MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRT. M i n e r a1 o g i c a1 C h em i s t ry. 17 Artificial Breithauptite from the Mechernich Lead Fur- naces. By A. BRAND (Zeit. Kryst. M ~ N . , 12, 234-239).-1n 1885 the author found a number of peculiar crystals in the clay used for stopping the tap-holes of the lead furnaces in which antimonial lead was smelted. They occur in all the furnaces ; the clay being pulverised and used again. It is therefore impossible to determine whether they were originally formed in the smelting of hard lead. The crystals were columnar, hexagonal prisms, 0.1 to 0.5 mrn. thick, and 5 to 26 mm. long. They were brittle, had an uneven fracture, adamantine lustre, steel-grey to copper-red colour, and greyish-brown streak. The hardness was 5 to 5.5, and the sp. gr. about 8.Analysis of carefully purified material gave the following results :- Sb. Ni. co. Pb. cu. Fe. Tntal. 65.46 29.67 1.12 1.39 0.16 1.45 99-25 The formula of the mineral ia thus NiSb. B. H. B. Chemical Composition of Butyrellite. By W. I. MACADAM (Min. Mag., 6, li5-180; Zeit. Kryst. Min., 12, 182).-Tn the in- vestigation of ten samples of bog-butter or butyrellite (Dana) from various localities in the peat bogs of Scotland and Ireland, the author found that the portion of the butyrellite soluble in ether corresponded in all respects with the substance obtained under like conditions from ordinary butter. This portion varies in the ten analyses from 91.52 to 98.94 per cent. The portion insoluble in ether, 0.38 to 4a.56 per cent., was slightly soluble in water, and gave evidence of the presence of milk-sugar.The portion insoluble in water contained nitrogen, and gave on combustion the peculiar odour of burning cheese. The ash or mineral portion, 0.01 to 0.36 per cent., contained traces of phos- phoric acid. These results, and the fact that a number of cow’s hairs were found in the samples, show that butyrellite has no claim to be called a mineral. It cannot be discussed how these masses found their way into the positions from which they are now obtained. It is, however, obvious that the material is not of mineral or even of resinous origin, but of undoubted animal derivation, and should therefore be erased from the list of minerals. B. H. B. Minerals from Vesuvius. By E. SCACCHI (Zeit. Rryst. Min., 12, 202-203).-1. Hydrogiobertite is the name given by the author to a new hydrated magnesium carbonate, which occurs in the form of grey, compact masses 2 to 15 mm.in diameter. With the lens, minute magnetite crystals are observed enclosed in the mass. The sp. gr. is 2.149 to 2,174. The loss on ignition amounted to 53.07 per cent. Of the sample, 0.507 gram contained 0.0025 gram of magnetite, and 0.022 gram of ferric oxide which was subtracted as limonite with the mag- netite. The results of the analysis were as follows :- VOL. LII. C18 ABSTRACTS OF OHEMICAL PAPERS. coz. MgO. H20. Total. 28-16 44.91 29.93 100~00 The formula of the new mineral is MgzCOa + 3H20. The? hydrogiobertite was discovered near Polleiia in a block of angitophyre very closely resembling lava. In the interior, the structnre was crystalline. On this Tock was a compact mixture of silicates (plagioclase, augite, and magnetite) with which the hydrogiobertite was associated.2. AZtered Aragonite.-In the mother-rock of the hydrogiobertite, described above, hexagonal prisms, 3-4 mm. long and 1-1.5 mm. broad were found. They are white and opaque, and for the most part soluble in acids ; the insoluble portion frequently preserving the original form of the crystal, or becoming divided longitudinally into prismatic fragments. On heating at 170", there wag a loss of 6.81 per cent. I n hydrochloric acid, 11.78 per cent. was insoluble; this portion was found to c6ntain 58.97 per cent. of silica with ferric oxide, alumina, and lime ; whilst the soluble portion consisted essentially of lime.The insoluble substance also occurs in the interior of the crystals. 