AbstractThis paper examines soil and land degradation. It describes basic processes and factors responsible for degradation, illustrates the cause‐effect relationships and differentiates between natural and man‐induced regressive effects. The ‘critical limit’ concept is described in terms of properties beyond which the soil will not support an economically‐viable agriculture. This paper is not an exhaustive literature review but emphasizes the scientific principles involved and highlights natural against man‐induced processes. Important natural processes are: laterization, hard‐setting, fragipan and clay pan formation, and geologic erosion. In comparison, man‐induced processes consist of: soil compaction, accelerated erosion, desertification, salt accumulation and leaching and acidification. One of the principal constraints is the problem of data reliability. A reliable database and precise criteria are definitely lacking and hinder the assessment of the extent, type and degree of soil degradation and establishing the cause‐effect scenario. Improving our database is, therefore, of a high priority if we are to adopt land use policy for sustainable soil management and long‐range resource management. Also outlined, are vital research and development strategies. Judicious resource management policy should emphasize managing prime agricultural land to produce to its maximum potential so that there is no need to cultivate marginal and easily‐degraded fragile ecosystems. A strict code of conduct is needed for utilizing marginal/fragile lands. Methods of restoring the productivity of degraded lands must be researched so as to minimize the need to clear