Part I : Fundamentals and Instrumentation 23 6 Complete Instruments The availability of commercial instruments has been reviewed again this year. Many new or modified emission spectrometers, atomic absorption spectrometers and electrothermal atomizers have been introduced for 1975, and these are included in Tables A, B and C, respectively, on pages 25 to 37. The tables represent information available at February, 1975. 6.1 ARC/SPARK EMISSION INSTRUMENTS This year has seen the introduction of plasma excitation sources from Applied Research Laboratories and Jarrell-Ash to add to that already available from Spectrametrics. This undoubtedly reflects the growing interest in plasmas as sources for multi-element determina- tions. Dreher and Frank (224) have described the design and construction of an inexpensive vacuum spectrograph.The instrument uses a Czerny-Turner type monochromator and a grating ruled with 1180 lines per mm to produce a reciprocal dispersion of 0.8 nm mm-l. With photographic detection, down to 130 nm can be recorded. 6.2 FLAME-BASED INSTRUMENTS Jongerius and de Galan (1233) have published a comprehensive survey of atomic absorption spectrometers and flameless atomizer accessories available in The Netherlands.The authors include in their survey the current prices for each instrument; this information is not included in the volumes of ARAAS as it is felt that these prices are of limited use because they vary in different countries and they become so rapidly outdated. Conversion of a Varian Techtron model AA5 single-beam spectrometer into a dual-beam instrument to permit simultaneous background correction has been achieved by the use of an off-axis continuum light source and a half-coated mirror (92).The authors give full electronic details. A multi-channel flame spectrometer for the simultaneous determination of K, Na and Ca in 0.15 ml of sample has been developed, based on the Russian ISP-51 spectrograph and a platinum wire spiral for sample introduction (1 175).Three exit slits from the monochromator are used to measure the emission signal for each element simultaneously. The construction of a single-beam flame spectrometer for AA, AE and AF has been described (390), based on a Zeiss Jena SPM-2 monochromator. An article (336), which could interest anyone who has to maintain his own AA spectro- meters, describes various aspects of instrument maintenance, and presents a table indicating symptoms associated with breakdowns of specific sections of an instrument.Anacon Instruments have introduced a MECA flame analyser to utilise the technique of molecular emission cavity analysis. At this stage in the development of the technique the instrumentation would seem to be rather highly priced for the limited range of applications so far published.Table A COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE EMISSION SPECTROMETERS No.of {~~~~~~~ Wavelength Focal Special features Applications Model Type channels nm Der mm range/nm length Type Of source Supplier Angstrom Inc., 22-101 D.R. 60 0.278 210-430 3-0 m HV a.c. spark HV Optical interlock All ferrous and non- P.O.Box 248, 0-397 210-518 3.0 m or LV a.c. arc; LV spectrum monitor. ferrous applications Belleville, 0.556 210-634 3.0 m undirectional d.c. Various excitation stands Mich. 48111, U.S.A. acitor discharge arc, triggered cap- and read-out options V-70 D.R. 50 V-71 D.R. 22 0.556 160-440 1 * 5 m As model 22-1 01 0 * 556 178-320 0.75 m As model 22-101 A-70 D.R. 68 0.556 190-770 1 - 5 m As model 22-101 A-71 D.R. 22 0.556 210-350 0-75 m As model 22-101 As model 22-101. All wavelengths in vacuum. In-focus wavelength scanning 3 nm from each receiver slit Mobile and operable in hostile environments. All wavelengths in vacuum. Various excitation stands and read-out options As model V-70 As model V-70 Ferrous and non-ferrous metals, oils, soils and geological specimens As model