3. Fluorspar.-A number of minute octahedral crystals occurring on a' lava from Pollena (187'3) were found to be fluorspar. This mineral has hitherto +en unknown in the lavas of Vesuvins and other volcanoes. Associated with the fluorspar are minute aciculw crystals of apatite. B. H. B. Chemical Constitution of Barytocalcite and Alstonite. By A. BECKER (Zeit. Kryst. Min., 12,222-227) .-The monoclinic baryto- calcite and the rhombic alstonite have hitherto been regarded as having the same chemical composition (BaC03 + CaCO,). The question now arises whether they should both be considered isomorph- ous mixtlures of BaCOs and CaCO,, or whether one of them is not a molecular compound of the two carbonatea with the formula BaCaC20s. Qroth regards barytocalcite as a moleciilar compound of this kind, whilst alstonite, he thinks, is an isomorphous mixture of equal amounts of the two salts.This view is confirmed experimentally by the author, who gives the following results of a series of analyses of the two minerals in question :- BaO. I. 30.09 11. 50.36 111. 51.59 IV. 44-69 V. 37.42 VI. 50.97 VII. 51.45 cso. 19.77 19.22 18-61 23.40 29.06 19 83 19.89 MnO. GOz. 0.35 29.52 0.25 29.44 0.35 29.39 0.29 31.71 0.30 32.21 - 29-65 0.20 29-52 Insol. ma. Total. - 99.73 0.30 99-37 0.28 103.22 - 100.09 - 98.98 0.25 100.70 I 101.06 All the specimens analysed were from Alston Moor. calcite, purchased from Pech of Berlin. I. Barytocalcite, purchased from Sturtz of Bonn.11. Baryto- 111. Bargtocalcite from theMINERALOGTCAL CHEMISTRY. 19 minem~ogica,l miasearn of the University of Leipziq. These three analpee correspond with the formula BaCO, + CaC03. IV. Alstonite from Pech of Berlin; formula, 3BaC0, + 4CsC0,. V. A second specimen of the same, formula BaCO, + 2CnCO3. VI. Alstonite, purchased from Gregory of London, formula BaC0, + CaCO,. VII. Alatonite from the mineralogical museum of the Uni- versity of Leipzig, formula BaC03 + CaC03. For the three specimens of barytocalcite analysed, the same formula (BaCO, + CaC03) is obtained; so that this mineral must be regarded as a, molecular compound ; whilst of the four specimens of alstonite analysed, two had the same formula (BaC03 + CaCO,), and the other two the formule 3BaCO3 + 4CaC0, and BaC03 + 2CaC03.Alston- ite, consequently, is undoubtedly an isomorphous mixture of the two carbonates. B. EL B. Chemical Composition of Herderite. By A. DES CLOIZEAVX and A. DAMOUR (Zeit. R y s t . Rfin., 12, ‘204).-Since Des Cloizeaux (Abstr., 1889, 827) establiahed the optical identity of the herdcrite crygtals from Sfoneham, Maine, and from Ehrenfriedersdorf, Saxony, C. Winkler (Abstr., 1884, 1102) bas given an analysis of the crystals from both localities, attributing tho loss to water, and not to fluorine. $ubseqnently F. A. Genth (Abstr., 1885, 488) found 8.93 per cent. of fluorine in the Stoneham herderite. These discordant rmults have induced the authors to make a fresh investigation, and their analysis ahowa the presence of a considerable amount of fluorine.The sp. gr. of the mineral examined was 2.98 (compare Abstr., 1885, 359). B. H, B. Minerals from Tuscany. By L. BUSATTI (Zeit. Kryst. Min., 12, 200-202) .-At Caprillone, near Montecatini, fine, large crystals of barytes are found in geodes in conglomerate and miocene marl-lime- stone. The crystals are opaque, porcelain-white at the edges, and reddish-yellow in the middle. In appearance, the crystals resemble *hose of celestine. Analysis gave the following results :- &. Ca. SO4. Total. 13p. gr. 37-82 0.24 41.09 99.15 4-38 The author also describes a twin-crystal of hsmatite from Rio in Elba, in the Pisa Museum, exhibiting the planes R, )R, -+R, gR3, +F2. The twinning axis is perpendicular to mR. Descriptions are also given of crystals of chlorite from Bottino in the Apnan Alps; quartz from the Cala, dell’ Allume ore-bed in the island of Giglio ; g p m m from the same locality ; pyrolusite from the manganese ore- bed of the Campese in the island of Giglio; and magnetite and epidofa from Romito.Rare Copper Minerals from Utah. By G. S. MACKENZIE (itfin. Mag., 6, 181-182; Zeit. Kryst. Mi%., 12, 182--183).