they can now easily command.The Admiralty. was addressed on the matter, and the salary, which had been fixed at -&7o-&o, was subsequently altered to &zo--f141z. The Registrar learned, in conference with the authorities, that the original salary had been fixed in accordance with the provisions made in the estimates and that delay had arisen pending the consent of the Treasury to the alteration. He was reassured that the Admiralty re- cognised fully the importance of securing competent chemists and of attaching such conditions to their appointments as will attract and retain them for the public service, although the pressure at present brought to bear on Government Departments generally to economise appears to render it diffi-cult for them to effect immediately the whole of the organisa- tion for chemical work which is considered desirable.172 Students available for Vacation Employment.-TheRegistrar has received the names of several students in London and elsewhere who are seeking opportunities for gainingpractical experience during the vacation (July to October) , and will be glad to hear from Members who can utilise their services. increase of Students in Chemistry.-Returns received by the Institute from forty Universities and Colleges show that 4,808 students are preparing for degrees and diplomas in Chemistry, compared with 2,078 in 1g13-14-an increase of 130 per cent. Address to Students, Royal Technical College.-On the invitation of the Professors of Chemistry at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, the Registrar of the Institute, with the consent of the Council, visited the college on May 12th and addressed the students in the Chemical Department, numbering nearly zoo, on “ The Profession of Chemistry.”Prof.Forsyth J. Wilson introduced the lecturer, who dealt with the general education of professional men, the word ‘ chemist ,” technical training, professional organisation, professional conduct, and the prospects of the profession. The students subsequently asked questions and a number of them subsequently interviewed the Registrar individually. At the conclusion a vote of thanks was passed to the Registrar on the motion of Prof.I. M. Heilbron. Exhibition of Apparatus, Materials, &c.-By arrange-ment with the London Section of the Society of Chemical Industry (Chairman, Mr. Julian Baker, Fellows and Associates of the Institute were invited to an Exhibition of Apparatus and Materials, etc., arranged by the London Section of the Society, held at the Institute on June 7th. A large number of Members of both bodies visited the Institute. The exhibitors included the following :-Aluminium Plant and Vessel Co., A. Boake, Roberts & Co., The British DrugHouses, W. J. Bush & Co., The Cambridge Scientific Instru- ment Co., Cannon Iron Foundries, T. & C. Clarke, Adam Hilger, Dr. C. A. Keane, Kestner Evaporator and Engineering Co., Arthur Johnson & Co.,Dr.R. Lessing, Mr. C. A. Mitchell, Pharmaco Chemical Products Co., The Sheringham Daylight ,S. H. M. Co., Thermal Syndicate, and Alexander Wright & Co. Examinations.-The Council have received reports of the Examinations held in April (see pages rgo et seq.). 173 Local Sections. Conference of Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections. -A Conference of Hon. Secretaries and representatives of Local Sections was held at the Institute on Friday, April 16th. The following representatives attended :-Birmingham and Midland .. F. C. A. H. Lantsberry. Edinburgh and East of Scot-land .. .. .. B. D. W. Luff. Glasgow and 'West of Scot-land .. .. .. T. A. Wilson. Gretna and District. . .. H. R. Neech. Ireland .... .. Dr. A. G. G. Leonard. Liverpool and N. W. Counties John Hanley. London and S.E. Counties . . P. H. Kirkaldy. Manchester and District .. F. W. Atack. Newcastle-on-Tyne and N. E. Coast .. .. .. J. H. Paterson. South Wales .. .. A. J. Shelton. Leeds Interviewing Com-mittee .. .. .. William Lowson. The Conference discussed the allocation of Fellows and Associates to districts for voting purposes, under the proposed new By-laws, and the topographical distribution was mutually agreed upon. The following figures represent roughly the distribution of members in the respective voting districts :-Birmingham and Midland Counties, in- cluding Nottingham .. .. *- 277 Bristol and S.W. Counties .. .. .. I02 Liverpool and N.W.Coast .. .. .. 160 London and S.E. Counties, including E ast Anglia .. .. .. .. 1,095 F Manchester and District .. .. ** 247 N.E. Coast and Yorkshire .. .. .. 292 Edinburgh and East of Scotland .. .. 106 Glasgow and West of Scotland .. .. 162 Wales, with Monmouthshire .. .. go Ireland .. .. .. .. .. 72 2,583 N0TE.-over 400 members of the Institute are at present abroad. In all cases, except in the districts of Liverpool and Manchester, the dividing lines have been determined by counties; in the cases of Liverpool and Manchester, an agreement has been arrived at by drawing a line through the postal districts of Warrington and Wigan, all places within the postal districts of these two towns being allocated to Liverpool; all towns east of that line being allocated to Manchester. Any question arising as to the allocation of a town on the line referred to will be decided according to whether the larger proportion of its postal district lies to the west, Liverpool, or to the east, Manchester, side of the line. The Conference met the Finance Committee, when the question of providing funds for Local Sections was discussed, and it was agreed to cover the expenses of four official meetings, it being also agreed that accounts for the same should be rendered annually in December.It was ascertained that, whereas some Sections call upon their members to pay a sub-scription additional to their subscription to the Institute, in other Sections the Committee regard all the members residing within the corresponding district as members of those Sections without requiring payment of any additional subscription. The question was discussed also as to whether the Secre- taries of Local Sections should circularise notices of their meetings to all members within their respective districts, and it was agreed that, provided every member was given the 175 opportunity of joining a Section, the Secretaries should not be called upon to notify those who did not become members.The Conference also met the Nominations, Examinations, and Institutions Committee, and were in attendance through- out their proceedings, while several candidates for membership were interviewed and applications were considered.At the conclusion of business, the Treasurer thanked the Hon. Secretaries of Local Sections in the name of the Council for their attendance, expressing the hope that such meetings would lead to a better realisation of the work of the Institute by the members of Sections, and tend to maintain the good understanding existing between Local Sections and the Council. Several of the Hon. Secretaries, in response, stated that they had derived great benefit from attending the meetings and observing the procedure of the Committees. Edinburgh and East of Scotland Section.-A Joint Meeting of this Section with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry was held in Edinburgh on May rrth, Dr.Drinkwater presiding. The Chairman opened a discussion on the training of chemists for industrial careers with special reference to the desirability of including instruction in Applied Chemistry in the College curriculum. In the course of an interesting debate, both the teachers’ and the technologists’ opinions were voiced by numerous representatives. The general feeling was that early specialisa- tion should be discountenanced and that any instruction in Applied Chemistry should be of a general nature and restricted to descriptions of the more common chemical operations and of the materials used in plant construction. Further, it was held that such instruction should be supplemental to and not in any way to supplant a thorough training in pure chemistry, mathematics and physics.The following members contributed to the discussion : Prof. Boon, Drs. Cumming, Lauder, Ranken, and Messrs. 176 Aitken, W. A. Williams, S. Stewart, Williamson, W. G. Martin, J. Rutherford Hill, D. B. Dott, Luff, Bruce and Forsyth. Irish Section.-A meeting of the Section was held on Wednesday, April 2x4, in the Royal College of Science, Prof. W. E. Adeney, in the chair, when Mr. J. W. Parkes delivered an address on the Manufacture of Cordite. The Lecturer introduced the subject by a brief reference to the history of explosives generally, including gunpowder, gun-cotton, nitroglycerine and ballistite. He discussed the reasons for the changes made in the composition of cordite : first, after the South African War, to reduce gun erosion and second, during the late war, to eliminate the use of acetone, of which only small supplies were available.The Lecturer dealt with the manufacture of oleum, nitric acid, gun-cotton and nitroglycerine at Messrs. Kynochs, the various processes being illustrated by slides. The stages in the preparation of cordite were described and reference was made to the Mannheim Oleum Plant, the Valentiner nitric acid system, the purification of cotton, the pressing of cordite, the winding of the cordite on bobbins, the blending of cordite and the filling of cartridges. Specimens of cordite of various sizes and cartridges in different stages of manufacture were exhibited. Dr. J. Reilly, in proposing a vote of thanks to the Lecturer, said that the work of Roger Bacon on the preparation of gunpowder was not empirical but definitely scientific. Although Schonbein and Abel were outstanding names in the history of cellulose nitrate there was another name that deserved mention : V.Lenk, who introduced the alkali-boil purification process. Reference was made to the work of Robertson on the boiling of cellulose nitrate and the stabilis- ing results due to the initial acid-boil removing sulpho-esters. The physical aspect of the " Thomson Displacement Process " was also briefly considered. Dr. Reilly mentioned certain problems of special interest to the research chemist : The cornparison of cotton-waste and sliver, the treatment of cotton, the formation of oxycellulose, the drying of gun-cotton and cordite, and the problem of stability and stabilisers.Mr. O’Farrelly, in seconding the vote of thanks, alluded especially to two problems which arise in the manufacture of cordite,namely, the question of stability and the drying of cordite. Dr. Leonard referred to the testing of stability in the manufactured cordite and to the influence of various stabilisers. He also raised the question of the significance of traces of mercuric chloride in the finished cordite. Mr. Parkes having replied to various questions raised in the discussion of the paper, the meeting terminated. Liverpool Section.-In a paper read before the Liver- pool Section on May 13th, Mr. H. J. Evans advocated the formation of an Association among Members of the Institute for the purpose of closing the profession.He said that it was the chief desire of the majority of the Members to have the profession of Chemistry put on a satisfactory footing. It was also desirable to have the functions and scope of the technical chemist legally defined. Referring to the exclusive- ness and privileges of the professions of Law and Medicine, he showed how the public interest was safeguarded by the continuance of these privileges, quoting, in the first instance, Stephen’s Commentaries :-“ In most employments, the rewards resulting from success and the discredit and failure consequent upon incompetency form such a natural and sufficient safeguard to the public that they will not be under- taken without the necessary qualifications.But there are professions productive of evil so serious when improperly exercised, and so liable at the same time to be exercised by unfit persons, as to make it proper to subject them to the restraints of legal regulation. Those callings which the law deems to be of that nature (or those, at least, which have attracted the notice of our legislature as such) are the professions of law and medicine.” A person whose name does not appear on the Register of the General Medical Council may not claim the title of legally qualified medical practitioner, nor recover any charge in any Court of Law for medical advice or attendance, or medicine prescribed or supplied, nor may he hold any Government or any other medical appointment nor sign any certificate required by the Medical Act to be signed by a medical practitioner.Any person infringing these regulations is liable to heavy penalty, and the Council also possess power to remove the names of persons from the Register for improper conduct, and may, in conjunction with the Privy Council, deprive any examining body of the power of granting qualifications. The General Medical Council consists of representatives of certain colleges and universities, including the Royal Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons of the United Kingdom and the Apothecaries’ Society of London, together with five persons nominated by the Crown, and five by the general body of medical prastitioners.Mr. Evans also mentioned that since about 1886, medical practitioners were forbidden to employ unqualified assistants. With regard to the legal profession, the Law Society was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1831, and restriction of practice was provided by the Solicitors Acts of 1843 and 1860. By the Act of 1843 a prospective solicitor, having passed a preliminary examination, must be duly articled to a practising solicitor for a term of five years and pass two examinations. Being articled entails the payment of l80 Stamp Duty, and payment of such other fee or premium as may be agreed upon between the parties. A solicitor’s clerk, if given his articles, has to serve the full term of five years, unless he has been engaged in such work for ten years, in which case he is remitted two years, serving three in all.No solicitor may have more than two articled clerks at one and the same time, nor may a solicitor, who is himself employed as a clerk, have an articled clerk. The underlying principle of restricting these professions 179 is protection by the State of human life and health and pro- perty. The question arose, then, can we demonstrate that it would be to the public interest that the profession of chemistry should be similarly regulated ? Gigantic trans-actions depend on the “ yea ” or “ nay’’ of the consulting chemist. Heavy losses would be suffered by firms or individuals if the chemist were not competent to carry