V-70 As model V-70 but including determination of C, S and P As model A-70 Applied Research Laboratories, Ltd., Wingate Road, Luton, Beds., England (Entry continues on next page) Quanto- D.R. 20 1 -388 or 0.695 200-800 meter 20 (36 lines) 0.695 or 0.35 200400 Quanto- D.R. 28 0.70 or 0.35 175-500 vac 28 (49 lines) Quanto- D.R. 28 0-70 or 0.35 175-500 vac 28C Quanto- D.R. 6.0 0.46 170-407 vac 80 (84 lines) Quanto- D.R. 60 0.695 or 0.35 190-610 meter 80 (84 lines) Quanto- D.R. 48 0.35 or 0.175 190-520 meter (90 lines) 0-46 or 0.23 190-630 29000B 0.56 or 0.28 190-705 0.695 or 0.35 190-840 0.75 m Low voltage, high voltage 0.5 m As Quantovac 80 0.5 m As Quantovac 28 1.0 m Various, low volt- age, high voltage, multi-source (HVS, LV, d.c. arc) 1 * O m As Quantovac 80 1.5 m As Quantovac 80 Air or argon excitation stands.Typewriter and digital computer options As Quantovac 80 but no air-condi t ioner Complete computer control, teletype or visual display output. Off-line computer links Typewriter, teletype and digital computer options. Single or dual stand options. Second stand can be argon or air. Built-in instrument air-conditioning As Quantovac 80 Typewriter, teletype and digital computer options.Argon and/or air stands available Particularly suited to non-ferrous, e.g., Al, Mg, Cu, Zn and white metals, slags, powders, solutions, including oils As Quantovac 80, but limited to 28 elements As Quantovac 28 All ferrous and non- ferrous alloys, powders including slags, sinters, ores, rocks, ceramics, soils, etc.Solutions, oils, etc. As Quantovac 80. but excluding determination of C, S and P As Quantometer 80Table A COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE EMISSION SPECTROMETERS - corztirzued No. of :$:%::) Wavelength Focal Special features Applications Ap p I ied Quanto- D.R. (64 lines) 0.695 or 0.35 190-610 1.0 m As Quantovac 80 Automated sequential As Quantometer 80 Research meter (8 reference) analysis Laboratories 33000 Ltd.Mode' Type channels nm per mm range/nm length Type Of Supplier (continued) Quanto- D.R. As Quanto- 0.46 170-407 1.0 m As Quantovac 80 As Quantometer 33000 As Quantovac 80 vac meter 33000 33600 meter meter 33000 to 24 samples Quanto- D.R. As Quanto- 0.695 or 0-35 190-610 1.0 m H.F. plasma Automatic loading of up Solutions 33000CA Q.A. 137 D.R. 48 0.46 185410 1.0 m R.F. plasma P.p.b. analysis Solutions Baird Atomic SB-1 Phot. Inc., 125 Middlesex TurnDike, SH-1 Phot. Bedford,. Mass. 01730, U.S.A. GW-1 Phot. GWR-1 Phot. Spectto- D.R. met 1000 - 1 a5 or 0.75 370-740 1.5 m Arc or spark Built-in order sorter General spectrographic - 1.0 450-750 1.5 m Arc or spark Built-in order sorter General spectrographic - 0 - 8 or 0 - 4 185-2400 2.0 m Arc or spark, Dual gratings for simul- General spectrographic analysis analysis modular or RE-1 taneous photography of analysis two spectral regions - 0.8 or 0.4 185-2400 2.0 m As GW-1 High speed (f/15.5) Transient, weak or "cl gratings for rapid exam- complex sources.Q and/or weak sources of analysis ? i? air-conditioning require- using C 793.1 nm, 3 alignment 9 s" ination of transient General spectrographic - 31 complex spectra.Optional echelle grating for f/12 aperture 5 3 ments. Logarithmic P 214.9 nm in 2nd s read-out. Manual master order. Non-ferrous 6 monitor t o check slit Easy interchange of General spectrographic gratings. Easy conversion analysis t o a direct reader (GX-3) Automatic optical servo monitor continuously capabilities as well as 2 maintains correct slit photographic - E alignment.Logarithmic (see GX-1) read-out. Precise elec- 30 0.6 or 0-3 210-590 1.0 m Arc or spark, Compact, low-cost direct Ferrous metals (except modular reader with minimum determination of S) metals, oils a 2 Normal direct reading $ -. tronic setting of slits g GX-1 Phot. - 0.55 or 0.28 180-2250 3.0 m As GW-1 GX-3 D.R. 16per head 0-39 180-2250 3-Om AsGW-1 (normally 3 heads per