-The author gives analyas of two minerals from the American Eagle Mine, Utah Territopy, occurring in intimate msociation with olivenite and other mppr compounds. B. H. B. The resnlts-of the analpes were as follows :- c 220 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. CuO. CaO. MgO. ZnO. Ag. Fez03 AI2O3. As20,. I. 28.59 19.67 0.61 2.75 0.29 0.45 - 39.80 11. 26.88 0.55 0.23 - - 26.94 1.17 34.62 P,O;. H20. COz. Quartz.Total. I. 0.20 5.55 (0.98) 1-11 100.00 11. - 9.25 - 0 - i l 100.35 I. Conichabiie in emerald-green globules. 11. Cheneviaite scat- tered in patches throughout such parts of the ore as occur in hard lumps, in a greenish opaque body with no lustre (compare Abstr., 1886, 516). B. H. B. Columbite. By E. S . DANA (Zeit. Kryst. Min., 12, 266-274).- I n 1861 Schrauf published his monograph on this mineral, in which the axial ratio is stat,ed tlo be a : b : c = 0.40744 : 1 : 0.33467. The aut,hor has now made an exhaustive investigation of the recently dis- covered crystals from Stnndish in Maine. He gives a list of the 13 planes observed, and finds the axial ratio to be a : b : c = 0.40234 : 1 : 0.35798. The angles calculated from this ratio, on the whole, agree better with those given by Dana (1837) and Des Cloizeaux (1851) than with those given by Schranf.The frequently repeatled question whether columbite does not belong to the mono- symmetric system like wolfram, is answered by the author in the negative. There can be no doubt that columbite crystallises in the rhombic system. B. H. B. Plagioclase from California. By I(. YON CHROUSTSCHOFF (Zeit. Kryst. Min., 12, 204-205) .-The felspar examined forms lmge dark tabular crystals in a hypersthenite from San-Diego. The angles made by tbe directions of extinction wit)h the edge formed by the faces OP and mPm, on clearage_plates taken parallel to OP is + 1" to + 2", on plates parallel to mPm +12". Analysis gave the following results :- SO2. A1203. CaO. Fe,03. MgO. K20. N%O. 65.17 21.04 1.20 0.74 0.04 1-70 9.20 Loss on ignition.Total. SP. gr. 0.80 99.89 2*6:)9 B. H. B. Oligoclase. By A. DES CLOIZEAUX and F. PISANI (Zeit. K y s f . Mil?,., 12, 204) .-A flesh-ccloured felspar from Telemarken (Norway) with a cleavage angle ~ P U O : OP, equal to 86" 30', proves to be an oligoclase of the first class (Abstr., 1886, 776). The extinction on plates parallel to OP is +I" to 2i0, parallel to OoPw +loo to 120. Analysis gave the following result,s (I) :- Loss on SiOz. AlL03. F~203. CaO. NafzO. E20. ignition. Total. Sp. p. I. 65.30 23.00 - 2.42 9.65 0.70 0.20 101.27 2.610 11. 62.25 24.80 0.25 4.90 7.80 0.80 0.20 101.00 2.628&IINERALOGFICA L CHEMISTRY. 21 For comparison, an analysis (It) of sunstone from Frederiksvarn (Zeit. Kryst. Min., 11, 648) was made.As in the sunstone from Tvedestrand, the percentage of ferric oxide is very small in spite of the large amount of hsmatite particles intermingled. Botryogene. By J. HOCKAUF (Zeit. R y s t . Min., 12, 240-254).- The author gives the results of two analyses of botryogene from the Vienna Museum. The specimen examined formerly belonged to Haidinger, and probably supplied the material for his original in- vestigations. The analytical resuits were as follows :- B. H. B. Fe,03. MnO. SO3. L,-v-- FeO. CaO. MgO. H20. Residue. Total. I. 37.1’2 18.31 2.24 0.75 7.91 34.10 0.34 100.77 Ii. 37.00 16-69 1.93 2-24! 1.06 7-40 34-10 0.30 100.72 The formula adopted by the author is 5R”S04 + 2(Fe,S,09) + 38H20. A mineral is frequently soId by the dealers as hotryagene, which is not identical with it.There is a specimen thus obtained in the Vienna Museum, an analysis of which gave the following results :- SO3. A1203. Fe20,. FeO. MnO. CaO. MgO. H20. Total. 