out the work he undertakes, or if he or his assistant made mistakes.The public should not be liable to such risks: the consulting chemist should be duly licensed by a central body and should not be allowed to issue a certificate or claim a fee unless so licensed. A man on trial for his life on a murder charge may be acquitted or doomed on the word of the chemist. Risk of incompetence in such a case alone calls for drastic legislation. The importance of restriction in the case of the work of the public analyst has been acknowledged ; no person other than a medical practitioner duly qualified in chemistry or a Fellow or Associate of the Institute, who has qualified in the examina- tion in the chemistry of food and drugs, conducted on lines approved by the Ministry of Health, is held to be qualified for appointment as an analyst under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts.In the case of the works chemist, the safety and lives of work-people, and the property of shareholders, are dependent upon his skill and competence : he should be a person of proved and undoubted ability. Mr. Evans then referred to the forces to be combalerl to attain the object in view :-(I) Opposition from unqualified persons. (2) Opposition from firms employing unqualified persons. (3) Internal opposition : the opposition of inertia or lack of interest on the part of the general body of those who are qualified. In many cases unqualified men come from the laboratories of qualified chemists, where they started as laboratory boys, were gradually put on to routine testing, and after a few years regarded themselves as chemists.If they had passed approved preliminary examinations, had served as articled pupils, and had undertaken systematic training in an approved institution, as required by the Regulations, that would be a different matter. The doctors dealt with the difficulties summarily, and the lawyers safeguarded themselves against it rigidly, but it was a difficult matter to persuade chemists to agree never to employ unqualified persons except as laboratory assistants. The question might be raised, " What about the sons of poor parents? Are they to be excluded from the profession? " On the other hand, two further questions might be asked :-(I) " Are we a philanthropic society, whose object is to provide employment for the children of the deserving poor, or are we a professional body of men who are striving to defend ourselves, and particularly our younger members, from unfair competition ? '' (2) " Do the medical and legal professions make any provision for the sons of poor parents ? " The son of the poorest parents, if he possesses sufficient ability, can proceed from the elementary to the secondary school and thence to the university, and so enter the profession in the regular manner.Some chemists say that men without systematic training are better for their purpose than those trained in the universities. The latter, on going to a labora-tory or works for the first time, need to get used to new conditions, but when once they have done so, they apply the store of knowledge which they have accumulated and prove their worth well in the end.The laboratory boy, when he has grown too big and too old to be a laboratory boy, should be sent to a trade : it would be better for him in the end. Mr. Evans illustrated these arguments from his experience. The Institute was analogous in some respects to the General Medical Council in matters of professional conduct, but if it removed the names of men from the Register they could still continue practising and collecting fees, while if a doctor or lawyer was guilty of unprofessional conduct his name was removed from the Register and he could neither practise nor collect fees.181 Coming to the proposed formation of an Association for the purpose of closing the profession, he suggested that membership of this Association should be compulsory on every member joining the Institute, and -that the machinery of the Local Sections should be brought to bear on the matter. The Association should have a paid Secretary, of persistent and forceful character and great tenacity of.purpose, preferably a chemist, but certainly a barrister, to find ways and means of bringing the matter before the public and in the right quarters. It would mean hard work and self-sacrifice; the senior members would have to hold out the helping hand to the younger ones more than they had done in the past, and the younger ones would have to use all their weight as well.It was worth every effort and every sacrifice so that a safe and honoured heritagc might be handed down to those who ciirne after. Copies of the paper have been sent to other Local Sections for discussion. At the June Meeting of the Liverpool Section, apaper was read by Dr. George Tate on “ The chemical characteristics of some of the Torulae.” The Liverpool Section have addressed the Council on the question of giving further publicity to the recommendations noted in the Journal regarding fees charged by consulting chemists in private practice. The Institute will be pre-pared to supply members engaged in private practice with copies of slips which can be issued to their clients.The Liverpool Section have also raised the question of closing the profession, which is referred to in the above paper and under “ Legal and Parliamentary ” on page 160, and have urged the Council to consider questions affecting the training of chemical assistants (see also p. 151). London & South-Eastern Counties.-The first annual dinner of the London and South-Eastern Counties Section was held at the Holborn Restaurant on May 18th, 1920. Mr. Patrick H. Kirkaldy, Chairman of the Section, presided. G 182 The loyal toasts and that of the Institute having been honoured, the Registrar proposed “ The London Section,” to which the Chairman replied. A programme of music was provided by members, including Messrs. Harmsworth, Marlow, and Powell.Manchester and District.-The Manchester Section have addressed the Council on the desirability of formulating a general basis for agreements of chemists occupying whole- time appointments. The matter has been referred to the Legal and Parliamentary Committee. About 35 members of the Section attended an Ordinary General Meeting on April arst for the purpose of discussing how the Institute might further protect the professional and economic interests of chemists. Dr. Rbe, in opening the discussion, referred to the present unsatisfactory position of the chemist from the economic standpoint, and expressed the opinion that the Council was perhaps not the most suitable body to deal with the matter. He suggested that a separate Committee should be appointed to deal specifically with economic problems, the members being chosen as far as possible on grounds of business ability.Rlr. J. H. Lester drew attention to the recently-appointed Legal and Parliamentary Committee, and suggested that, if the members did not regard the Council as a suitable body for dealing with economic questions, they should correct the matter by electing different members of Council. Mr. J. R. Hannay expressed his views on the system of electing Council at present in vogue, and Dr. R. B. Forster stated his opinion that the Institute, as such, could not deal with economic problems, but suggested that members of the Institute might act together as an outside body, preferably in co-operation with an already existing association. NewcastI e-on-Tyne and North- East Section.-The Section held a dinner at the Station Hotel on Wednesday, April &th, Mr.C. H. Ridsdale presiding. About twenty-five members were present, including the Registrar of the Institute. 183 After the loyal toasts the Registrar was called upon to make a statement of the advantages to be gained by the formation of Sections. He replied that Local Sections were mainly for social intercourse and especially in the interest of the junior members, whom he felt sure the senior members were at all times anxious to help. They had also proved of much value in forwarding suggestions to the Council. He referred to the Conference of Secretaries of Sections and the usefulness of such meetings as the connecting links between headquarters and members in various parts of the country.A discussion was opened by Mr. J. Gard on the subject : " Is organisation on Trade Union lines advantageous to the Chemical Profession ? " Mr. Gard, local Chairman of the National Association of Industrial Chemists, referred to the conditions of whole-time appointments held by chemists in industry, and reviewed the objects and proceedings of trades unions generally. He held that the ideals of trades unionism, if not the practice, were advantageous to the professional as well as to the manual worker, in that they tended to increase both moral and financial status. Mr. T. Wallace opposed the proposition, and spoke in favour of further organisation and of the provision of legislation to provide compulsory registration.He dwelt upon the importance of individual effort, and expressed his opinion that the average salaries published in the Journal of the Institute did not disclose the deplorable conditions to which Mr. Gard had referred. The Registrar laid stress on the attitude which the Institute had always taken up in that they were working for posterity and hoped by the education of the present generation to prepare the way for the better treatment of the next. He thought they would incur grave responsibility if, after forty years of work developing the professional status of the chemist, they left the coming generation a legacy of trades unionism.Brief comments were also made by Dr. Dunn, Pro€. Bedson, Dr. Stich, Dr. Fleck, Mr. H. J. Young and the Chairman. The general feeling of those present appeared to be that 184 success in the chemical profession depended to such an extent on individual ability and initiative that it would be impossible to adopt the principles of controlled output and collective bargaining, imposed by modern trades unionism. The proceedings concluded with votes of thanks to the Chairman and to the Hon. Secretary, and also to the Registrar for his attendance. South Wales Section.-A successful meeting of the Section was held at Swansea on June 5th. when the paper from the Liverpool Section (see above), on “ The Closing of the Profession of Chemistry,” was read and discussed.The general opinion of the South Wales Section was that restriction of chemical practice would be advantageous, and that it should follow the lines of the legal profession rather than those of the medical profession. The difficulties to be confronted were stated as follows : To define a chemist ; to determine, especially in industry, what chemical opera.tions should be controlled by a chemist ; to compel industrial firms to employ only qualified chemists in control of such operations; and to decide the question of employing chemical assistants who are unable to qualify but are yet capable and useful for many operations. The distinc- tion should, in any case, be made that none but qualified and registered practitioners should be capable of issuing certifi- cates.Personal.-Prof. A. W. Crossley, consequent on his appointment as Director of the British Cotton Industry Research Association, has resigned from the Board of Examiners of the Institute. The Council have accorded their thanks to Prof. Crossley for his valuable services, and Prof. Samuel Smiles has been appointed Examiner in General Chemistry in his stead. Mr. B. C. Aston has been asked to accept appoint-ment as an Honorary Corresponding Secretary to the Insti- tute at Wellington, N.Z., and Prof, D. Orme Masson and 185 Mr. George Tattersall have been asked to accept appointments as Honorary Corresponding Secretaries for Western Aus-tralia. Prof. I. M. Heilbron has been appointed to the Chair of Organic Chemistry in the University of Liverpool. Dr.T. Slater Price has been appointed Director of the British Photographic Research Association. Mr. Charles Proctor has been appointed Companion of the Imperial Service Order. Mr. B. J. Eaton and Major W. C. Ball (Fellows) have been appointed Officers of the Order of the British Empire (Military Division). Mr. S. Baldwin (Associate) has been appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for services in connection with the War. H.M. The King of the Belgians has appointed Prof. Wynd- ham R. Dunstan, C.M.G., a Commander of the Order of Leopold 11. H.M. The King of Italy has appointed Prof. Percy F. Frankland and Dr. T. M. Lowry Officers of the Order of St. Maurice and St.Lazarus. The degree of D.Sc. (Liverpool), Honoris Causa, has been conferred on Prof. F. G. Donnan. Indian Chemical Service. Prof. Jocelyn Thorpe President of the Chemical Services Committee appointed by the Government of India, has pre- sented the Institute with a copy of the Report of the Com- mittee, dated from Simla, February 28th, 1920. The terms of reference to the Committee were :-(1) To consider whether an all-India Chemical Service is the best and most suitable method of overcomina the difficulties and deficiencies pointed out by the Indian Industrial Cornn?ission. (2) In the event of the Committee approving the principle of an all-India Service, to devise terms of recruitment, employment and organisation ; to indicate the extent to which chemists already in Government employ should be included in that service ; and to suggest what should be the relations of the proposed organisation with the public and with departments of the Government of India and of local governments.