unit)Spectro- D.R.met I I in 'Varisource unit including spark, low and high-voltage a.c. arcs, d.c. arcs. p s o versatile controlled wave-. form excitation source'. Plasma 180-1 500 180-750 or 2.0 m 60 2 analysis analysis 20 inch camera General spectrographic 2 3 Choice of 3 gratings. Versatile instrument %* 5 Nitrogen purging extends particularly suitable range to 175 nm.for measuring transient 3 Optional accessories 0-294 190-432 2.0 m As Spectromet Automatic optical servo 0.59 190-863 1000 monitor continuously maintains correct slit alignment. Logarithmic read-out. Manual master monitor to check slit alignment. Temperature- compensated fixed focal length. Dual stands for argon and air available Spectro- D.R. 60 0.29 173-432 2.0 m As Spectromet As Spectromet II. All vac II 1000 photomultipliers in vacuum 3 All direct-reader applications above 190 nm z 2 '? 5 2 $ 0" F A l l direct-reader applications including C, P and S b Jarrell-Ash Div., Fisher Scientific Co., 590 Lincoln St., Walt ham, Mass. 02154, U 3 . A V. A. Howe & Co. Ltd., 88 Peterborough Road, London S.W.6, England 78-000 70-31 0 75-1 50 90-750 90-785 1500 Atorn- counter 70-31 4 82-000 (78-489) 78-490 25-020 78-420 78-460 82-400 ( 82-41 0) Phot.Phot. Phot. D.R. D.R. D.R. D.R. Scan. Scan. Scan. Scan. Scan. Scan. 1.1 or 0-54 1.0 to 0.24 depending upon grating Up to 50 Up to 50 Up to 30 30 + 4.4 to 1 *1 3.2 to 0-8 1 - 6 to 0.4 0.54 0.54 0*56 Or o.28 ( 0.34 or 0.17 As 70-310 Depends upon 1 grating i selected 3-28 permit use as direct I reader or scanning I spectrometer 168-500 0-75 rn As above, except Computer controlled 163-500 0.75 m trolled peak 200-800 or 1.5 m As above Choice of 2 gratings 200-510 or j 19CL250 As 70-310 3.4 m As above Scanning optional. Easy 1 electronic con- current 190-400 1 interchanae to Dhoto- spectra Most metallurgical analyses All direct-reader applications above 190 nm All direct-reader applications above graphic (70-310) and 190 nm scanning version (70-320) Various scanning spectro- Suitable for spectro- meters, some with scopic investigations vacuum capabilities rather than for analytical applications 1.0 m N 200-goo 0-25 rnTable A COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE EMISSION SPECTROMETERS - continued No.of ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ $ , Wavelength Focal Special features Model lype channels nm per mm range/nm length Type Of Source Supplier Applications Jobi n-Yvon, VARAF Scan.- 1-8 or 0.9 200-800 0.465 m Flame Czerny-Turner mono- Liquids and solutions 1 Rue du Canal, chromator, adjustable 91 160 bandwidth 0.02-4 nm. Longjumeau, Nine models with various France burner and read-out options chromator, adjustable bandwidth 0.024 nm.Automatic wavelength scanning device. Pneumatic nebuliser, laminar flow burner. Ultrasonic nebuliser optional DELTA Scan. - 1.2 195-770 0.6 m Flame Czerny-Turner mono- Liquids and solutions 190-900 1 - 5 m 'Transource' Ferrous and non-ferrous Labtest ' 310 D.R. 60 0.56 Equipment Co., alloys 40 0.67 170-550 1.0 m As above 11828 La Grange v-25 D.R. Ave . , Los Angeles, Calif. 90025, U.S.A. As above 2100 D.R. 30 0-46 188455 1.0 m As above As above 71 D.R. 74 0-52 170-900 2-Cm As above General purpose M.B.L.E., PV 8300 D.R. 60 0.55 or 0.46 170-430 1-5 m Triggered capac- Optional dual air/argon Steels, iron, non-ferrous 80 Rue des Vacuum (80 lines) itor discharge. excitation stand. Printer metals, oils, non- Deux Gares, High voltage spayk.teletype or computer conducting powders 1070 Bruxelles, Monoalternance read-out systems Belgium triggered capac- itor discharge, d.c.arc, inter- mittent d.c. arc PV8210 D.R. Up to60 0.55 190-700 i - 5 m AS PV8300 Air Wavelength range Solids, liquids and covered in 1st order. powders. Non-ferrous Remote controlled roving metals and oils detector. External excitation. Rotrode and inert atmosphere faci tities Optica S.A.S., 85 Phot.