33.53 4.52 1-93 2-09 2.34 0.79 5-44 48-68 99-32 B. H. B. (Compare Blaas, Abstr., 1884, 269, 1103 .) Flexibility of Itacolumite. By G. SPEZIA (Zeit. Kryst. Min., 12, 202).-The author was induced to test the accuracy of the general theory as t o the cause of tlhe flexibility of itacolumite by the fact that the flexible mica-like mineral occurs but spsrsely in the itacolumite of North Carolina. His observations show that the rock is flexible when it is composed exclusively of quartz-grains. Under the micro- scope each separate grain is seen to be distinctly flexible. This may also be observed in the coarsely granular itacolumite from Mariaiia in Brazil.The itacolumite examined is also Fery porous, as is shown by the rapid absorption of liquids. A prism weighing 186.444 grams absorbed 5.825 grams of distilled water, and had a volume of 73.5 c.c., of which 5.825 C.C. were of course taken up by the absorbed water, and thus represent the intergranular space. The tenacity of this itaco- lumite is also remarkable. The fracture of a prism 6-29 square cm. in section, by tension in the direction of the plane of cleavage and longi- tudinal axis of the flexible mica-like lamells, was effected with a load of 29.66 kilos. (= 67.06 lbs. per square inch). This tenacity is obviously due t o the twisting of the quartz-grains, whilst the porosity is due to their power of moving. Consequently, the flexibility of itacolumite may be explained mechanically from the form and relative position of the quartz-grains, without assuming a flexible mineral, This conclusion is in accordance with the author’s observations t h a t rectangular prisms cut in different directions exhibit uniform flexibility. R.H. €3. Volcanic Fragments from the Lake of Bracciano. By G. STR~VER (Zeit. Kryst. Mln., 12, 197-2OO).--Numerous volcanic22 ABSTRACTS OF OHEMICAL PAPERS. fragments have recently been discovered in the district between I’Anguillara and the Lake of Martignano, in the midst of an enormous heap of angular fragments of limestones, leucitio and tephritic lavas, leucite phonolites, and trachytes. Similar materials have been found at Monte S.Anqelo and near Cesano, in grey tuff. In these volcanic fragments, the following minerals have been found :-Pleonast, magne- tite, limonite, wollas tonite, pyroxene, hornblende, garnet, idocrase, humboldtilite, meroxene, sai-kolite, nepheline, hauyn, leucite, anor- thite, sanidine, titanite, apatite, and calcite. Of tbese minerals, sarkolite is the most interesting, as it has hitherto only been observed as a rare mineral in the Somma volcanic bombs. The crystals are 10 mm. long, 10 mm. broad, and 5 mm. deep. The combinations ob- served are OP. mPm. P, and OP. mPm. P. Ym. +P. mP. SP3. Frw- ture conchoidal, vitreous lustre, flesh colour or colourless, trnnslucen t to transparent, streak white, hardness 6, optically uniaxial, double refraction positive.B. H. B. Cosmical Powder which fell on the Cordilleras, near San Fernando, Chili. By A. E. NoRDENsmora (Compt. rend., 103, 686 -686).--This powder fell for about half an hour on the surface of fresh fallen snow on the Cordilleras, in November, 1883. During this month ~t peculiar red glow was observed in the sky in the evening, and the atmosphere was highly charged with electricity. The powder was collected by C. Stolp and forwarded to the author. It consists mainly of irregularly rounded reddish-bro wn grains, frequently agglomerated in somewhat large masses, which showed no signs of fusion, and dissolved, though slowly, in hydrochloric acid. The powder also contained a small quantity of annular scales, probably felspar and green hexagonal plates, which consisted chiefly of mica.No metallic iron as present. The powder had the following corn- position :-Fe203, 74.59 ; NiO, with traces of COO, 6.01 ; CuO, traces ; Y205, 0.63: SO,, 0.37; SiOz, 7.57: AlzOj, 2.90; CaO, 0.31; MgO, :3.88; loss on heating, 2.61 = 98-87. A small quantity of alkali is probably also present. The composition of the powder shows that it is not a product of the Krakatoa eruption, and is not of terrestrial origin. It is evidently of cosmical origin, but there is no proof that tlie red glow in the sky was in any way connected with the fall of the powder. C. H. B. Meteorite in a Tertiary Lignite. By GURLT, with Note by DAUBR~E (Conzpt. rend., 103, 702-703).