(3) In particular, to fraine proposals for the location, scope and organisa- tion of institutions for chemical research. The Committee consisted of Prof. Jocelyn Thorpe, Presi- dent, Dr. K. S. Caldwell, Mr. R. W. Davies, Dr. W. Harrison, Sir P. C. Ray, Dr. J. J. Sudborough, and Dr. J. L. Simonser? (Secretary) . The publication includes an introductory note by the President of tho Committee] dealing generally with the desira- bility of organising an efficient Government Chemical Seivice in the interests of the development of the chemical industries of India, in the course of which the importance of the thorough training of chemists, both for industrial and academic work, is emphasised.Prof. Thorpe advocates a course corresponding to that given in an Honours School at a British University, followed by one or two years’ traifiing in the methods of re-search, with instructicn in the principles of engineering and machine drawing, where such training has not formed part of the Honours course. He suggests that, in orda to instrwt students in the use of large-scale appliances, laboratories con-taining types of plant used in chemical manufacture, of about 187 one-sixtieth the size of large scale plant, shou!d be attached to Universities.The Committee express the opinion that the Chemical Service should be recruited mainly from Indian sources, and that the Service must be staffed with men of the best type the Universities can produce. They hold, therefore, that the question of adequate chemical training in Indian Universities is vital. The following is an abstract of the recommendations of the Commit tee :-That a Chemical Service, to be called the Indian Chemical Service, bs constituted, and be controlled by a Director-General, with headquarters at a central imperial chemical research institute at Dehra Dun ; that the Director-General be assisted, in the first instance, by four deputy directors, in charge of (a)inorganic and physical chemistry, (b) organic chemistry, (c) metallurgical chemistry, (d) analytical chemistry ; that a provincial research institute be establid~ed in each province under the control of the Local Government, each such provincial institute to be under a director of research.The Central Imperial Chemical Research Institute should create new industries and carry out the development of new processes up to the semi- large scale, or further, if necessary ; investiuate problems of a fundamental character arising from the work of the prov%cial institutes which hare been transferred to the central institute by local directors in consultation with a director-general ; assist in the co-ordination of the work in progress in the provinces by means of personal discussions and periodical conferences ; carry out analytical work and correlate the methods of analysis in general use throughout the country ; maintain a bureau of information and record office ; and issue necessary publications.The functions of the provincial research institutes should be to maintain close touch with work', chrmists, and industries, and to work out any prob- lems which may be submitted to them ; to develop new industries, worked out on the laboratory and semi-large scale by the central institute ; to carry out other work necessary to establish and foster new industries peculiar to the province ; to carry out analytical work required in the province and to erect and control sub-stations as the development of industry may require.The recommendations also provide that a research institute should not manufacture in competition with private enterprise, but that the chemical industries developed under the scheme should be handed over to private firms as soon as practicable : that experts should be employed to establish chemical industries based on known processes : that th3 work of the central institute should be controlled by a Board, of which the director-general will be chairman, which will comprise the deputy directors and such other persons as the Government of India may determine. The central institute, however, will have no administrative control over the provincial institutes. except that no appointment as director of research should be made without consulting the diredtor-general.Chemists employed at provincial institutes should be appointed by the Local Government in consultation with their 188 director of research and the director-general, and should be members of the Chemical Service seconded for service under the provincial governments, and paid by them. Agricultural chemists should not at present be included in tthe Service. Recommendations are made with regard to the relations of the Chemical Service to the Forest Department, the Ordnance Department, the Chief Inspector of Explosives, Assay Masters, the Medical Stores Department, the Geological Survey, and other Government Departments employing chemists. The Committee also recommend that a Ministry of Science be created.With regard to existing chemical appointments, such as those of Provin- cial Government Analyst, the Committee recommend that the deputy director in charge of analytical chemistry should co-ordinate the methods of analysis throughout India, and should act in an advisory capacity to such analysts, who should be attached to each provincial research institute, should be under the control of the directors of research, and should take over the chemical work carried out by the Chemical Examiners. The question of the connection of the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, with the Chemical Service is to await proposals from the Council of that Institute. Members of the Service should be seconded to the Education Department and to Uni- versity Institutions if required, and the Government should give mainten- ance and equipment grants to students undergoing training in the methods of research required for recruitment.The report also contains proposals for pay, pensions and allowances, and for study leave regulations. These latter proposals place the appointments of chemists on a basis more comparable with that of appointments relating to other professions than it has been in the past, and, if adopted should result in the maintenance of a high standard of efficiency. The report refers to " Assistant Chemists," where the expression " Chemical Assistant " would appear to be more applicable, in accordance with the scheme for the Home Government Chemical Service suggested by the Council of the Institute of Chemistry early in 1919.The Public Appoint- ments Committee of the Institute of Chemistry who have had the report under preliminary consideration, understand that Prof. Thorpe would be willing to.adopt the term " chemical assistant " where it applies to probationers. A separate note by Sir P. C. Ray is addedto the report, which appears to be in some measure opposed to the recommenda- tions. He criticises the general principle of Government Departments starting new industries, although the Govern- ment of India has, in the past, successfully promoted the development of several industries. 189 There would appear to be a prospect of a considerably increased number of chemical appointments in India, but chemists are advised, as heretofore, to keep in touch with the Institute when they contemplate candidature for such appoint- ments, in order to ecsure that their positions carry suitable pay, status, and prospects.190 April Examinations. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners.-The Examinations were held at the places and on the dates given below :-Branch (b)-For the Fellowship, at the Institute, April 12th to 16th. Branch (+-For the Fellowship and Associateship, at the Institute, 12th to 15th April. Branch (e)-For the Fellowship and Associateship and for the Certificate in Therapeutics, etc., at the Institute, April 12th to 16th. Branch (g)-For the Fellowship and Associateship :-In the Chemical Technology of Cement Manufacture, at the Institute, April 12th to 16th.In the Chemical Technology of Textile Manufacture, at the College of Technology, Manchester, April 19th to 24th. In the Chemical Technology of Coke Oven and By-product Prac- tice, at the University of Leeds, April 26th to 30th. Fourteen Candidates presented themselves ;the number examined in each branch and the number of those who passed are shown in the following table :-SUMBER SLXBER ESAMISED. I’ ISSED. Branch (6) Metallurgical Chemistry, for F.I.C. .. 1 0 Branch (d) Organic Chemistry : For A.I.C. ........ ..2 2 For F.I.C. ........ ..A 3 2 Branch (e) Chemistry of Food and Drugs, etc. : For A.I.C. ........ ..n -7 For F.I.C. ............ 1 1 For the Certificate ........1 1 Branch (9) :Chemical Te-hnology pf Cement-for A.I.C. .......... 1 1 Chemical Technology of Textile Manufacture : For A.I.C. .......... 1 1 For F I.C. ............ 1 1 Chemical techno log^ of Coke Oven and By-Product Practice : For A.I.C. .......... 1 0 c -14 11 The practical work of the successful Candidates in all branches was well carried out. 191 The following Candidates satisfied the Board : For Fellowship. Clayton, Ellis .. .. .. Branch (g)-Chemical Technology of Textile Manufacture. Clewer, Hubert William Bentley Branch (d)-Organic Chemistry.Eames, Robert Owen, B.Sc. .. Branch (d)-Organic Chemistry.Ratcliffe, Norman .. .. Branch (e)-The Chemistry (includingMicroscopy) of Food and Drugs, etc. Por dssociateship.Appleyard, Frederick Norman Branch (e)-The Chemistry (includingMicroscopy) of Food and Drugs, etc. BDwman, Stanley .. . . Branch (g)-Chemical Technology of Cement Manufacture. Humphries, Ronald .. .. Branch (g)-Chemical Technology of Textile Manufacture. Lees, Arnold .. .. .. Branch (e)-The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, etc. Phillips, Sydney Bertram . . Branch (d)-Organic Chemistry.Piekering, Eric Charles, B.Sc. . . Branch (d)-Organic Chemistry. For the Certijcate in Theraperctic.r, etc. Dixon, Hanley, M.Sc., A.I.C. . . Branch (e)-The Chemistry (includingMicroscopy) of Food and Drugs, etc. The papers and particulars of the exercises set are attached. The thanks of the Council have been accorded to the authorities of the University of Leeds and the College of Tkchnology, Manchest el-, for liaborat ory accommodation.The Board of Examiners is indebted to Prof. J. W. Cobb for help in connection with the Examination in the Chemical Technology of Coke Oven and By-product Practice, and to Prof. E. Knecht, in connection with the Examination in the Chemical Technology of Textile Manufact me. The Esamina-tion in the Chemical Technology of Cement Manufacture was conducted by Prof. C. H. Desch, Examiner in Metallurgical Chemistry. 192 Examination Papers : April, 1920. Branch (b).-Metallurgical Chemistry. April 12th to 10th, 1920. MONDAY, APRIL 12th : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Five questions only to be attempted.) 1. Give some account of the most important light aluminium alloys.What is the behaviour of these alloys when exposed to atmosphericcorrosion ? 2. What is the effect of the composition of the gas on the working of an open-hearth steel furnace ? What steps would you take to control the uniformity of the gas ? 3. Describe in detail some form of recording pyrometer suitable for the control of an annealing furnace. How would you check the accuracy of the readings of the pyrometer ? 4. Describe the chemical reactions which take place in the Bessemerising of a copper matte. 5. How is copper refined electrolytically ? What valuable by-products may be recovered ? How is the bath treated when it becomes exhausted ? 6. What fluxes and deoxidisers are most suitable for use in a brass foundry ? Describe the purpose for which each is used.7. Draw an equilibrium diagram for the alloys of two metals which form a complete series of solid solutions with one another, and explain how solidification of the alloys takes place. TUESDA Y and WEDNESDAY, APRIL 13th and 14th :10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Make a full analysis of the given alloy. (A high tensile brass, with nickel and aluminium.) THURSDA Y, APRIL 15th :10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Examine the given steel by means of the microscope. Sketch and report on its structure. Quench a portion from 900" C., and determine the change of structure. FRIDAY, APRIL 16th :10 a.m. to 4.30p.m. Examine the given ore, and determine its two principal constituents. (An impure galena.) Branch (e).-The Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs, etc.April 12th to 16th, 1920. MONDAY, APRIL 12th :10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Give extended formulae indicating the chemical structure of dextrose and fructose (lavulose) respectively. What, physiological difference exists between the dietetic value of these two sugars in certain pathologicalconditions ? What products are formed respectively by the hydrolysis of cane sugar, starch, and inulin ? Mention any food substance in which the last-named occurs. 193 2. How would you detect and estimate sodium benzoate if used as a preservative in cream ? 3. Describe in detail a method for the determination of the percentage of starch as distinguished from other carbohydrates in, say, a sample of ground maize.4. Mention some cases in which a drug is official both as a crude vege- table extract and as the pure active principle. Discuss the relative merits of each form of administration. 5. Enumerate the official preparations of mercury which are meant for external application. State what you know of the present use in thera- peutics of organic preparations of arsenic. 6. Explain the therapeutic use of the following terms, and mention drugs to which they can be respectively applied : hypnotic, diaphoretic, ecbolic, diuretic, and antipyretic. MONDAY, APRIL 12th : 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. 1. A hypnotic drug is present in the mixture A. Identify it and obtain some indication as to its amount. (Chloral hydrate.) 2. Prepare microscopic slides from R, and make drawings of anystructures which should serve to identify the drug.(Turkey rhubarb.) 3. Identify the structures on the slides C, D, E, and F. TUESDAY, APRIL 13th : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Determine the percentage of " fatty acids " in the sample of soap.2. Ascertain the original gravity of the sample of beer. WEDNESDAY, APRIL 14th : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The organic compound A is a substance used medicinally.(Hexamethylene tetramine.) Determine the percentage of nitrogen in it ; examine it as fully as yon can and identify it. 2. Examine the sample of raspberry jam microscopically only, and report on its purity. (The sample contained apple.) THURSDAY, APRIL 15th : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1.Determine the percentage of total calcium, stating it as lime, CaO, 2. Determine the percentage of " crude fibre ,',' in the sample of feedingin the mineral phosphate (b).stuff which was commercially sold as " rice bran, and report your opinion of the sample. FRIDAY, APRIL 16th : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Examine the carbohydrate (2) polarimetrically and determine its copper-reducing power, and identify it. (Glucose.) Branch (d).-Organic Chemistry. April 12th to 16th, 1920. MONDAY, APRIL 16th : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than Jive questions to be attempted.) 1. How are (a) carbamide and (0)thiocarbamide prepared, and how have their constitutional formulz been ascertained ? Discuss any recent work on the exact constitution of the latter substance.2. Describe methods by which the 1-2, 1-3, and 1-4 aliphatic diketones can be prepared. Compare their properties and the manner in which substances containing c!osed chains can be obtained from them. 3. Describe the general methods by which azo-compounds are obtained, and give in detail the method of preparation of any one azo-dyestuff. 