Hatchling desmognathine larvae and pre-metamorphic larvae ofDesmognathus fuscuswere found in 16 of 78 low order streams from coal surface mine impacted areas of the Cumberland Plateau. Although larvae were found to be surviving in a wide range of pH values, they were limited in range by high concentrations of dissolved solids (probably metal salts) in combination with acid conditions. The loss of shading (tree removal) resulted in increased turbidity and siltation which probably eliminated preferred habitat. I suggest that many species of the desmognathine complex, some of which are considered rare and protected, can be used as effective indicators of surface mine impacts, particularly heavy metal contamination and other effects associated with low pH conditions.