--The meteorite was found in a block of tertiary lignite from Wolfsegg. It formed a rectangular parallelopiped 67 mm.by 62 mm. by 47 mm., and weighed 783 grams. The surlace showed cnpules similar to those observed on meteorites, and was covered with a thin layer of magnetic oxide of iron. The meteorite is a holosiderite, and contains carbon with a trace of nickel, but no quantitative analysis was made. It showed cubical cleavage, but a polished surface did not show Widmanstatt’s figures when treated with acid. Utiubde cousiders that the position of the meteorite and otherMINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 23 evidence proves that the '' meteorite " was deposited in the lignite during the formation of the latter. C . H. B. Note by Abstractor.-Lawrence Smith has shown (Abstr., 1879, 892) that the native iron found in the miocene lignites of Greenland is really of terrestrial origin.C. H. B. Andysis of Mineral Springs in Aegina, and Andros. By A. K. DAMBERGIS (Ber., 19, 2538-254O).-The water from Aegina springs from a calcareous rock, has a salt taste, and a temperature of 26"; sp. gr. at 12" = 1.009635; 10,000 C.C. of the water contain- Calcium sulphate .................. Sodium carbonate. ................. ,, chloride .................. Potassium chloride ................ Magnesium bromide. ............... ,, chloride.. .............. Calcium carbonate ................ Magnesium carbonate .............. Iron carbonate .................... Alumina.. ........................ Silica ............................ Carbonic anhydride (half combined) . Free carbonic anhydride ............ 12,3757 grams. 4-2400 ,) 84.0915 ,, 1,9455 ,, 0-3050 ,, 15.4679 ,, 0.8501 ,, 3.4391 ,, 0-0160 ,, 0.0200 ,, 0*1600* ,, 41004 ), 1.4150 ,, Traces of strontia, fluorine, iodine, nitric and phosphoric aoids, ammonia, lithia, and organic substances are also present in the water.The water of Andros has an agreeable taste, is colonrless and with- out odour ; it is used on account of its medicinal properties ; 10,000 C.C. of the water contain- &odium carbona te.................. Calcium ,, .................. Magnesium carbonate .............. Calcium sulphate .................. Sodium chloride .................. Potassium chloride ................ Magnesium ,, ................ Alumina, ......................... Silica ............................ Carbonic anhydride (half combined). . .......... 7, ,, (free) 0-12M6 gram.0.83000 ,, 0.25140 ,, 0.24010 ,, 1.11996 ,, 0.09586 ,, 0.18192 ,, 0 otjooo ,, 0.14400 ,, 0.54680 ,, 0.15640 ,, Traces of iron carbonate, ammonia, nitric and phosphoric acids, and organic substances were also found to be present. N. H. M.MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRT.M i n e r a1 o g i c a1 C h em i s t ry.17Artificial Breithauptite from the Mechernich Lead Fur-naces. By A. BRAND (Zeit. Kryst. M ~ N . , 12, 234-239).-1n 1885the author found a number of peculiar crystals in the clay used forstopping the tap-holes of the lead furnaces in which antimonial leadwas smelted. They occur in all the furnaces ; the clay being pulverisedand used again. It is therefore impossible to determine whether theywere originally formed in the smelting of hard lead.The crystalswere columnar, hexagonal prisms, 0.1 to 0.5 mrn. thick, and 5 to26 mm. long. They were brittle, had an uneven fracture, adamantinelustre, steel-grey to copper-red colour, and greyish-brown streak. Thehardness was 5 to 5.5, and the sp. gr. about 8. Analysis of carefullypurified material gave the following results :-Sb. Ni. co. Pb. cu. Fe. Tntal.65.46 29.67 1.12 1.39 0.16 1.45 99-25The formula of the mineral ia thus NiSb. B. H. B.Chemical Composition of Butyrellite. By W. I. MACADAM(Min. Mag., 6, li5-180; Zeit. Kryst. Min., 12, 182).