4. Discuss shortly the influence of the discovery of phenylhydrazine on the subsequent development of organic chemistry. 5. How has the constitution of uric acid been ascertained, and the relation between this acid and theobromine and caffeine ? 6. Discuss Thiele’s theory of partial valencies, and its application to the changes which take place in the reduction of substances containing conjugated double bonds.TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY, APRIL 131h and 14th : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. A is a sample of ammoniacal liquor. Determine the amount of the following substances present in it :-(a) Thiocyanate, calculated as NH,CNS. (b) Phenols, calculated as phenol, C,H, . OH. (c) Pyridine bases, calculated as pyridine, C,H,N. Results to be recorded in grams per litre. THlJRSDAY and FRIDAY, APRIL 15th and lGth : 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. B is a sample of crude benzyl chloride. Prepare from it (a)a sample of pure benzyl chloride and (b) a sample of phenylacetic acid. Determine the boiling point (corrected) of the products, and, if solid at the ordinary temperature, their melting points. Prepare the barium salt of the organic acid C and determine the percentage of barium in it.(Oxalic acid.) TRANSLATION. Time allowed : 2 hours. Translate into Engliah. Enfin, le prockde dabsorption par l’eau, inapplicable pour la benzine, mais applicable pour l’acktate de mBthyle qu’elle dissout, a l’inconvitnient, B cause du faible co-efficient de solubilitk des itthers dans l’eau, d’obliger B I’emploi de masses considkrables de liquide. L’extraction des solvants dissous dans l’eau se fait par distillation, ce qui exige une grande dbpense de combustible. Suivant les caract&res physiques et chimiques des produits volatils que 1,011 veut extraire du gaz qui les contient, il peut y avoir intitret B employer l’un ou l’autre de ces prockdt.s, msis il rPsulte d’essais nombreux et con- cluants qu’ils peuvent tous permettre, en mettant en m~re des moyens sufimnts et appropries, d’opkrer presque intkgralement la separation de produits volatils d’avec les gaz inertes.A. FUCHS. Licenciit 6s sciences-physiques. (Chimie & Industrie, Vol. 3, No. 2, Fitvrier, 1920, pp. 172-64T.) l'ranslate into English. Es existiert noch eine zweite, leicht in den gewohnlichen Aldehyd zuruckfuhrbare polymere Modifikation des Acetaldehyds, der ebenfalls die Molecularformel CBH,,03 = (C,H,O), zukommt : der Metaldehyd. Wiih-rend der Paraldehyd namentlich bei mittlerer und hoherer Temperatur sich bildet, entsteht der Metaldehyd vorzugsweise in der Kalte. So scheidet er sich in feinen Nadeln ab, wenn man zu Aldehyd kleine Mengen von Salzsauregas, schwefliger Saure oder verdunnter Schwefelsaure bringt und sofort abkuhlt ; beim Aufbewahren von unreinem Aldehyd bildet er sich zuweilen in machtigen Spiessen.Es wird indes stets nur ein kleiner Teil des Aldehyds in Metaldehyd verwandelt ; daneben bildet sich immer Paraldehyd in betrikhtlicherer Menge. Der Metaldehyd ist in Wasser unloslich, in Alkohol wenig loslich, etwas loslicher in Benzol und Chloroform. Bei raschem Erhitzen sublimiert er, ohne vorher zu schmelzen, in Form verworrener feiner Nadeln, indem daneben gewohnlicher Aldehyd erzeugt wird; durch Erhitzen auf ca. 200" im geschlossenen Rohr kann er vollstgndig in gewohnlichen Aldehyd verwandelt werden. MEYER AND JACOBSON. Translate into English. Un buen metodo (cuando se dispono de un lote bien pulverizado) consiste en colocar el mineral en un dep6sito con un pequeiio orificio en la parte inferior y hacerlo caer sobre el vkrtico de un con0 macizo de mod0 que el mineral se reparta homogheamente sobre las regiones vecinas a la baso del con0 ; luego se toma una regi6n donde se ha acumulado el mineral y se repite la operacion con otro con0 mds pequeiio y pulverizando m&s finamente la porci6n tomada.Procediendo de este mod0 el com6n obtenido representa la muestra media de la partida. Este procedimiento tiene la ventaja de que es m&s pr&ctico pues e4 automhtico y se ahorra mucho tiempo. El mBtodo para evaluar anhidrido tilngstico en 10s minerales concen- trados de tungsteno, que indicamos con tanto detalle pues creemos que para este caso la msis pequeiia variaci6n en el mod0 operatorio se traduce en la variaci6n de la cifra final, es el siguiente : La totalidad de la muestra remitida por 10s solicitantes (200 a 1,000grs.)se pulveriza perfectamente en un mortero de hierro y luego se tamiza en un tamizador metdlico No. 100; la totalidad de la muestra tamizada se homogeiniza perfectBmente pues las porciones que pasan por el tamiz tienen distinta composicih ; primero pasan las partes m&s blanas y luego las mhs r6sistentes a la pulverizacih. De este lote total bien mezclado se toma una muestra media de 3 a 5 grs. la que se porfi riza hasta reducirla a polvo impalpable.Boletin No. 11. Serie D (Quimica Mineral y Aguas Minerales).8ranch (c/).-Chemical Technology of Coke Oven and By-productPractice. April 19th to 23rd, 1920. PAPEFSm GENERAL (see pp. 196, 197).CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY TUESDAY, APRIL 20th :10 a.m. lo 1p.m. (Four questions only to be answered.) 1. Write a short essay on the place of by-product coking in national ndustry, with special reference to (a)conservation of fue!, (b) economic aspects, (c) national defence. 2. How would you proceed to make a choice of a brick material to be used in the construction of (a)the oven walls, (b)the regenerators ? 3. What do you know of (a)the occurrence of salt in coking coal, (6)its effect on the oven wall, and (c)the means available for mitigating the trouble due to salt. 4. Discuss the relative merits of waste heat and regenerative systems of oven.5. Discuss the suitability of coke-oven gas for public supply, and show how the special requirements of the latter can be met. TUESDAY, APRIL 20th :2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (Four questions only to be answered.) 1. What qualities are desirable in a coal to be used for the manufacture of high-grade metallurgical coke ? What preliminary treatment, may be applied to the coal to render it more suitable for coking ? 2. Write a short account of the chemical changes which occur in the oven during carbonisation, with special reference to (a) the hydrocarbons, and (b)the ammonia, of the volatile matter. 3. Discuss the relative merits of direct and indirect processes for the recovery of sulphate of ammonia.Give a clear account, with sketches, of any sulphate plant with which you are familiar. 4. Sketch the plant necessary to produce from coke-oven gas (a)crude benzol, (6) pure products. Show how the process may be modified when it is necessary to reduce the naphthalene-content of the gas. 5. Calculate the heat capacity of one ton (metric) of coke pushed from an oven at 1,000"C. If steam at 100" C. were blown into this coke, how much steam would the sensible heat of the coke suffice to decompose at 1,000"according to the reaction C + H,O = CO +H, -29,000 cals. ? Specific heat of coke per kg. = 0.2142 +0.000166 t. Specific heat of CO and H, (mean per grm. mol.), 6.8 +-006 t. WEDNESDA Y and THURSDA Y, APRIL 21st and 22nd :10 u.m. to 4.30p.m.(You are expected to complete Exercise 1 and, also, either Exercise 2, Exercise 3, or Exercise 4.) 1. It is required to decide whether a coal, of which a small sample is supplied to you, is suitable for by-product coking. Make an examination, as full as time permits, so as to form an opinion on the question. 2. Determine the calorific value of the sample of coal furnished. 3. Make an analysis of the town gas supplied at your bench. 4. You are supplied with a sample of crude benzol. Make as completean examination of this as you are able in the time available. Branch ($).-Chemioal Technology of Cement Manufacture. April 12th to April 16th, 1920. GENERALCHEMICALTECHNOLOGY. MOXDAY, APRIL 12th :10 a.m. to 1 pm. (Four questions only to Be answered.) 1.Discuss the action of the following substances on aluminium :-(a) Hydrochloric acid, (b) snlphuric acid, (c) nitric acid, (d) citric acid, (e) common salt, and ( j ) borax. Mention any uses to which aluminium 197 is put in chemical industry, state the method of welding the metal, and indicate the composition of the flux used. 2. Specify the materials, including any necessary cements, which you would recommend for the construction of (1) pipe lines for conveying (a)hydrochloric acid gas, (6) nitric acid ; (2) pans for evaporating aqueous solutions of (d) ammonium chloride, (b)caustic soda to the point of fusion. Sketch the setting of a caustic soda pot. 3. You are required to measure a temperature in the nieghbourhood of 1,200"C.Sketch and describe the apparatus you would use, stating any precautions necessary to ensure the accuracy of the observation. 4.Sketch and explain the arrangement you would use to take a sample of hot gas from the top of a producer, and describe the method of analysingthe gas. 5. You are required to make a thermal balance of a boiler setting, showing the proportion of the original heating value of the coal, (a)in the steam generated, (6)carried away by the flue gases, (c) in the form of unburnt matter and (d)lost by convection and radiation : describe the procedure, without discussing details of the actual measurements. 6. Discuss the relative values of gas and coal for the generation of heat and power.Sketch a gas-fired regenerative furnace, and explain the method of operating it. 2 p.m. to 5 p.711. (Four questions only to be answered.) 1. You are required to reduce limestone (a)to walnut size, (b)to pass a 10-mesh sieve, (c) to an impalpable powder ; make a rough sketch of one machine for each purpose and explain its operation. 2. Sketch one form of (a)gas washer, (b)gas tower scrubber, discussing, in the latter case, the various kinds of packing and the methods of distributing the scrubbing liquid. 3. Sketch and describe a filter press with arrangements for washing the filter cake. State any modification of the construction or method of operation necessary in dealing with slimy materials. 4. You are required to recrystallise some tons of a solid from water, to separate an insoluble ingredient, and to dry the purified crystals mechani- cally.Sketch the general arrangement of the necessary plant and give a detailed drawing of the dissolver and the drier. 5. Sketch any drying apparatus using heated air, and discuss the conditions necessary to secure efficiency. Assuming the air to leave the drying chamber saturated with water vapour, explain the method of calcu-lating the weight of water carried off by 1 kg. of dry air. 6. Sketch t,he plant you would recommend for the evaporation, under reduced pressure, of a thin liquid and for the removal of crystals which separate during concentration. State any modifications you would suggest in the case of a viscous liquid.What are the advantages of evaporation in vacuo over evaporation under atmospheric pressure ? TUESDAY, APRIL 13th : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Four questions only to be attempted. Where possible, give equations and sketches.) 1. Describe the efforts that have been made to recover potash from the dust carried by flue gases from cement kilns. Under what conditions is 198 such a process likely to be successful ? How would you arrange the plant so as to obtain the maximum recovery of dust ? 2. What do you consider the best method of lining a rotary kiln? Describe the action of cement clinker on the usual materials employed for lining, and mention the difficulties to which it gives rise. 3. Give an account of some modern method of manufacturing Portland cement from blast-furnace slag, giving the composition of a suitable slag and of the resulting cement.4. What are the characteristics of a cement which will resist the action of sea water when made into concrete ? Explain the chemical changes which take place when concrete is disintegrated by sea water. 5. Describe in detail a wash mill for the manufacture of cement from chalk and clay. 6. How would you determine the suitability of a coal for use in the coal-dust firing of a rotary kiln ? What are the most important charac- teristics of such a coal ? TUESDAY, APRIL 13th :2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (Four questions only to be answered. Where possible, give equations and sketches. ) 1. Define “ Roman” and “ natural” cements. Explain how they differ chemically from Portland cement, and give the tests which you would make to determine their value. 2.What factors affect the setting time of a Portland cement ? Give a chemical explanation of the differences of setting time of different cements, and explain how the time may be artificially controlled. 3. Discuss the relative advantages of the principal types of mill used for grinding clinker. 4. Give some account of the microscopic structure of cement clinker, and show how this method has been employed to determine the chemiml constitution of clinker. 5. What tensile strengths would you expect to find in testing a first-class Portland cement after seven days, twenty-eight days, and three months, under standard conditions, (a)from neat cement, (b)from a standard mortar ? Which is the more valuable test of the real quality of the cement, and why ? 6.What are the advantages of very fine grinding of cement ? Describe methods which have been adopted for the separation of the very finest particles from coarser particles, and indicate how cements may be further improved in this direction. WEDNESDAY, APRIL 14th :10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Make as full an analysis as time permits of the given sample of marl. (This exercise may be continued to-morrow.) 2. Examine the sample of cement for admixed slag, and give yourreasons for your conclusions. THURSDAY, APRIL 15th :10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete the analysis of the marl. 2. Examine the sample of defective cement, and state the reason for its bad quality. 199 Branch (g).-Chemical Technology of Textile Manufacture.April 26th to 30th, 1920. GENERAL CHEMICdL TECHNOLOGY. MONDAY, APRIL 26th : 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than jive questions to be attempted.) 1. Describe in outline the methods you would adopt for taking a sample of coal and carrying out the following determinations :-(1) Moisture. (2) Ash. (3) Calorific value. 