- 0.69-0-36 200-800 1 -2 m All conventional Stigmatic instrument General purpose Via Gargano 21, types available with rotating Ebert 20139 Milano, grating Italy B5C D.R. 16 0.69 or 0.36 220-420 1-2 m LV triggered arc Double spark stand both General purpose. and spark. HV in air and inert Metallurgical analysis, spark, a.c. and atmmtphere. Rotrode e.g., Al, Pb, Zn, Fe, d.c.arc for solutions Cu alloys. Wear metals in oils etc.B7V D.R. 93 ESAl Scan. - ESA3 D.R. 9 ESA4 Scan. - g 4 .? 2 a" 0.37 165440 1.5 rn LV triggered arc Air-vacuum instrument Complex analyses and spark. HV with all exit slits involving many spectral spark accessible from outside lines for adjustment. Many analytical programmes can be arranged in parallel for easy inter- change.Computer facilities available 0.41 200-500 1 .O m Controlled and Scanning monochromator Metallurgical work. All non-controlled HV with one channel for material excitable with spark, a x . arc analytical line and same source parameter another channel for reference using reflected beam principle and polychromator. All system 0.36 160-500 1.2 m LV triggered arc Combined vacuum mono- Routine analysis (40 nm as and spark of (including iron and C, steel.S and P) POlY- excitable elements chromator) accessible with scanning Non-ferrous alloys 0.41 165-500 1.0 m LV triggered arc. Scanning vacuum mono- Metallurgical work. HV spark, a.c. arc chromator with one Analysis of ferrous and channel for analytical non-ferrous alloys line and another channel for reference.Facilities for analysing two elements simultaneously Ferrous and non-ferrous Rank Precision El000 D.R. 60 0.293-1.155 159-6864-3 1.5 m Various, including Dual spark stands. Industries Ltd., Polyvac high repetition Computer-controlled alloys. Geological Analytical Div., condensed arc instrument. Dual grat- samples. Wear metals Westwood ings give 6 systems in oil Industrial Estate, E952 D,R.Ramsgate Road, Polyvac Margate, Kent CT9 4JL, England 36 0.546 or 174.0-447.7 0.75 m As El000 Curved entrance and Ferrous and non-ferrous 0-741 236.5-607'4 exit slits. Solid state alloys. Wear metals electronics or computer in oils controlled. Air or vacuum €742/3 Phot. - Not stated 191-800 1-57 m D.C. arc, HV Adjustable slit. Spectral Analysis of high-purity Large spark condensed length 0.67 m, of which specimens having Quartz/ arc 0-24 m can be selected complex spectra.Glass for a given exposure Determinations of trace element concentrations E777/8 Phot. - 0-26-0-97 200-1200 1 a 5 m Various Czerny-Turner mono- Routine qualitative and chromator quantitative analysis. Flash photolysis. Examination of line profiles E549 D.R. 72 0.5-10 200-600 0.53 m HV spark, con- Solid state electronics. Non-ferrous metals. densed arc, d.c. Quartz plate for Soils. Additives and controlled a.c. compensation arc Medium Quartz arc, thyratron- atmospheric pressure wear metals in oils N Ww 0 Table A COMMERCIALLY AVAlLABLE EMISSION SPECTROMETERS - continued Reciprocal No* Of dispersion/ Wave'ength Type of source Special features Supplier Model Type channels nm per mm range/nm Appllcations R.S.V.GmbH., SPN 3.5 Phot. 30 0.14-0.48 200-1000 3.5 m Glow discharge Paschen-Runge mounting General analysis 8031 Hechendorf D.R. lamp, high, specially designed for Pilsensee, medium or low range below 200 nm. West Germany voltage spark, a.c. Direct reading attach- or d.c. arc, ment available Siemens Ltd., continuous and Great West intermittent West House, Road.Great SPN 2.0 P_hO_t. 30 0.24-0.84 200-1000 2.0 m As above As above General analysis Brentford, D.H. Midd lesex, SPN 1.5 Phot. 15 0-37-1 $1 200-1000 1.5 m As above Direct reading General analysis England D.R. attachment available SPN 1.0 Phot. SPV 1.0 Phot. Analymat D.R. ivac) Lair Analymat D.R. I I -vac Analymat D.R.I I I-vac Analy- D.R. meter ~~ ~ S hi madzu GE-100 Phot. Seisakusho Ltd., 14-5 Uchikanda GE-170 Phot. - 0 56-1 .7 200-1 000 - 0.4-1 .7 300-1 300 40 0.31 or 0.54 200-650 40 0-31 or 0.54 150-490 40 0.42 or 0.5 110-500 Scan. 0-12 200-800 - 1.66 or 0.83 200- - 0.48 200- 1.0 m As above 1-Om Asabove 7 . 