-Tn the in-vestigation of ten samples of bog-butter or butyrellite (Dana) fromvarious localities in the peat bogs of Scotland and Ireland, the authorfound that the portion of the butyrellite soluble in ether correspondedin all respects with the substance obtained under like conditions fromordinary butter.This portion varies in the ten analyses from 91.52 to98.94 per cent. The portion insoluble in ether, 0.38 to 4a.56 per cent.,was slightly soluble in water, and gave evidence of the presence ofmilk-sugar. The portion insoluble in water contained nitrogen, andgave on combustion the peculiar odour of burning cheese. The ashor mineral portion, 0.01 to 0.36 per cent., contained traces of phos-phoric acid. These results, and the fact that a number of cow’s hairswere found in the samples, show that butyrellite has no claim to becalled a mineral. It cannot be discussed how these masses foundtheir way into the positions from which they are now obtained.It is,however, obvious that the material is not of mineral or even ofresinous origin, but of undoubted animal derivation, and shouldtherefore be erased from the list of minerals. B. H. B.Minerals from Vesuvius. By E. SCACCHI (Zeit. Rryst. Min., 12,202-203).-1. Hydrogiobertite is the name given by the author to anew hydrated magnesium carbonate, which occurs in the form ofgrey, compact masses 2 to 15 mm. in diameter. With the lens, minutemagnetite crystals are observed enclosed in the mass. The sp. gr. is2.149 to 2,174. The loss on ignition amounted to 53.07 per cent. Ofthe sample, 0.507 gram contained 0.0025 gram of magnetite, and 0.022gram of ferric oxide which was subtracted as limonite with the mag-netite.The results of the analysis were as follows :-VOL. LII. 18 ABSTRACTS OF OHEMICAL PAPERS.coz. MgO. H20. Total.28-16 44.91 29.93 100~00The formula of the new mineral is MgzCOa + 3H20.The? hydrogiobertite was discovered near Polleiia in a block ofangitophyre very closely resembling lava. In the interior, the structnrewas crystalline. On this Tock was a compact mixture of silicates(plagioclase, augite, and magnetite) with which the hydrogiobertitewas associated.2. AZtered Aragonite.-In the mother-rock of the hydrogiobertite,described above, hexagonal prisms, 3-4 mm. long and 1-1.5 mm.broad were found. They are white and opaque, and for the mostpart soluble in acids ; the insoluble portion frequently preserving theoriginal form of the crystal, or becoming divided longitudinally intoprismatic fragments.On heating at 170", there wag a loss of 6.81 percent. I n hydrochloric acid, 11.78 per cent. was insoluble; thisportion was found to c6ntain 58.97 per cent. of silica with ferric oxide,alumina, and lime ; whilst the soluble portion consisted essentially oflime. The insoluble substance also occurs in the interior of thecrystals.3. Fluorspar.-A number of minute octahedral crystals occurringon a' lava from Pollena (187'3) were found to be fluorspar. Thismineral has hitherto +en unknown in the lavas of Vesuvins andother volcanoes. Associated with the fluorspar are minute aciculwcrystals of apatite. B. H. B.Chemical Constitution of Barytocalcite and Alstonite. ByA. BECKER (Zeit.Kryst. Min., 12,222-227) .-The monoclinic baryto-calcite and the rhombic alstonite have hitherto been regarded ashaving the same chemical composition (BaC03 + CaCO,). Thequestion now arises whether they should both be considered isomorph-ous mixtlures of BaCOs and CaCO,, or whether one of them is nota molecular compound of the two carbonatea with the formulaBaCaC20s. Qroth regards barytocalcite as a moleciilar compound ofthis kind, whilst alstonite, he thinks, is an isomorphous mixture ofequal amounts of the two salts. This view is confirmed experimentallyby the author, who gives the following results of a series of analysesof the two minerals in question :-BaO.I. 30.0911. 