AbstractThe concept of chemoprevention is generating increasing attention among oncologists. This article discusses the issue of dose of chemopreventive agents in relation to the stages of tumor development. Vitamin A-deficient animals have an increased susceptibility to cancer development, and epidemiologic studies have shown an inverse relationship between intake of food rich in vitamin A and/or beta-carotene and cancer risk. These data suggest that physiologic levels of these natural substances exert a protective effect against cancer development. In the presence of precursor lesions, however, this protective effect has been overwhelmed and pharmacologic doses of chemopreventive agents are required to induce regression or to arrest the progression of these lesions. Phase I pharmacologic and toxicologic studies, and Phase II dose-intensity investigation of chemopreventive agents in patients having precancerous lesions need to be carried out. Such studies would enable to select the least toxic effective chemopreventive dose for intervention trials in high-risk populations, which could then be undertaken based on evidence of activity.