2. Sketch and describe a suitable form of apparatus for the production of hypochlorite of soda by electrolysis. Explain the process from the point of view of the ionic theory. 3. How are percarbonate of potash and perborate of soda prepared ? What is the composition of these substances, and for what purposes are they chiefly used ? 4.Give some account of the rusting of iron and steel, and state what means have been applied for its prevention. 5 Classify the inorganic reducing agents which are used on a large scale. Give in each case the composition of the substance and an example of its industrial application. 6. How are stannous and stannic chlorides prepared, and what are the characteristic properties of each ? For what purposes are these salts chiefly used ? 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (Not more than jhe questions to be attempted.) 1. What is the object of vulcanising rubber, and how is this ordinarily achieved ? In what respects does the vulcanised product differ from the original (unvulcanised) ? 2. How is starch paste affected (a)by boiling with dilute hydrochloric acid, (b) by treatment in the cold with dilute caustic soda, (c) by warming to 60" C.with malt extract ? 3. What are the principal constituents of ordinary American rosin ? Give some account of Herty and Willard's work on the resins in adversely affecting the detergent power of rosin soaps. 4. Give an example of the application of a catalyst (in any large-scale operation) in the manufacture of an organic compound, and explain its action. 5. How are naphthalene and anthracene isolated from coal tar, and how 6. Enumerate the modes of formation and the principal reactions of are they purified for use on a large scale ? the diazo-compounds of the aromatic series. TUESDAY,APRIL 27th : 10 a.m.to 1 p.m. (Not more than Jive questions to be attempted.) 1. When wool which has been boiled with very dilute sulphuric acid and then with water is dyed in a neutral bath with crystal scarlet, a full and level shade is obtained. What changes occur, according to Fort, in this process ? 200 2. A large proportion of the sulphide colours are known to yield shades of excellent fastness on cotton. What circumstances have mitigated against the more general application of these colours in dyeing ? 3. Cotton mercerised with nitric acid is found to take up vastly more indigo than cotton mercerised with caustic soda, when the two are dyed in the same vat. How is this accounted for ? 4. How may a paranitraniline resist be obtained in calico printing under vat-dyed indanthrene blue ? 5.What is naphthol A.S., and how do the results obtained with it in the production of insoluble azo-dyes compare with those obtained with beta- naphthol ? 6. Describe Warr's process for fixing the direct colours in dyeing and printing. What are the chief drawbacks to the process from the point of view of economy ? TUESDAY, APRIL 27th :2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (Xot more than jive questions to be attempted.) 1. The textile fibres are said to be colloidal in character. State exactly what is meant by this. What evidence can you adduce to prove the colloidal character of cellulose ? 2. Give in outline a description of the three principal methods employed for the manufacture of artificial silk. 3. In what manner is cotton affected by heat and by light ? 4.What advantages are claimed for the scouring of wool by means of volatile solvents as compared with the ordinary process of scouring with soap ? 5. What is the amount of nitrogen usually met with in raw cotton, and in what operations in the bleaching process is it principally removed ? 6. State what you know regarding the composition of yolk (lanoline), cotton wax, and flax wax. How are these substances acted upon by aqueous alkalies ? THURSDAY, APRIL 29th :10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the fibres in the given materials and submit.the dry mounts 2. You are requested to carry out a valuation of the sAmple of hydro- which you have prepared for the microscopic examination.sulphite of soda submitted. FRIDAY, APRIL 30th :10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Identify the colouring matters in the dyed and printed fabrics 2. Estimate quantitatively the amount of dyestuff in each of the two submitted. solutions submitted (methylene blue and orange 11.). Express your results in grams per litre to the third decimal. WEDNESDAY, APRIL 28th :3 p.m. to 5 p.m. TRANSLATION. GERMAN. In neuerer Zeit werden Perchlorate hauptsiichlich elektrolytischdargestellt, wobei NaCl als Ausgangsmaterial dient. Es entsteht zuerst Chlorat und bei weitergehender Elektrolyse Perchlorat. Durch doppelte Umsetzung mit den betreffenden Chloriden kann man dann das K-oder NHA-salz darstellen. 1st die Elektrolyse so weit fortgeschritten, dass sich nur noch Chlorat in Losung befindet, Winteler bei weitergehender Elektrolyse die besten Bedingungen zwischen Platin und Superoxydelektroden folgende ; (1) Saure Losung an der Anode; (2) tiefe Temperatur an der Anode; (3) Stromdichte 8-12 Amps/qdm ; (4)Hohe Konzentration des Elektro- lyten. Wichtig ist die direkte Kuhlung der Elektroden, sie sollen nur einseitig mit dem Elektrolyten in Beruhrung kommen, dann findet anch bei ganz geringer Kathodenstromdichte keine Reduktion statt.Charakter-istisch fur die Perchloratbildung ist das Auftreten eines starken Ozongeruchs. Fur die technische Darstellung ist nach P. Lederlin ein Zusatz von Bichromat empfehlenswerth. Man erreicht dadurch eine hohe elektrochemische Ausbeute unter andauerndem Gebrauch der gleichen Losung und derselben Kathoden.Nach dem Zusatz von Chromat lasst man in bestimmten Zwischenriiumen geringe Mengen HCl zufliessen, welche die Bildung von Bichromat Vel’adaSSt.-GElJTHER. FRENCH. L’alteration provoquBe par la teinture en bain acide est, si nous en rapportons aux allegations de Xuida et de ses collaborateurs, d’ordre pure- ment hydrolytique. Elle cst, par analogie avec les prothines solubles, l’effet d’une dislocation de certains enchainements qui relient les radicaux con-stituentes de la laine. Quelle que soit l’importance de cette dislocation, elle sera Avidemment adequate nu nombre des nouveaux groupements fonctionels qui manifestent leur existence, par example, par l’avidite de fixer des matieres colorantes.Ces groupements fonctionnels, par leur activitk chimique rapprochent la laine des prothines solubles et lui confkrent entre autres, aussi la propriktb de se lier aux tungstates, molybdates et analogues, pour former des combinaisons indissociables par ~’~~~.-BATTEGA Y. Candidates were examined oraly in General Chemistry. 202 TESTS FOR LABORATORY RESISTANCE GLASSWARE THEGlass Research Committee of the Institute have prepared a scheme for testing laboratory glassware, which is recommended to the notice of manufacturers and users. The National Physical Laboratory have agreed generally with the tests. The object of the tests described in the following pages is to characterise such chemical glassware as may safely be considered “ resistance ” glass.The tests are the minimum which such glass ought to answer, many brands of chemical glassware being available which will pass much more stringent tests. No attempt is made to distinguish between different makes of “resistance” glass, neither are the tests intended to ascertain the extreme limit of resistance to which glass can be carried. For the latter purpose other methods are available which have been proposed from time to time in the literature on the subject. For the protection of the user, however, the tests described herein afford a simple means of ascertaining whether glass has any claim to be considered of “ resistance ” quality for ordinary chemical operations. For special purposes-toxicological and other-the user is of necessity compelled to make his own tests for the specific purpose under consideration. Thus certain glasses, of good quality in other respects, contain arsenic or antimony which are sometimes soluble to a small extent in sodium hydroxide solution.While such glass may frequently be used safely with acids, the use of even dilnte alkali is attended by the risk of dissolving a little arsenic or antimony. 203 I. PRELIMINARY TREATMENT. Heat distilled water just to boiling point in flask or beaker, rinse vessel, and pour out. Rinse with a little 5f acetic acid with the addition of some pieces of filter paper, and then clean thoroughly with hot distilled water. 11. TREATMENT IN AUTOCLAVE.The Autoclave test furnishes a rapid sorting test for resistance glass. It is of special value when glass is required for use in certain stability tests conducted under pressure, in which case the insolubility of the alkali of the glass is of the utmost importance. Fill flask or beaker with distilled water, place in autoclave containing water. The vessel should be supported ABOVE THE SURFACE OF THE WATER on a pure silver plate surrounded with a cylinder of pure silver foil, the cylinder being covered with another pure silver plate. (By distilled water is understood ordinary ammonia free distilled water checked for any possible residue.) Heat in autoclave for three hours at registered pressure of four atmospheres. Evaporate half the water from the flask or beaker in a platinum dish, heat the residue for one hour at 120' C., gently ignite (not above 650" C.) for not more than three minutes and weigh.Express the result as mg. RESIDUE PER SQUARE DECIMETRE, calculating on the area of the interior surface of the vessel. Determine the alkalinity of the remain- ing half by titration with N/ro (or N/IOO)H2S04,using methyl orange as indicator. Express the result as C.C. N/roo H2S0, per square decimetre. Note appearance of vessel after drying. If pure silver is not available no serious effect on the result will occur by using either form of vitreous silica for the plate and cover, and copper for the cylinder. 111. TREATMENT WITH REAGENTS. (a) Place IOO C.C. of concentrated hydrochloric acid (sp.gr. 1-15) in another flask or beaker, treated as in I, 204 cover the mouth of the vessel with platinum foil and heat in an air bath so that the acid boils gently for half an hour. The air bath should be of such a size as to give approxi- mately 3 cms. clearance at the greatest horizontal diameter or' the flask. A thermometer should be placed in the air bath space, the bulb level with the centre of the vessel, and the temperature should be kept at 140°C. & 5". Evaporate the acid to dryness in the vessel in the air bath and repeat the whole process twice. Acidify and wash out with distilled water the residue from the three treatments into a platinum dish and evaporate to dryness. Sprinkle a weighed amount (say 0.1:gram) of powdered ammonium carbonate over the residue and ignite. Repeat this treatment with ammonium carbonate twice and weigh residue.Deduct from this the weight of residue obtained by evaporation of 300 C.C. of the hydrochloric acid treated with ammonium carbonate as above. Dry the flask or beaker and note appearance. Express the result of this treatment asmgm. extracted per square decimetre, assuming the whole inside of the vessel to be subject to attack. The whole of the above treatment with hydrochloric acid should be repeated, using the same vessel. (b) Test for silica by fusing the combined residues with sodium and potassium carbonates, extracting with water and evaporating the extract to dryness on the water bath with hydrochloric acid.Repeat this evaporation with hydrochloric acid twice more. Extract the residue with dilute hydrochloric acid and test for zinc. Dry vessel and note appearance. (c) After the treatment with hydrochloric acid, place in the vessel 50 C.C.zN ammonium chloride solution (freshly made) and 50 C.C. of a solution of ammonia (I part of 0.88 ammonia solution and 3 parts of water) and boil the solution for half an hour, the vessel to be heated on a hot plate covered with asbestos, the mouth of the vessel being covered with platinum foil. Evaporate the solution to dryness in a platinum dish, dry at 105" C., drive off the ammonium chloride and ignite. Weigh the residue. Deduct from this the residue obtained from 50 C.C.ammonium chloride + 50 C.C. ammonium hydroxide solutions. Express the result as mg. extracted per square decimetre, assuming the whole inside area of the vessel is subject to attack. Dry vessel and note appearance. (d) Sodium hydroxide treatment :-Glass which becomes opaque and flakes badly under this test is unsuitable for a large number of laboratory operations, q.,where contamina- tion of the contents of the vessel must be avoided. Place IOO C.C. of zN sodium hydroxide solution in another weighed vessel, counterpoised against a similar vessel, and boil four hours on a hot plate covered with asbestos. A pure silver test tube, through which a stream of cold water is passing, is placed in the neck of a flask to act as a reflux condenser.In the case of a beaker a round-bottomed pure silver flask is employed. Wash out vessel, dry, re-weigh, and note appearance. Test the sodium hydroxide solution and deposit, if any, foi the presence of zinc and lead. Repeat the whole process. IV. HEAT TESTS : ALTERNATIVE METHODS. (a) Heat another flask or beaker in an air oven to IZO" C. for at least half-an-hour. Immerse quickly in cold water (14°-150 c.). In carrying out this test the neck of the flask is attached by means of clamps to a movable rod in a specially con structed air oven, in such a way that the bottom of the oven may be removed and the flask suddenly immersed in cold water contained in a vessel placed underneath. A thermo- 206 meter is suspended inside the flask, and the vessel is not plunged into the water until this thermometer has registered a constant temperature of C.for at least ten minutes. IZOO (b) Fill the vessel about three-quarters full of soft paraffin wax, and heat in an air bath in the first instance to about 1.55" C. Remove from the air bath, stirring the molten wax and reading the temperature with a thermometer. When the temperature has fallen to 15oOC. plunge the vessel in water at 15O C. Repeat at increasing temperatures, at intervals of 25OC., until the vessel breaks. Good quality vessels withstand this test at over zoooC. (c) Boil a solution of calcium chloride (sp. gr. 1-33at 15.5"C.) for five minutes in another vessel. Plunge into water at ooc. (d) Immerse another flask or beaker full of water at oo C.in boiling water. Vessels should not crack when submitted to tests under (4, (c) and (4. V. TESTS FOR ARSENIC AND ANTIMONY. Chemical laboratory glassware should be free from arsenic and antimcny. The following test is recommended for arsenic :-Ten grams of the glass vessel, in pieces of about one half to one inch square, are placed in a round-bottomed flask of about 400 C.C. capacity. To this is added IOO C.C. of arsenic- free hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.15)and IOO C.C. of a solution of ferric chloride dissolved in arsenic-free hydrochloric acid, and 2 grams of arsenic-free ferrous sulphate crystals.