5 m Glow discharge lamp (others available) 1.5m Asabove 1.0 m As above 2-Om Asabove Direct reading attachment available As above Exhibits no background: no matrix effects.Linear calibration for all elements 0-1 00% As above As above As above ~~~~ 7 .O m Not stated Not stated 1.7 m Not stated Not stated General analysis General analysis General analysis As above As above As above *FI .? 9 -b - - 2 3 cs, 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, GVM-100 D.R. 24 0.46 170-410 1.0 m Modular unit, Not stated Tokyo 101, low and high -_ 3 - s Japan voltage spark i;; Inc., D.R.using a high dispersion 2 Spectrametrics AE 2 Phot. 1 0.06 190-900 0.75 m Plasma jet Optimised AE system , Routine analysis i3 204 Andover St., high energy throughput 190-900 0.75 m Plasma jet i- echelle spectrometer 3 Routine quantitative a Andover, D.R.10 D.R. 20 0-06 Mass. 01810, (inter- and a high temperature multi-element analysis U.S.A.changeable i~;: jet excitation 2 HA8 8JP, wavelength) s. cassettes) Techmation ES 9 Phot. - 0.06 190-900 0.75 in Plasma jet, flame Built-in computer 3 Ltd., or arc stand 58 Edgware Qualitative and semi- Way, Edgware, RS 1 D.R. 1 0.06 190-900 0.75 m Plasma jet, flame quantitative analysis. Middlesex (variable or arc stand Spectroscopic research ' England xRoutine analysis Soex Industries 1870 Scan.- 1.6 175-1280 0.5m - Multi-purpose unit lric., 3880 Park Ave., Metuchen, N.J. 08840. 1702 1704 Fho?. Phot. U.S.A. 1802 Phot. Glen Creston, The Red House, 37 The Broadway, Stanmore, Middlesex HA7 4DL. England 1 - 1 0.8 175-1500 0-75 m - 175-1500 1-Om - 180-1500 1.0 m -- - 0.8 Research Research Direct reading Routine analysis accessory available VEB Carl Zeiss Jena, 69 Jena, Carl-Zeiss Str. 1, German Democratic Republic Carl Zeiss Jena Ltd., 93/97 New Cavendish St., London W1A 2AR, England. DSA-240 D.R. Up to 56 0.78 210-550 0-54 m Spark Up to 11 lines analysable in single, automatic scan. Choice of reference line. Bui It-in automatic temperature and pressure compensation. Digital signal averaging, display and recording.Rapid change of analysis pro- gramme by programme store measuring range. Stigmatic depiction. Dispersion doubled by double passage of light. Pre-disperser for order sorting and isolation. Gratings interchangeable. Automatic transport of plate holder accessories available PGSQ Phot. - 0.74 or 0.37 200-2800 2.075 rn Arc or spark Automatic expansion of (2-24 Phot.- 0.76 210-550 0.54 m Arc or spark Full range of A l l steels and non- ferrous alloys.Bearing metals and solders. Mineral oils and aqueous solutions General spectrographic analysis. Also examina- tion of line profiles, hyperfine structure etc. General spectrographic analysisw p3 Table B COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETERS - Single/ Grating Reciprocal Supplier Model double Monochromator lines dispergion/ Resolution Wavelength Read-out; Other features beam per mm nm per mm nm range/nm e x ~ ~ ~ ~ o n Beckman Instruments, 485 Double Littrow 1200 2.7 0.2 190-860 Meter; x 50 Single and triple pass 2500 Harbor Boulevard, optics; automatic filter Fullerton, Calif. 92634, selection U.S.A. 495 Double Littrow 1200 2.7 0.2 190-860 Digital; x 100 As model 485 Beckman Instrument GmbH, 1233 Double Littrow 1200 2 - 7 0.2 19C860 Meter; x 55 Single and triple-pass 8 Munich 45, Frankfurter Ring 11 5, West Germany optics; YO T, abs.or concn. read-out 1236 Double Littrow 1200 2.7 0.2 190-860 Digital: x 55 As model 1233 Beckman RllC Ltd., Eastfield Trading Estate, 1248 Double Littrow 1200 2.7 0-2 190-860 Meter; x 55 Auto zero and calibrate Glenrothes, Fife, KY7 4NG, Scotland 1272 Double Littrow 1200 2.7 0-2 190-860 Digital; x 55 As model 1248 Carl Zeiss, FMD 3 Single 600 0.05 193-900 Digital 4-lamp turret, 2 