Field censuses were combined with laboratory rearing and dissection to investigate the frequency of density-dependent predation and parasitism of 13 phytophagous insect species associated with the goldenrod,Solidago altissima. Only 11% of the correlations between mortality and density were statistically significant. However, of those relationships that were significant, all were positive in sign, indicating a trend toward direct density dependence. Mortality of nonoutbreak species, with their potentially more stable dynamics, was not more likely to be density dependent than was that of outbreak species. Predation and parasitism showed no difference in the frequency of positive relationships, nor were suites of parasitoids more likely to exhibit direct density dependence than individual parasitoid species.