* The mixture is distilled, and 75 to IOO C.C.of the distillate is col-lected. The distillate is tested for arsenic, the method of * Another Method.The ferric chloride solution is placed in the flask and distilled alone (50 C.C. distillate being collected), so that its freedom from arsenic is ascertained first of all. The liquid is then cooled, the pieces of glass are added, and are followed by 150 C.C. of hydrochloricacid. The test is then carried out as above. 207 testing depending upon the amount of arsenic obtained. If more than 0.5 mg. calculated as arsenic is found, then the arsenic in the distillate is precipitated by sulphuretted hydrogen and the arsenic sulphide is weighed on a Gooch’s crucible; or the arsenic may be estimated by titration with iodine solution after neutralising the acid with sodium bicar- bonate in the usual way.narc-I)‘&-:, APPARATUS FOR DISTILLATION. When it is necessary to determine minute quantities of arsenic, the distillate is examined by means of zinc as described in the British Pharmacopceia, 1914 (production of yellow stain with mercuric chloride), an aliquot portion of the distillate being used. Alternatively, the acid solution may be evaporated with the addition of sodium carbonate and bromine or nitric acid, the residue reduced by means of potassium meta-bisulphite and the arsenic estimated in an electrolytic apparatus, using standard mirrors for comparison. 208 Glassware to be used for analytical operations should not yield arsenic under these conditions. The apparatus is shown in the sketch.Rubber stoppers must not be used ; corks are satisfactory, and these must be replaced periodically. The tap funnel serves for the introduction of the liquids and to prevent backrush of the liquid during distillation. If possible the whole apparatus should be made with ground glass joints. The arsenic-free ferric chloride solution is prepared by dissolving 400 grams of pure ferric chloride in a litre of hydro- chloric acid (sp. gr. 1-15),adding 20 grams of ferrous sulphate crystals and then distilling until the distillate is free from arsenic. The original volume is then restored with arsenic- free hydrochloric acid. All the reagents used for the tests must be free from arsenic, or the minute amount of arsenic present in them must be accurately determined and allowed for The apparatus suffices for all ordinary purposes.Certain kinds of glass vessels used for storage may be tested by allowing arsenic-free hydrochloric acid to stand in the vessel for, say, forty-eight hours (or by shaking with the acid for any convenient period) and then testing the acid by the B.P. or electrolytic process. Glassware yielding appreciable amount of arsenic under the test should be rejected for general laboratory use. It is also to be noted that while glass may give no test for arsenic on the first treatment with acid, yet prolonged use may render some of the arsenic soluble in acid. There appears to be no need to test the substance of the glass in a finer state of division than that described above, but if desired this should be done after fusion of the powdered glass with sodium carbonate, acidification of the melt with hydrochloric acid, reduction and distillation of the arsenic chloride as before.The possibility of glass not yielding arsenic under acid treatment, but doing so under treatment with alkali, has not been considered in this scheme. Certain brands containing antimony have proved unex-ceptionable in use, but the user ought to be informed of the presence of antimony, etc. A satisfactory test for antimony can only be made by analysis of the glass. The most ready method is to dissolve it in hydrofluoric and sulphuric acids and determine the antimony after expulsion of most of the excess of hydrofluoric acid by heating.VI. ANNEALING. The vessels should be examined under polarised light in order to detect the presence of internal stresses. They should show no marked or irregular strain. CONVENIENT DIMENSIONS OF VESSELS TO BE USED FOR TESTING,* A. Flask. Flat-bottomed spherical flask- Height = 15-6 cm. Total volume = 365 C.C. Diameter of sphere = 8.8 cm. Height of neck = 7-2 cm. Internal diameter of neck = 2-2 cm. Total internal surface = surface of sphere + surface of neck = 292-7 sq. cm. approximately. = 3 sq. dm. approximately. B. Beaker. Cylindrical beaker-slightly tapering. Di mensions-Height = 10.8 cm. Total volume = 330 C.C. Diameter of base = 6 cm. *, ,, top = 6.7 cm. Mean diameter = 6.4 cm. Internal surface = curved surface of cylinder + area of base = 245'3 sq.cm. approximately. = 2.5 sq. dm. * It is suggested that vessels approximating to these sizes should be selected for testing. 210 MAXIMA FOR RESISTANCE GLASS. Autoclave Test. Residue.-Must not exceed 4 mg. per sq. dm. Alkalinity.-Should not require more than 5 C.C. N/IOO H,SO, per sq. dm. The glass must not flake or peel. Hydrochloric Acid Test on Evaporation to Dryness. 1st treatment. Residue must not exceed z mg. per sq. dm. 2nd treatment. Residue must not exceed I mg. per sq. dm. Ammonia and Ammonium Chloride Test. Residue must not exceed 1.5 mg. per sq. dm. ** *$ Physical and mechanical tests are under consideration and may be added if experience shows their necessity.TESTS FOR LABORATORY PORCELAIN ADOPTED BY THE SUB-COMMITTEE ON PORCELAIN OF THE GLASS RESEARCH COMMITTEE OF THE INSTITUTE. GOODhard porcelain should sustain fairly sudden changes of temperature without fracture. The glaze should be free from pin-holes, crazing and other defects, and the body should be non-porous. For testing purposes the smaller sizes of crucibles and hemispherical basins are most convenient. The following notes are useful as a guide to manufacturers as indicating chemists’ requirements. The results of the tests will also give chemists some idea of the limited uses to which the less perfect makes may be put. 1, APPEARANCE, SHAPE, WEIGHT,etc. The general appearance and finish of the ware should be noted.It should at least come up to that of the porcelain 211 in former use in our laboratories. The weights of vessels should not exceed pre-war average weights for articles of similar size. 2. TESTS FOR POROSITY OF BODY AND IMPER- FECTIONS IN GLAZE (DYETEST). A 0.5 per cent. solution of eosin in water answers well for this test. Some of the specimcns should be simply filled with the solution: others and broken pieces of the wares com- pletely immersed in it. After eighteen hours’ soaking the articles should be rinsed with water, dried with a cloth, and examined with a hand lens. Good porcelain exhibits no staining at all after this treat- ment, but inferior ware may show any or all of the following defects :-General cracks ; crazing, pin-holes, and other defects in glaze ; porosity of body.If the body is porous, a pin-hole defect or crack in the glaze will be surrounded with a shading or fringe of colour, or if the glaze is perfect on the inside the dye may enter through the unglazed surfaces on the outside of vessels. The body, although not actually porous, may be more or less vesicular, in which case a coarse staining of unglazed portions may occur. The edges of the fragments should be examined to ascertain whether the body is at all porous or vesicular. (In some inferior specimens, although the body is non-porous, a creep- ing effect of the stain between the glaze and the body may be observed at places where there is imperfect union of the two.) If the articles fail under this “ dye ” test it is extremely unlikely that they will survive the remaining tests in a satis-factory manner.3.RESISTANCE TO HEAT AND SUDDENCHANGES OF TEMPERATURE. The basins and crucibles should be cleaned with acid (hydro- chloric), washed, dried, and then heated in the water oven 212 for four to six hours. (This preliminary treatment is often necessary, particularly in cases where the specimens have shown defects under the dye test.) (a) Heatingfollowed by cooling on cold triangles- Six crucibles, etc., supported on pipe-clay triangles, or similar rests, should be heated by direct application of Bunsen burners; when fully heated, they should be lifted off with small cold tongs and placed on cold pipe-clay triangles to cool, The treatment should be repeated six times.The vessels must then be soaked in the eosin solution for twelve hours, after which they should be washed, dried, and examined for cracks or other defects. (b) Heating followed by cooling on cold metal.- The basins, etc., used in the above tests must again be thoroughly dried by heating for some hours in the water oven. They are then to be heated by direct flames, and when red-hot lifted off their supports with cold tongs and placed on cold metal (clean sheet lead) to cool. After heating and cooling six times, the vessels must be soaked in eosin, etc., and re-examined for further cracks or defects. Note.-It is of primary importance that chemical ware should resist, without fracture, ordinary heating operations.The act of placing a red-hot porcelain article on cold metal to cool cannot be defended, as it is quite unnecessary in any laboratory work, but is justified in a scheme of testing as a srmple means of ascertaining the effect of very sudden cooling. 4. CONSTANCY OF WEIGHT AND RESISTANCE OF GLAZE TO HIGH TEMPERATURES. (a) Two new cleaned and weighed crucibles and basins should suffer no loss of weight after heating for several hours at a good red heat, and should show no tendency to stick to pipe-clay, silica or other supports. (b) The condition of the glaze should be noted after heating for four hours at 950" C. No blistering or coaging should result. 213 5. CLEANING TEST.Small basins and crucibles, after washing, should be dried in the water oven for four hours, gently ignited, cooled and weighed. They should then be allowed to stand in dilute acid (one vol. concentrated hydrochloric acid +one vol. of water) for about twelve hours. After this they should be rinsed, wiped dry with a cloth, and immediately ignited. After cooling, the weights should be found unaltered, and the subsequent application of the dye test should reveal no cracks or flaws. , Under this test, if the body is porous, or vesicular, liquid will have entered through unglazed surfaces, or through defects in the glaze, and on the application of sudden heat particles of porcelain or glaze Will be thrown off by vapour generated from the imprisoned liquid.It is obvious that if any variety of porcelain fails badly under this simple test its use in the laboratory will be limited, and it would often be necessary to heat basins and crucibles in the water oven for hours, to dry out absorbed liquid, before they could be safely ignited in the ordinary way. 6.RESISTANCE OF GLAZE TO ACID AND ALKALI. Comparative trials should be made with high-grade pre-war dishes of similar size and shape. Weighed dishes should be filled with concentrated hydrochloric acid, covered with clock glasses and heated on the water bath for four hours. After washing, drying and igniting, the weights must be again taken and any alteration recorded. The same dishes may subsequently be filled with 5per cent.carbonate of soda solution, covered ,with clock glasses, and heated on the water bath for four hours; any evaporation which occurs during the heating must be made up by the addition of distilled water. After treatment the dishes must be washed, rinsed with dilute acid, dried, ignited and re-weighed in order that relative losses may be ascertained. 214 The same dishes may similarly be treated with 5 per cent. caustic soda solution and further losses of weight determined. Any losses of weight found under these trials should not compare unfavourably with the losses sustained by the basins used as controls. Examinations for lead should also be made, as the presence of this metal in the glaze, and the possibility of its extraction by reagents, must not be overlooked.Sim$Ze test for lend.-Place two drops of pure hydrofluoric acid on the glazed surface and place the ware on the cover of a steam bath. Let it remain until the acid has evaporated. When dry touch the spots attacked with a drop of sulphur- etted hydrogen water acidulated faintly with hydrochloric acid. Development of a brown or black stain indicates lead (or copper, etc.). The best ware shows no discoloration on treatment with aqueous sulphuretted hydrogen. The test is generally applicable, but may fail with very porous bodies into which the liquids pass during treatment. Another useful test consists in heating to bright redness fragments of porcelain, or combustion boats, in a current of hydrogen for 4 hours.If lead or other metal reducible under those conditions is present in sensible amount, the glaze will darken. If the blackening is marked, the change will be accompanied by loss of wight. The best porcelain remains practically unaffected by hcating in hydrogen. 215 Books and their Contents. Books marked * have been presented by the Authors or Publishers, and may be seen in the Library of the Institute. ‘‘ Animal and Vegetable Oils, Fats and Waxes : Their Manil- facture, Refining and Analysis, including the Manufacture of Candles, Margarine and Butter.’’ Geoffrey Martin. Pp. x & 2x8. (London: Crosby, Lockwood & ,Son.) 12s. 6d. net. Nature of animal and vegetable oils and fats ; manufacture of animal oils and fats ; recovery of oil from metal turnings (swarf) and waste rags, etc., in engineering shops ; manufacture of fish oils, fish meal, and fish guano; manufacture of vegetable oils by pressing; manufacture of vegetable oils by extraction with solvents ; the refining and deodorisa- tion of animal and vegetable oils ; the hardening of fats, the hydrogena- tion of fats ; varieties of fats, fatty oils, and waxes ; analysis of fatty oils ; manufacture and analysis of butter ; manufacture and analysis of margarine ; manufacture of fatty acids and candles ; appendicrq.‘‘ Basic Open Hearth Steel Process, The. ” Carl Dichmann, tramlated by ,4. Reynolds. Pp. xii & 334. (London : Constable & Co., Ltd.) 12s. 6d. net. Physical conditions ; raw materials ; reactions ; thermal conditions and temperature of reaction ; distillation and producer gas ; chemistryof the basic open hearth process.