The aphid-resistant wheat lines PI137739 and PI262660, along with the susceptible wheat varieties ‘Bliss’ and ‘Stephens’, and the resistant oat variety ‘Border’, were infected with five barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) isolates (MAV, PAV, RMV, RPV, SGV) to test the influence of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection on the performance (survival and fecundity) of the Russian wheat aphid,Diuraphis noxia(Mordvilko). Antibiosis in lines PIl37739 and PI262660 could not be detected statistically when the uninfected plants were analyzed separately. When data from only BYDV-infected plants were analyzed, Russian wheat aphid performance was significantly less on both PI137739 and PI262660 than on the susceptible varieties, indicating that plant stress influences expression of Russian wheat aphid antibiosis. Relative to uninfected controls, BYDV infection did not affect Russian wheat aphid performance on either susceptible wheat variety or the resistant line PI137739. In the resistant line PI262660, PAV, RPV, and SGV infection significantly reduced Russian wheat aphid performance. By contrast, PAV infection significantly increased aphid performance on ‘Border’ oats, but it was still far below performance on any other plant-virus combination. These results suggest that BYDV infection does influence Russian wheat aphid survival or fecundity, or both, on certain hosts even though the aphid is not a vector of the virus isolates used in this study.