SUMMARYDIAMOND, JARED M. 1985. New distributional records and taxa from the outlying mountain ranges of New Guinea. Emu 85: 65–91.The mountains of New Guinea consist of the Central Range plus 19 outlying ranges. I report distributional and taxonomic novelties from the first explorations of four of these outliers, plus re-explorations of five others. The summit elevation and history of exploration are also described for each outlier. Thirty new outlier populations were discovered for superspecies represented by endemic species on outliers. New taxa described are three subspecies ofPeneothello cryptoleucus(Kumawa Mts),Pachycephalopsis hattamensis(Yapen Island), andMelipotes fumigatus(Kumawa Mts), and aPachycephalaprovisionally included inP. soror(Kumawa Mts). Taxa for which provisional diagnoses are formulated but which are not now named because of limited specimens include aRallicula(Foja Mts) and races ofEupetes castanonotus(Foja and Kumawa Mts),Crateroscelis robusta(Foja and Kumawa Mts),Sericornis virgatus(Fakfak and Kumawa Mts),Poecilodryas albispecularis(Foja and Kumawa Mts), aPachycephala(Fakfak Mts),Ailuroedus crassirostris(Kumawa Mts), andPtiloprora erythropleura(Kumawa and Fakfak Mts). Species lines inthe Parotiasuperspecies are reconsidered. First records includeAccipiter buergersifor Irian Jaya,A. meyerianusfor the Irian Jaya mainland,Ptilinopus viridisfor the Papua New Guinea mainland, andTregellasia leucopsandPachycephalopsis hattamensisfor any offshore island. A newParotiapopulation found in the Foja Mts may possibly be the long-lostP. carolae berlepschi.The bowerbirdAmblyornis inornatuswas found in the Kumawa Mts and probably in the Fakfak Mts. Vocalizations and habits are described for little-known species including those represented by new taxa plusAquila gurneyi, Psittaculirostris salvadorii, Sericornis rufescens, Monarcha rubiensis, Peneothello bimaculatus, Timeliopsis griseigula, Melidectes leucostephes, Meliphaga montana, andPtiloprora mayri.Speciation and distribution of endemic taxa on the outliers are analyzed, with the conclusion that the flow of species has been overwhelmingly from Central Range to outliers, not vice versa.