‘‘ Chemical Fertilisers and Parasiticides. ” S. H. Collins. Pp. xii & 273. (London : Bailliere, Tindall & Cox.) 10s. Gd. net. Plant growth without fertilisers ; the increase of crops by the use of fertilisers ; mineral deposits ; fuel by-products ; industrial by-products ; plant and animal refuse ; atmospheric nitrogen ; the manufacture of fertilisers ; the use of fertilisers ; the future of fertilisers ; chemical insecticides and fungicides. ‘I*: Chemists’ Year Book, The.” Edited by F. W. Atack, MSc., assisted by L. Whinates. 2 vols. Pp. 1136. (London : Sherratt R-Hughes.) 216 “ Electric Furnaces in the Iron and Steel Industry.” Eoden-hauser, Schoenawa & Vom Baur.Pp. XX~.k 460. (New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) 21s. ntt. Part I. : Elect,ric furnames, their theory, construction Lnd criticism ; Part 11. : (a)materials for furnace construction and cost cf operation ; (b)the electro-metallurgy of iron and steel. * “ Food Inspection and Analysis.” A41bertE. Leach, revised and enlarged by Andrew L. Winton. 4th Edition. Pp. xix 81 1090. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. London : Chapman c!k Hall, Ltd.) 45s. net. Food analysis and official control ; the laboratory and its equipment ; food, its functions, proximate components and nutritive value ; generalanalytical notes ; the microscope in food analysis ; the refractometer ; milk and milk products ; flesh foods ; eggs ; cereals and their products ; legumes, vegetables, and fruits ; tea, coffee, cocoa, spices ; edible oils and fats ; sugar and saccharine products ; alcoholic beverages ; vine-gar ; artificial food colours ; food preservatives ; artificial sweeteners ; flavouring extracts and their substitutes ;vegetable and fruit products ; determination of acidity by means of the hydrogen electrode ; photomi-crographs of pure and adulterated foods and of adulterants.“ Identification of Organic Compounds, The.” G. B. Neave and I. M. Heilbron. and Edition. Pp. viii & 88. (London : Constable & Co., Ltd.) 4s. 6d. net. Tests for the elements ; group reactions ; hydrocarbons ; alcohols ; ethers ; phenols ; aldehydes ; ketones ; acids and their anhydrides, halides, amides, imides and anilides ; esters ;quinones ; carbohydrates ; glucosides ; amines ; nitro and nitroso compounds ; nitriles and isoni- triles ; isocyanates ; ureas and ureides ; azo compounds ; heterocycliccompounds ; alkaloids ; sulphur compounds ; terpenes ; albumens.‘‘ Introduction to General Chemistry.” H. N. McCoy and E. M. Terry. Pp. 648. (London and New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc.) 18s. net. With the exception of two chapters dealing with the laws and theories of physical chemistry, the book is devoted to inorganic cherr-lzkv. “ Introduction to the Study of Fuel.” F. J. Brislee. Pp. xxii & 269. (London : Constable & Co., Ltd.) gs.6d. net: General principles ; weight and volume of air for combustion ; analysis of fuel and flue gases ; calorimetry ; pyrometry ; calculation of combus- tion temperatures ; nature of artificial solid fuels ; gaseous fuel ; pro-ducer gas ; water gas ; explosion ; air supply ; furnace efficiency and fuel economy ; heat halances ; liquid fuels ; bibliography and five appendices. 217 “ Kinetic Theory of Gases and Liquids.” Kleeman. Pp. xvi & 272. (New York: John Wiley C% Son, Inc.) 16s. 6d. net. The molecular constituents, and the dynamical properties of a molecule in gaseous state ; the effect of molecular force on the properties of a molecule in a dense gas or liquid ; quantities which depend directly on the nature of molecular motion ; applications.connections and exten- sions. “ Laboratory Manual of Organic Chemistry.” H. L. Fisher. Pp. x & 331. (New York: John Wiley & Son, Inc.) 12s. 6d. net. Part I. : Laboratory experiments ; Part 11. : Organic combust’ion ; the determination of (a,)carbon and hydrogen ; (b)nitrogen. “ Metallography.” S. L. Hoyt. Pp. x & 206. (New York McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc.) 18s. net. Constituent diagrams ; preparation of metallic alloys ; metallic micro- scopy ;t’he micro-structure of metals and alloys ; pyrometry and thermal analysis ; physical and mechanical propertes. “ Notes on Chemical Research.” W. P. Dreaper. Pp. xv & 195. 2nd Edition. (London : J. & A, Churchill.)7s. 6d. Nature of scientific knowledge ; historical ;observation and experiment ; preliminary survey and selection of subject-matter ; methods of investi- gation ; philosophy and experimental science ; chemical research and industry ;research in relation to analysis ; aims of practical science ;prac-tical investigation and the persond factor ; laboratory research and works practice ;works organisation ; efficiency; large-scale operations ;the student and training ; recording of results.“ Ozone.” (Series of Treatises on Electro-Chemistry.) E. K. Rideal. Pp. ix & 198. (London : Constable & CO., Ltd.) 12s. net. History and general properties ; natural occurrences ; chemical produc- tion ; thermal production ; electrolytic preparation ; production by ultra-violet radiation and ionic collision ; production by silent discharge ; catalytic decomposition ; industrial applications ; detectmion and anal siR.218 ‘‘ Practical Plant Bio-Chemistry.” Muriel W. Onslow. Pp. 178. (Cambridge University Press.) 15s. net. The colloidal state ; enzyme action ; carbon assimilation ; carbo-hydrates and their hydrolising enzymes ; the fats and lipases ; aromatic compounds and oxidising enzymes ; the proteins and proteases ; gluco-sides and glucoside-splitting enzymes ; the plant bases. ‘‘ Problems in Physical Chemistry. ” Edmund R. R. Prideaux. Pp. xii & 294. (London : Constable & Co., Ltd.) 18s.net. Units and standards of measurement ; thermochemistry ; systems of one component ; systems of two components ; reactions in gases ; reactions in solution ; elect,ro-motive forces and chemical reaction ; velocity of chemical and radio-active changes.“ Public Health Laboratory Work (Chemistry).” H. R. Kenwood, C.M.G. Pp. xx & 420. (Londcn : I€. K. Lewis R: Co., Ltd.) 15s. net. The chemical, microscopical and physical examination of water, sewage and sewage effluents ; soil examination ; air analysis ; food examina- tion ; examination of disinfectants. “Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Substances. ” Ather-ton Seidell. 2nd Edition. Pp. xxii & 845. (London : Crosby, Lockwood & Son.) 45s.net. Arranged alphabetically, with appendices and author and subject indexes. ‘‘ South Wales Coals : Their Analyses, Chemistry and Geo- logy.” Llewyllyn J.Davies. Pp. 89. (Cardiff : The Business Statistics Co., Ltd.) 10s. 6d. net. *“ Technical Handbook of Oils, Fats and Waxes.” Percival J. Fryer, F.I.C., and Frank E. Weston, B.Sc., F.I.C. 2 vols. 3rd Edition. (Cambridge University Press.) 25s. 6d. net. Chemistry of the oil:, fats and waxes ; testing and analysis of oils, fats and waxes ; classification of oils, fats and waxes ; production and refine- ment of oils, fats and waxes ; oleo-resins and essential oils. Introduc-t,ion to practical work for technical students ; sampling and preliminary tests ; practical methods for the standard analytical determinations ; specific tests for oils, fats and waxes ; identification and determination of fatty acids and alcohols (including glycerin) ; testing and analysis of hydrocarbon oils and waxes ; testing and analysis of rosin and turpen- tine ; interpretation of reqults ; scheme for the identification of an oil, fat, or wax ; tables.“ Textbook of Gas Manufacture.” John Hornhy. Pp. xi & 423. (London : C. Bell &Sons, Ltd.) 12s. net. Properties and values of various coals ; carbonisation ; description and arrangement of apparatus ; labour-saving appliances ; purification ; instruments for ascertaining purity and illuminating power ; photo-metry ; pressure control ; gas consuming apparatus ; enrichment of coal gas ; manufacture of sulphate of ammonia. “ Textbook of Organic Chemistry, A.” E. de Barry Barnett. Pp. xii & 380. (London : J. &A. Churchill.) 15s.net. Part I. : The aliphatic compounds ; Part. 11. : the aromatic compounds, with chapters on nitroso and nitro compounds ; amino compounds ; sulphonic acids ; diazo compounds ; azoxy and hydrazo compounds ; anthraquinone ; triphenylmethane dyes ; alicyclic compounds ; hetero-cyclic compounds ; the purins and alkaloids, etc. “ Tungsten Ores.” Imperial Institute Monographs. R. H, Rastall and W. H. Wilcockson. Pp. is ~9:81. (London : John Murray.) 3s. Gd. net. Tungsten ores, their occurrence, characters and ures ; bource of supplyreferences to literature. 2‘20 Changes in the Register. At the meetings of the Council held on April 23rd and May 28th, 1920,11 new fellows were elected; 5 Associates were elected to the Fellowship ; 57 Associates were elected ; and 91 Students were admitted.The Institute has lost 5 Fellows and I Associate by death. S. = Naval, Military, or Air Service. M = Munitions. 1.1. = Passed t,he Intermediate Examination of the Institute. New Fellows (By Examination). Clayton, Ellis, 7, Evington Road, Leicester. Clewer, Hubert William Bentley, 13, Moyers Road, Leyton, London. E. 10. Eames, Robert Owen, B.Sc. (Wales), 16, Richard Avenue, Fartown, Hudders -field. Ratcliffe, Norman, 10, Plympton Avenue, Brondesbury. London, N.W. 6. New Fellows. Allmand, Arthur John, D.Sc. (Liv.), King’s College, Strand, London, W.C. 2. [S. ; Professor of Chemistry.] Cooper, Evelyn Ashley, D.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), Lulworth, Highfield Avenue, Aldershot.[S. ; Mentioned in Despatches ; Chemist to Aldershot Command ; Research.] Gauge, Arthur Josiah Hoffmeister, 31, Hedge Lane, PaImers Green, London, N. 13. [Government Laboratory ; Research.] Gidden, William Thomas, A.C.G.I., Woodside, Abbey Road, Smethwick, nr. Birmingham. [Senior Research Chemist, Chance & Hunt, Ltd., Publications ; Inventions.] Holroyd, George William Fraser, M.A. (Oxon.), Municipal Technical School, Blackburn, Lancs. [S.; Acting Principal, Blackburn Tech. School ; Research ; Publications.] Lampitt, Leslie Herbert, D.Sc. (Birm.), 33, Rosborough Park, Harrow--on- the-Hill, Middlesex. [S. ; Head of Biochemical Research Dept., Messrs. J. Lyons & Co., Ltd.] Myers, John, 23, Dewsland Park Road, Newport, Mon.[Chief Metal- lurgical Assistant to G. Rudd Thompson, F.T.C. : Over 20 years’ experience.} Associates Elected to Fellowship. Barnett, Edward de Barry, B.Sc. (Lond.), 9, Collingham Road, South Kensington, London, S.W. 5. Georgi, Charles Denis Victor, O.B.E., B.Sc. (Lond.), Elm Lodge, Golders Green Road, London, N.W. 4. Nardles, Ernest Walter John, h1.S~. (Loncl.), 24, R.F.C. Villas, Lynchford Road, S. Farnborough, Hants. Shankster, Harry, 138, Elgin Road, Seven Kings, Essex. Zilva, Sylvester Solomon, Ph.D. (Giessen), D.Sc. (Lond.), Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine, Chelsea Bridge Road, London, S.W. 1. New Associates (By Examination). Appleyard, Frederick Norman, 12, C‘artwright Gardens, London, W.C. 1. Bowman, Stanley, 26, Ewart Road, Chatham.Humphries, Ronald, 51, Gordon Road, Monton, Manchester. Lees, Arnold, c/o County Laboratory, 36, Dansie Street, Liverpool. Phillips, Sydney Bertram, 8, Milford Road, Harborne, Birmingham. Pickering, Eric Charles, B.Sc. (Lond.), 36, Alexandra Avenue, Mansfield, Notts. New Associates. Akehurst, Charles Henry, B.Sc. (Lond.), Ash Grove, Runtlings Lane, Ossett, Yorks. [S.] Allen, Frank Laurence, B.Sc. (Lond.), 300, Central Park Road, East Ham, London. E. 6. [Research.] Allibone, Bernard Charles, A.R.C.S. (Lond.). Chevet Lane, Sandal, Wake- field. [S. ; Research.] Anderson, Duncan Geddes, c/o Maclay, 990, Pollokshaws Road, Crossmyloof, Glasgow. [Glasgow Univ. ; Research ; Patents.] Asherson, Sehemiah, M.A. (Cape), Rosemount, 7, Exeter Road, Bxondes- bury, London, N.W.2. [Demonstrator.] Aspland, Alfred Lees, B.Sc. (Vict.), c/o Mrs. Chandler, Leire, Lutterworth. [M. ; over 12 years’ experience.] Bacharach, Alfred Louis, B.A. (Cantab.), Glaxo Research Laboratory, 42a, Bravington Road, Harrow Road, London, W. 9. [Works Chemist; Research.] Berry, Walter Richard, B.Sc. (Manc.), 128, High Street, Chorlton-on- Medlock, Manchester. [nil. ; S. ; Research.] Bullen, John James Curno, 30, Robertson Street, Greenock. [Finsbury Technical College ; over 13 years’ experience.] Burns, Alan Chamley, B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.), Dyestuffs Research Laboratory, College of Technology, Manchester. [S.] Chalniers, Frcdcrick Grant l)uncan, N.A., B.Sc. (Aberd.), 20, Birchfield Road, Six Ways, Birmingham.[S. ; 11.1 Chapman, Arthur William, A.R.C.S., B.Sc. (Lond.), Y.M.C.A. Settlement, Oxford Street, Sheffield. [M.] Chibnall, Albert Charles, 59.-4. (Cantab.), Cedar House, Chiiwick JIall, London. W. 4. [S.] Dawn, Thomas Sydney, A.R,.C.S. (Lond.), 21, Belsize Square, London, N.W. 3. [S. ; 31.1 Dent, James Harry, 21, Murray Street, Burnley, Lancs. [Burnley Mun- Tech. Inst. : M. ; over 12 years’ experience.] Downes, Edgar Stanley, c/o Messrs. 3leggitts (1917), Ltcl., Suttoii-in- Ashfield, Notts. IS. ; over 7 years’ experience.] Ellis, George Holland, A.M.C.T., 19, Millwain Road, Levenshuliae, JIan -Chester. [S. ; Research.] Eustice, Miss: Lovelyn Elaine, B.Sc. (Lond.). Royal Nsral College, Green-wich, London, S.E.10. [M. ; Research.] Fowler, Russell Aubrey, B.Sc. (Adelaide), 61, Rookwoocl Street, Mount Lawley, Western Australia. [S. ; Research ; Inventions.] Fox, Norman Taylor, 72, The Rand, Eastriggs, Dumfriesshire. [Royal Tech. Inst. ; Salford ; Coll. of Technology, Manchester ; 6. ; 31. ; 10 years’ experience.] Gent, Charles Rochester, B.Sc. (Dun.), 74, Addison Road, Heaton, New- castle-on-Tyne. [S. ; Research.] Grindle, William George, M.Sc. (Leeds), 27, Grove Road, Claphain Park, London, S.W. 12. [S. ; Govt. Lab.] Hamer, tJohn Davies, 2G0, Cross Flatts Grove, Leeds. [Over 13 Tears’ experience ; Publications ; Patents.] Hird, Harold Pearson, Moor End, Dewsbnry Moor, Dewsbury. k’orks. (Bradford Tech. Coll. ; Patents.] Hocking, Frederick Denison Maurice, 18, Woodside Park Road, North Finchley, London, N.12. [Finsbury Tech. Coll. ; S.] Houssa. Armand Henri Joseph, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Tremadoc Road, Clap- ham, London, s.W. 4. [S.] Hunt, Sydney Walter, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. (Lond.), 21, Hillsboro‘ Road, East Dulwich, London, S.E. 22. [Works Chemist.] Jones, Harold Bramfield, B.Sc. (Lond.), Broadway House, Northolme Road, Highbury. London, N. 5. [Govt. Lab.] Jones. John Prycc, B.Sc. (Wales), Brynhyfryd, Pencader, Wales. [S. ; 31.) Laiwala, Kumiidchandra Ghelabhai, M.A. , B.Sc. (Bombay), c,’o Messrs. Thomas Cook & Son, Ludgate Circus, London, E.C. 4. (Bombay University, Indian Institute of Science ; Battersea Polytechnic ; Thesis.) Lander, Percy Edward, D.Sc. (Lond.). X-4.