7082 Oberkochen, stabilized power supplies.Wuerttemberg, Curve correction, auto West Germany zero, optional auto calibrate and background correction ki Corn i ng-E EL, EEL 140 Single 0-25 m modified 1180 3-5 Non-linear Single-lamp turret ? St.Andrews Works, E bert-Fastie meter Halstead, Essex, 9 England EEL 240 Single As EEL 140 1180 3.5 Meter 4-1amp turret; integration 5 c) Diano Corporation, Multi- Single Double grating 1200 1.5 0.2 190-800 Meter: x 10 3-lamp turret with 3 75 Forbes Boulevard, spec 0-25 m modified stabilized power supplies; Mansfield, Mass. 02048, 2-20 Czerny-Turner 4-way gas control; % T, U.S.A. abs.or concn. read-out 2 b 5 GCA/McPherson Instrument, EU 703 Single 1180 2.0 0.1 180-1000 Digital Modular; various R 530 Main St., Acton. detectors and gratings rr 2 Mass. 01720, U.S.A. 5 2 Hitachi Ltd., 208 Single Czerny-Turner 1440 1.8 Nissei Sangyo Co. Ltd., 15-12 Nishi-Shimbashi, 2-Chome, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan x 20 3-lamp turret: wavelength drive.Concn. read-out 5, 2.Instrumentation 453 Double; A. 0.33 m Ebert A. 1200 Laboratory inc., dual 113 Hartwell Avenue, beam B. 0.16 m Ebert B. 1200 Lexington, Mass. 02173, U.S.A. 1 nstrumentation Laboratory (U.K.) Ltd., 353 Double; A. 0-33 m Ebert A. 1200 Station House, dual B. Interference - Stamford New Road, beam filters Altrincham, Cheshire, England 251 Double 0.33 m Ebert 1200 151 Single 0.33 m Ebert 1200 A. 2.5 A. 0.03 A. 190-900 Digital; x 250 6-lamp turret, wavelength drive; integration, auto B. 5.0 B. 0.2 B, 190-900 zero and calibrate. Abs. or concn. read-out. Curve correction, auto back- ground correction and internal standard mode A. 2.5 A. 0.03 A. 190-900 Digital; x 250As model 453 - B. 2.5- B. 248-766 6.0 2 - 5 0.03 190-900 Digital; X 50 Integration; abs.or concn. read-out; auto zero, curve correction 2.5 0.03 190-900 Digital; X 50 As model 251 Jarrell-Ash/Fisher, 590 Lincoln Street, Waltham, Mass. 02154, U.S.A. V. A. Howe and Co. Ltd., 88 Peterborough Road, London, S.W.6, England Dial Atom I I 650 Atom- sorb 82-500 82-81 0 82-81 1 82-850 Single 0.25 m Czerny- 1180 3.3 Turner 190-900 Meter; x 10 2-lamp turret; f/7.5 aperture Single 0.25 m Czerny- 1180 3.3 Turner 190-900 Digital; x 10 Single 0.25 m Ebert 1180 Meter; x 20 Single 0-5 m Ebert 1180 x 20 Double; Two 0-4 m 1180 2.1 0.03 dual Ebert channel Double; Two 0.4 m 1180 2.1 0.03 dual Ebert channel Double 0.4 m Ebert, 2 gratings Digital Digital As Dial Atom II 6-lamp turret: f/3.6 Various optics available Wavelength scan; integration; auto zero As 82-810, plus computer- controlled read-out Computer-controlled parameters and measurements Jobin-Yvon, VARAF Single 0-465 m 1220 1.8 1 Rue du Canal, Czerny-Turner 91160 Longjumeau, France DELTA Single 0.6m Czerny- 1220 1.2 Turner Digital Digital Wavelength scan Ootica.Via Gargano 20139 Milan, 21, Italy 6000 Single 0.35 m Ebert Digital; x 50 Auto filter insertion, auto concn., integration.Flame temp. regulation. Pre- focussed water-cooled hollow-cathode lamps availableTable B COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETERS - continued Single/ Grating Reciprocal Supplier Model double Monochromalor lines dispersion/ Resolution Re:%?; Other features beam per mm nm per mm nm range/nm exmnsion Perkin-Elmer Corp., 103 Norwalk, Conn. 06856, U.S.A.Perkin-Elmer Ltd., 107 Post Office Lane, Beaconsfield, 360 Bucks. HP9 lQA, England 370 3056 306 503 Single 0.27 m Littrow Single 0.27 m Littrow Double 0-27 m Littrow Double 0.27 m Littrow Double 0.4 m Czerny- Turner Double 0-4 m Czerny- Turner Double 0-4 m Czerny- Turner 1800 1800 1800 1800 U.V. 2880 vis. 1440 U.V. 3880 vis. 1440 U.V. 2880 vis. 1440 1.6 0.2 190-860 Meter; x 50 1.6 0.2 190-860 Digital; x 50 1.6 0.2 190-860 Meter; x 50 and x 0.5 1.6 0.2 190-860 Digital: x 50 0.65 0-03 180-440 Meter; x 100 1.3 400-900 and x 0.5 All mirror optics: integration: auto zero and flame ignition As Model 103 All mirror optics; auto zero, gain control, flame ignition and optional nitrous oxide switching; integration; curve correction; peak reader As Model 360 All-mirror optics: auto zero and flame ignition: peak reader; integration: curve correction 0-65 0.03 180-440 Digital; x 100 As Model 3058 plus 1.3 400-900 and x 0.1 auto concn. 