The most important philosophical influence on the creation of theHuai‐nan Tzuwas theChuang Tzu.Charles Le Blanc's study of theHuai‐nan Tzu1identifies two hundred sixty nine cases of direct borrowing, i.e. “incomplete or full quotations,” from it. He also isolates several theoretical themes developed in theHuai‐nan Tzuthat are supported by skillful editing of borrowed passages from theC