(Cantab.). 35, Queen’s Gate Gardens. South Kensington, London, S.W. 7. [S. ; Mentioned in Despatches. ] Lee, Harry Lancelot, 10, Hawthorn Terrace, New Earswick, York. [School of Pharmaceutical SOC. ; Leeds Univ. ; over 18 years’ experience.] Ikrrigo, Arthur Frank, B.Sc. (Birm.), 3, St. Peter’s Gardens, Muswell Hill, London, N. 10. [S. ; Govt. Lab.] Main, Thomas Lightfoot, B.Sc. (Dun.), 69, Hazelwood Avenue, West .Jesmond, Newcastle-on-Tyne. [S. ; M.] Marsh, Ernest Victor, B.Sc. (Liv.), 10, Woodland Road, Derby. [S.]Martin, M7illiam George, A.C.G.F.C., 31, Queen’s Avenue, Blackhall, Mid-lothian. [Works Chemist ; Publications.] NcEntegart, James Mathews, M.Sc. (Liv.), 36~,Longridge Road, Earl’e Court Road, London, S.W. 5. [S. ; Research ; M.] Orr, Thomas Workman, c/o William Orr, Esq., 15, Oakfield Terrace, Hill-head.Glasgow. [Royal Tech. Coll., Glasgow ; over 18 years’ works experience.] Paterson, Alexander Gustave Clive, The Pastures, Spondon, nr. Derby. [School of Pharmaceutical SOC. ; Birkbeck College and King’s College, London ; 17 years’ experience ; Research ; Publications.] Pugh, Frank Henry, B.A. (Cantab.), Keizersgracht 774, Amsterdam, Holland. [S.] Rawson, Valentin Stratford, B.Sc. (Brisbane), c/o C. Rawson, Esq., F.I.C., 22, Cumherland Street, 3lanchest)er. [Over 10 years’ experience.] Regan, William, junr., B.Sc. (Glas.), A.R.T.C., Braemar, Adele Street, Motherwell, Lanarkshire. [Works Chemist and Metallurgist.] Scanlan, John Joseph, junr., A.R.C.S.T., 29, Ailcsbury Road, Dublin.[Research.] Slater, Frank, O.B.E., B.Sc. (Vict.), Chemistry Dept., Mining and Technica College, Wigan. [Works Chemist.] Stafford, William, M.Sc. (Vict.), Rookwood, Bridge of Weir, Scotland. [M. ; 7 years’ experience : Research.] Tesh, William, M.A., B.Sc. (Oxon), 43, Leeds Old Road; Thornbury. Bradford, Yorks. [S. ; Research.] Thomas, Francis Edwyn, M.A. (Oxon), 9, Hart Grove, Ealing Common, London, W. [S. ; Works Chemist.] Thornton, Edwin, B.Sc. (Leeds), 9, Hcol-y-Nant, Clydach S.O., Glam. [S. ; M.] Tunstall-Behrens, Mrs. Gwen, Porth-en-alls, Marazioii. R.8. O., Cornwall, “at. Sci. Tripos., Cambridge ; 1.1. ; Publications.] White, George Frederic, B.Sc. (Lond.), 4, Eversleigh Road, East Ham, London, E.6. [M.] Woodhead, Miss Gertrude Ramsden, B.Sc. (Leeds), Sneaton Castle, Whihby, Yorkshire. [8 years’ Works and Teaching experience.] New Students. Anderson, William Richardson, 3, Derwent water Terrace, S. Shields. Andrew, dlesander, Bay Waterside, Irvine, Ayrshire. Arundale, Leslie, 92, Blade Lane, Longsight, Manchester. Baines, Harry, 22, Henry Road, West Bridgford, Notts. Barron. Richard James, Glen Cottage. Waterford, Ireland. Benson, Edward James, 2, Kemble Street, Prescot, Lancs. Bevan, Robert Grey. Llantivit House, Staniey Terrace, Aberystwyth. Rranson, Victor Cecil, 97. Woodwarde Road, E. Dulwich, London, S.E. 22. Brown, Jdhn, 38, Findhorn Place, Edinburgh. Browne. Gerald Barton. 11, Northwick House, St. John’s Wood Road, London.N.W. 3. Bryett. William Henry, 36, Dore Avenue, Manor Park, London, E. 12. Burns, Robert, 49. Kilmahew Street, Ardrossan, Scotland. Caminsky, Abraham, Magadi Soda Works, Lake Magadi, British East Africa. Challis, William, 130, Ayres Road, Old Trafford, Manchester. Chapman. William Ronald, 323, Granville Road, Sheffield. Chater, Trevor Walter James, 9, Norman Terrace, Street Lane, Roundhay, Leeds. C!eland, David Picken, 38, Viewpark Drive, Ruthergien, Glasgow. Cooper, James Drummond, 2, Marchhall Crescent. Edinburgh. Cross, Alfred Ernest, 22, Ryland Street, Stratford-on-Avon. Curran, Hugh, 13, Mayor’s Walk, Waterford, Ireland. Derrick, William. 101, Forester Road, Thorneywood, Nottingham. Downing, Leonard Alfred, 17, Carholnie Road, Forest Hill, London, S.E.23 Ecob, William Alfred, Tenedos, Cropwell, Radcliffe-on-Trent, Notts. Evans, Harold Arthur, 47, Victoria Road, Woolston, Hants. Fairgrieve, Miss Jessie Helen Carroll Dick, North Middleton, Gorebridge, Midlothian, Scotland. Fraser, James Everard, 5, Stanley Street, Portobello, Edinburgh. Freeman, Percy Arthur Reginald, 114, Laburnum Grove, North End, Portsmouth. Fritz, Jack, 5, Rugby Mount, Meailwood Road, Leeds. Gallie, George, County Buildings, Haddington, Scotland. Gentle, Joseph Alfred Hector Roberts, 21, Owenite Street, Abbey Wood, London, S.E. 2. George, Cyril Henry, 9, Hanover Street, Rye Lane, Peckham, London, S.E. 15. Goldstein, Jacob, 39, Montague Street, Edinburgh. Goodale, Arthur Albert, 45, Bective Road, Putney, London, S.W.15. Grant, James, 25, Dundas Street, Edinburgh. Green, Brian Michael, 26, Upper Hamilton Terrace, London, N.W. 8. Groves, Adam Traill, 12, James Place, Leith. Halton, Philip, 72, Elmhurst Road, Reading. Hartfall, Stanley Jack, 13, Springfield Mount, Leeds. Harvey, Cecil Owen, 5, Park Hill Road, Chingford, London. E. 4. Hsworth, Thomas, 10, Frederick Street. Oswaldtwistle. Lancashire. Heppell, Walter, 77, Central Avenue, New Basford, Nottingham. Hickman, Alan, 15, Albert Road, Tamworth. Staffs. Hodgkiss, Frank Livsey, 274, Plodden Lane, Farnworth. nr. Bolton. Hudson, Ronald William Austen, 8, Elibank Road, Eltham, London, S.E. 9. Jackman, Douglas Norman, 18, West Side, Clapham Common, London, S.W.4. Jenkin, John Watson, 31, Red Lion Road, Tolworth, Surbiton, Surrey. Johnson, Rowland Nicholas, Greenstede, West Hill, East Grinstead, Sussex. Kay, Leonard James, 42, Wilson Street, Poplar, London, E. 14. Laing, William Mossman, 22, Eastfield, Joppa, Edinburgh. Langsdale, Donald Abbott, 51, Sandon Street, New Basford, Nottingham. Lindemann, Christel Ferdinand, Government Chemical Laboratories, P.0. Box 1080, Johannesburg, S. Africa. Linstead, Reginald Patrick, 46, Compton Road, Winchmore Hill, London, N. 21. Lochhead; George Robb, 2, Glenview, Paisley, Scotland. Lock, Ritchie Hart, The Artists’ Rifles H.Q., Duke’s Road, Euston Road, London, W.C. 1. Lomax, James, 25, Devonshire Road, Eccles, Lancs. MacGregor, Miss Marjory Lamont, 20, Denham Green Terrace, Trinity, Edinburgh. Mackley, Fred, Derby Road, Ponders End, Middlesex.Mascull, George Joseph, 42, Vestris Road, Forest Hill, London, S.E. 23. Matthews, Robert Karran, 24, Grasville Road, Higher Tranmere, Birken- head. McGregor, Ernest, 4, West Savile Terrace, Edinburgh. McGregor, Percy, 4, West Savile Terrace, Edinburgh. Miller, Miss Christina Cruickshank, 7, Douglas Street, Kirkcaldy. Mitchell, Michael George, 1, Iona Crescent, Glasnevin, Dublin. Moncrieff, William, 15, Restalrig Terrace, Leith. Mumford, Stanley Augustus, Runnymede, 11, Wellington Road, Enfield. Middlesex. Murchison, Norman, 46, Brunswick Street, Edinburgh. Norris, Woodford Stanley Gowan Plucknette, Bedford House, 42, Linton Road, Barking, Essex.Oliver, Miss Jane Wilson, 6, Park Road, Leith. Peard, George Thomas, Heyes House, Rainhill, Lancs. Pearson, Miss Margaret, 16, Clanricarde Gardens, London, W. 2. Pugh, William, 23, Allerton Road, Stoke Newington, London, N. 16. Revis, Frank Leonard Bingham, 7, Kitson Road, Barnes, London, S.W. 13-Richards, Thomas, 33, Norris Street, Darwen, Lancs. Rogers, Harold Belton, 80, Crawford Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool. Roper, Edwin Claxton, The Pines, Red Hill, nr. Birstall, Leicester. Russell, Miss Doris Helen, 16, Clanricsrde Gardens, London, W. 2. Smith, Gavin Hamilton, Ardfein, Falkirk. Smith, James, S, Church Street, Rastrick, Brighouse. W. Torks. Stoyle, Francis Wilbert, 37, Kansas Avenue, Belfast, Ireland. Swanney, John William, 7, Jessfield Terrace, Leith.Walker, Thomas Henry, Porterswell, Uddingston, nr. Glasgow. Wall, Thomas John, Oakworth Villa, St. Andrew’s Road, Malvern. Ward, Charles Frederick, 17, High Street, Old Basford, Nottingham. Whipp, James Ewart, 15, St. John Street, Longsight, Manchester. White, Charles Bertram, 7, Bellevue Gardens, Kemp Town, Brighton. Whiting, William Henry, 13, Manvers Street, Bath. Wilkie, Alexander Stewart, 39, Aglionby Street, Carlisle. Wilshere, Laurence Arthur, 69, Maury Road, Stoke Newington, London, N. 16. Woosley, Duncan Pax, 96, Rosborough Road, Harrow, Middlesex. Wymun, Miss May Elizabeth, 63, Stroud Green Road, Finsbury Park, London, N. 4. Yarkw, George Herbert, Fulbeck, Grantham, Lincs. DEATHS. Fellows.Grossman, Jacob, MA., P1i.D. (Heitl.). McAlley, Robert. Messel, Rudolph, Ph.D. (Tubingen). F.K.P. OShea. Lucius Trant, M.Sc. (Lond.). Smith, Watson. Associate. Boswell, _4rnold, R.A. (Cant’ab.). Alterations for the Register.-To the entry of the name of Edwin Williams (Associate), add “ Lieut., 16th Batt. 16th Welsh (Cardiff City) Battalion.” Miss K. M. R. Hutchins, Registered Student, on her marriage, -Mrs. Aylward. General Notices. Examinations.-An Examination in Biological Chemistry and Bacteriology, Fermentation and Enzyme Action, will be held in October, 1920. Intending candidates can obtain full particulars from the Registrar. Notice to Associates.-Associates elected prior to June, 1917,who can produce evidence satisfactory to the Council that they have been continuously engaged in the study and practical applications of chemistry for at least three years since their election to the Associateship, can obtain forms of application for election to the Fellowship.Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the Offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to communicate with the Registrar in any instance in which they are able to assist in securing appointments for qualified chemists. The Library.-The Library is-open for the use of Fellows, Associates and Registered Students, between the hours of 10 A.M.and 6 P.M. on weekdays (Saturdays: 10 A.M. and 2 P.M.) except when examinations are being held. The Library of the Chemical Society is also available for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10A.M. to g P.M. on week-days ; (Saturdays from 10A.M. to 5 P.M.). The Institute has been notified that the Library of the Society will be closed for stocktaking from Monday, August gth, until Saturday, August xst, 1920,inclusively. Changes of Add ress.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, &c., Fellows, Associates, and Students notifying changes of address are requested, as far as possible, to give their fiermanent addresses for registration.INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY. PUBLICATIONS. Register of Fellows, Associates and Students. 5s. Regulations for the Admission of Students, Associates and Fellows. Gratis. Examination Papers : Annual Sets, One Shilling, Post free. Journal and Proceedings, Six Parts Annually. Each Part, Two Shillings. (Post free 2s. ~d.) History of the Institute : 1877-1914, 15s. ; Special Edition, tc-2 2s. LECTURES, These Lectures were given under a scheme the aim of which is to indicate to advanced students the scope and object of work actuallycarried out by professional chemists in various branches of practice. Cement. Bertram Blount, F.I.C. 5s. Cellulose. C. F. Cross, B.Sc., F.I.C. 5s. Thorium and its Compounds.Edmund White, B.Sc., F.I.C. 5s. Chemistry in Gas Works. W. J. A. Butterfield, M.A., F.I.C. 5s. The Function and Scope of the Chemist in a Pharmaceutical Works. C. A. Hill, B.Sc., F.I.C. 5s. The Research Chemist in the Works, with Special Reference to the Textile Industry. W. P. Dreaper, F.I.C. 5s. Explosives. William Macnab, C.B.E., F.I.C. 5s. ADVERTISEMENTS. The Journal and Proceedings of the Institute afforda unique medium for advertisements from British Companies and Firms concerned with British ~rodwctioms:-Glass, Porcelain and Silica Laboratory Ware. FiZter Pa#er, Chemical Reagents, ScientjfZcImtruments, Scientific Books and Publications. Circulation guaranteed over 4,000. Particulars of terms are obtainable from the Registrar, The Institate of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, Imzdon, KC.1. 229 Editorial. IN the autumn of last year the Council, acting upon a suggestion from the London Section, invited members in whole-time appointments to give particulars of the salaries and conditions attached thereto. Statistics compiled from the replies were published in Part I. of the Journal of this year. The Council have good reason to believe that the publica- tion of these statistics has had beneficial effects in several ways. The figures enabled members to learn whether their salaries were comparable with the general average which chemists of similar age and standing were receiving throughout the profession. Accordingly those members who were in receipt of remuneration inferior to the average were in many cases constrained to take steps to improve their positions, either by approaching their employers or by making use of the Appointments Register to seek new appointments carrying better salaries or otherwise improved conditions of employ-ment.At the same time the Council were placed in possession of facts which enabled them to point out to Government Departments and other employers of chemists that it was imperative to revise the conditions attached to appointments which became vacant, especially as it became clear from the state of the Appointments Register that suitable candidates would not be attracted if the salaries offered were less than the average prevailing in the profession for chemists with the length of experience required. The figures have, moreover, served as a useful guide to chemists taking up their first appointments, and have assisted the Registrar in advising firms who were engaging the services of chemists for the first time.The Council believe that the general position has im- proved considerably since these statistics were compiled, 230 and in order that up-to-date information may be obtained, they have instructed the Registrar to invite members to make a new return. A form for the purpose is enclosed with this Part of the Journal, and every member occupying a whole-time appointment is urged to fill it up and return it to the Registrar as soon as possible. The Council hope with the particulars derived from the returns, to be able to keep the members informed, in their own interest, oi the conditions of employment throughout the profession.On the previous occasion, less than a thousand members replied to the circular letter, and it is probable that these did not comprise more than 50% of the members in whole-time appointments. It is hoped that members who did not reply last year will now realise that it is only by the co-operation of all Fellows and Associates of the Institute that the Council canassist on these lines in taking steps to improve the status of the profession. The information contained in the replies will be regarded as confidential and will be used only for the compilation of the statistics. The form need not be signed, and it may, if desired, be typewritten.