0.65 0.03 180-440 Digital; x 100 As Model 306 plus signal 1.3 400-900 and x 0.1 averaging: auto nitrous oxide switching; flame, pressure and burner head sensors Perkin-Elmer & Co. GmbH, 400s Double 0.33 m Czerny- 1800 1.3 0.2 190-860 Meter; x 50 Auto zero and flame Postfach 1120, Turner and X 0.2 ignition; integration 7770 Ueberlingen, West Germany 400 Double 0.33 m Czerny- 1800 1 - 3 0.2 190-860 Digital; x 50 As Model 400s plus auto Turner and X 0.2 concn.; curve correction ~ ~~ Pye Unicam Ltd., SP 191 Single Ebert 1200 3,3 e-2 190-850 Digital; x 25 4-lamp turret; auto zero York Strset, and x 0.1 and ignition; integration; Cambridge, CB1 2PX, curve correction England - SP 190 Single Ebert 1200 3.3 0.2 190-850 Digital; X 25 As Model 391 without and X 0.1 emission capability SP 1950 Double Ebert 1800 2.2 0.1 19s850 Digital; x 20 Auto zero and ignition; and x 0.1 integration: curve correction SP 1900 Double Ebert 1800 2.2 0.1 190-850 Digital; x 20 As Model 1950 plus and x 0.1 6-lamp turretRank Precison Industries Ltd., ATOM- Single Silica prism - 1 * 7 at Analytical Division, SPEK 200 nm Westwood Industrial Estate, H 1170 44-6 at Ramasate Road. 500 nm Meter 6-lamp turret Margate, Kent, CT9 4JL, England ATOM- Single Czerny-Turner 1200 2.6 0.1 190-850 Digital 6-lamp turret; auto zero SPEK and flame ignition; H 1550 curve correction; intearation Seiko Instruments, SAS 721 Single Tokyo, Japan SAS 740 Couble; dual channel Microcomputer and line printer ~~~ Shandon Southern A3600 Single 0.25 m Czerny- 632 6.0 0.2 190-860 Meter; x 25 Integration Instruments Ltd., Turner Frimley Road, Camberley, Surrey, GU16 5ET, England A3400 Single 0.25 m Czerny- 632 6.0 0.2 190-860 Meter; x 25 4-lamp turret; auto zero Shandon Labortechnik correction; integration GmbH, wavelength scan Frankfurt/Main 50, West Germany Turner and flame ignition; curve Shimadzo-Seisakusho Ltd., AA610 Single Czerny-Turner Meter; x 10 2-lamp turret; 14-5 Uchikana 1-chome, wavelength drive Chi yod a-Ku, AA610S Tokyo 101, Japan AA600 Varian Techtron Pty.Ltd., 1100/ Single 0.25 m Czerny- 1276 2.8 0.2 185-900 Meter/ 679 Springvale Road, 1200 Turner North SDrinsvale, Vic., Digital; x 50 Australia 3171 Varian Associates Ltd., 1150/ Single; 0.25 m Czerny- 1276 Russell House, 1250 dual Turner Molesey Road, channel Walton on Thames, Surrey, England AA6 Single; 0.51 m Ebert 638 Varian Instrument Div., channel 611 Hansen Way, Palo Alto, Calif. 94303, U.S.A. dual 2.8 3-3 0-2 185-900 Meter/ Digital; x 50 0.05 185-1000 Meter or digital; X 0.3-x 50 4-lamp turret; auto zero: integration; curve correction, peak reader; f/8 aperture As Models 1100/1200 plus simultaneous background correction Modular construction; 4-lamp turret; auto zero and correction; calibrate; integration; curve peak reader; f/10 aperture VEB Carl Zeiss Jena, AAS 1 Single 1300 1 - 5 190-820 Meter; x 10 4-lamp turret; auto zero. 69 Jena, Carl-Zeiss-Str. 1, optics German Democratic Republic Carl Zeiss Jena Ltd., 93/97 New Cavendish St., London W1A 2AR, England Single or triple pass ww Table C COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIZERS m Sensltivity for 1% abs. (S) c u Si Special features ","dS;E"),"1" Control unit Detection limlt (d.1.) Supplier Model Type Barnes Engineering Co., Glomax Tantalum strip 50 Programmable; d.1. 10-11 g N.S. Fits most AA spectro- 30 Commerce Road, dry, ash, atomize, (50 & I ) meters. Air-cooled: inert- Stamford, burn off. Max. gas and hydrogen Conn. 06902, U.S.A. temp. 2400°C shielding Beckman Instruments GmbH, 1268 8 Munich 45, Frankfurter Ring 115, Graphite furnace West Germany - I nstrumentation Laboratory Inc., lL355 113 Hartwell Avenue, Lexington, Mass. 02173, U.S.A. Tantalum strip iL455 Tungsten and graphite furnace 100 Programmable; d.1. 