AbstractCanopy dieback ofEucalyptus blakelyitrees is often associated with defoliation by insects: the foliage of trees with dieback is nutritionally superior for insects and is more heavily damaged by them. I investigated whether differences in the nutritional quality of foliage were genetically determined, or caused by environmental stress. In a series of glasshouse experiments, with seedlings and grafted plants derived from dieback and healthy populations of trees. I tested the influence of deprivation of nutrients, drought, waterlogging, saline waterlogging and addition of excess phosphate, on the nutritional quality of foliage. Differences in the foliar properties of plants from different genetic sources were not consistent with the differences between the source populations. Most of the environmental stresses applied caused a reduction in foliar quality (decreased water and nitrogen contents, and increased specific leaf weights). I hypothesize that the enhanced nutritional quality of the foliage of dieback trees is more likely to be a consequence of benign growing conditions (e.g. improved soil fertility) than of environmental stress. Field data for soil properties and the effect of drought on mature trees are consistent with this view.