4 x 10-12 g d.1. 10-11 g dry, ash, atomize, (100 & I ) (100 fill burn off. Max. temp. 3100°C 50 Programmable; d.1. 10-11 g d.1. 10-8 g dry, atomize. Max. (25 p l ) (25 P I ) temp. 2700°C 80 Programmable; S. 2 x 10-11 g S. g six stages. Max. temp. 3500°C Water-cooled; inert-gas and hydrogen shielding. Safety feature for failure of water or purge gas Fits most AA spectro- meters.Air-cooled; inert- gas and hydrogen shielding. Maintains constant current during atom isat ion Safety interlock system. Automatic furnace cleaning ~~ Jarrell-Ash Fisher. MTA-2 Tantalum strip 50 Programmable; d.1. 2 x 10-12 g N.S. Fits most AA spectro- Waltham, Max. temp. 2400°C hydrogen shielding Mass. 02154, U.S.A. 590 Lincoln Street, dry, ash, atomize. (50 p I ) meters. Inert-gas and b 5 FLA 10 Graphite furnace 50 Programmable; d.1. 2 X g N.S. Fits most AA spectro- 7 2 S. & J. Juniper & Co., 110 Graphite furnace 50 Programmable: S. 3 X g N.S. Water-cooled; inert-gas & stages cover full ? temp. 3500°C temperature range - 3 Via Gargano 21, dry, ash, atomize (50 p l ) shielding 9 dry, ash, atomize.(5 pI) meters. Inert-gas shielding Max. temp. 2800°C but an air ash possible shielding. All programme $ - 7 Potter Street dry, ash, atomize, (10 p l ) Harlow, Essex, burn out. Max. England Optica S.A.S., CAT 6 Tantalum strip 50 Programmable; d.1. 10-rl g N.S. Water-cooled; inert-gas 20139 Milan, Italy Postfach 1120, 7770 Ueberlingen, atomize. Max. Water-cooled; inert-gas - 3 - L 3 k Perkin-Elmer & Co.GmbH, HGA 74 Graphite furnace 100 Programmable; d.1. 2 X g d.1. 5 x 10-11 g Fits Perkin-Elmer and - % West Germany temp. 2700°C shielding. Permits ramp ? dry, ash (21, (100 4) (100 PI) Zeiss AA spectrometers. 5 2 ashing, gas stop opera- Perkin-Elmer Corp., tion. Closed system. Norwalk, Safety feature for failure Conn. 06856, U.S.A. of water or purge gas w -.HGA 2100 Graphite furnace 100 Programmable; d.1. 2 x 10-12 g d.1. 5 x 10-11 g Water-cooled, inert-gas 5 dry, ash, atomize. (100 P I ) (100 PI) shielding. Gas-stop and * - Max. temp. 2800°C reduced gas flow opera- Y tion. Closed system. LI Constant current operation .. and direct temp. "r! calibration. Safety feature for failure of water or p\ purge gas a 2 Pye Unicam Ltd., Graphite furnace 100 Programmable; d.1. 4 x 10-12 g d.1. g Water-cooled; inert-gas .-r York Street, dry, ash, atomize, (100 P I ) (100 PI) and hydrogen shielding, $ England temp. 3100°C of water 0; purge gas 2 * - Cambridge CBI 2PX, burn off. Max. Safety feature for failure a Rank Precision Industries Ltd., H1975/ Graphite furnace 100 Programmable; S. 5 x 10-11 g N.S. Water-cooled; inert-gas 5 Analytical Division, FA256 dry, ash, wait, shielding 2 s 9 Shandon Southern A3470 Graphite rod 25 Programmable; d.1. 5 x 10-!2 g d.1. 6 x 10-11 g Fits selected AA spectro- 8 $ Westwood Industrial Estate, atomize. Max. Ramsgate Road, temp. 2600°C Margate, Kent, CT9 4JL, England -+ -. Instruments Ltd., dry, ash (21, ( 5 PI) (5 P I ) meters. Air-cooled; inert- Frimley Road, atomize. Max. gas shielding. Pyrolytic Camberley, Surrey, GU16 5ET. temp. 3000°C graphite coating for rods England available in situ. Flame- less accessory can be left in instrument during flame measurements Shimadzu-Seisakusho Ltd., GFA-1 Graphite furnace 14-5 Uchikana 1-Chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo 101, Japan Varian Techtron Pty. Ltd., 63 Graphite furnace 5 Programmable; d.1. 4 x 10-12 g d.1. 8 x 10-1' g Fits AA spectrometers 679 Springvale Road, dry, ash, atomize. (5 PI) (5 PI) with optical aperture f/8 North Springvale, Graphite cup 25 Max. temp. 3000°C or less. Water-cooled: Vic. 3171, Australia inert-gas and hydrogen shielding. Pyrolytic graphite coating on cups and tubes