50.36111. 51.59IV. 44-69V. 37.42VI. 50.97VII. 51.45cso.19.7719.2218-6123.4029.0619 8319.89MnO.GOz.0.35 29.520.25 29.440.35 29.390.29 31.710.30 32.21- 29-650.20 29-52Insol. ma. Total. - 99.730.30 99-370.28 103.22 - 100.09- 98.980.25 100.70I 101.06All the specimens analysed were from Alston Moor.calcite, purchased from Pech of Berlin.I. Barytocalcite, purchased from Sturtz of Bonn. 11. Baryto-111. Bargtocalcite from thMINERALOGTCAL CHEMISTRY. 19minem~ogica,l miasearn of the University of Leipziq. These threeanalpee correspond with the formula BaCO, + CaC03.IV. Alstonite from Pech of Berlin; formula, 3BaC0, + 4CsC0,.V. A second specimen of the same, formula BaCO, + 2CnCO3.VI. Alstonite, purchased from Gregory of London, formula BaC0, +CaCO,. VII.Alatonite from the mineralogical museum of the Uni-versity of Leipzig, formula BaC03 + CaC03.For the three specimens of barytocalcite analysed, the same formula(BaCO, + CaC03) is obtained; so that this mineral must be regardedas a, molecular compound ; whilst of the four specimens of alstoniteanalysed, two had the same formula (BaC03 + CaCO,), and the othertwo the formule 3BaCO3 + 4CaC0, and BaC03 + 2CaC03. Alston-ite, consequently, is undoubtedly an isomorphous mixture of the twocarbonates. B. EL B.Chemical Composition of Herderite. By A. DES CLOIZEAVXand A. DAMOUR (Zeit. R y s t . Rfin., 12, ‘204).-Since Des Cloizeaux(Abstr., 1889, 827) establiahed the optical identity of the herdcritecrygtals from Sfoneham, Maine, and from Ehrenfriedersdorf, Saxony,C.Winkler (Abstr., 1884, 1102) bas given an analysis of the crystalsfrom both localities, attributing tho loss to water, and not to fluorine.$ubseqnently F. A. Genth (Abstr., 1885, 488) found 8.93 per cent. offluorine in the Stoneham herderite. These discordant rmults haveinduced the authors to make a fresh investigation, and their analysisahowa the presence of a considerable amount of fluorine. The sp. gr.of the mineral examined was 2.98 (compare Abstr., 1885, 359).B. H, B.Minerals from Tuscany. By L. BUSATTI (Zeit. Kryst. Min., 12,200-202) .-At Caprillone, near Montecatini, fine, large crystals ofbarytes are found in geodes in conglomerate and miocene marl-lime-stone. The crystals are opaque, porcelain-white at the edges, andreddish-yellow in the middle.In appearance, the crystals resemble*hose of celestine. Analysis gave the following results :-&. Ca. SO4. Total. 13p. gr.37-82 0.24 41.09 99.15 4-38The author also describes a twin-crystal of hsmatite from Rio inElba, in the Pisa Museum, exhibiting the planes R, )R, -+R, gR3,+F2. The twinning axis is perpendicular to mR. Descriptions arealso given of crystals of chlorite from Bottino in the Apnan Alps;quartz from the Cala, dell’ Allume ore-bed in the island of Giglio ;g p m m from the same locality ; pyrolusite from the manganese ore-bed of the Campese in the island of Giglio; and magnetite andepidofa from Romito.Rare Copper Minerals from Utah. By G. S. MACKENZIE (itfin.Mag., 6, 181-182; Zeit. Kryst. Mi%., 12, 182--183).-The authorgives analyas of two minerals from the American Eagle Mine, UtahTerritopy, occurring in intimate msociation with olivenite and othermppr compounds.B.H. B.The resnlts-of the analpes were as follows :-c 20 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.CuO. CaO. MgO. ZnO. Ag. Fez03 AI2O3. As20,.I. 28.59 19.67 0.61 2.75 0.29 0.45 - 39.8011. 26.88 0.55 0.23 - - 26.94 1.17 34.62P,O;. H20. COz. Quartz. Total.I. 0.20 5.55 (0.98) 1-11 100.0011. - 9.25 - 0 - i l 100.35I. Conichabiie in emerald-green globules. 11. Cheneviaite scat-tered in patches throughout such parts of the ore as occur in hardlumps, in a greenish opaque body with no lustre (compare Abstr.,1886, 516). B. H. B.Columbite. By E. S . DANA (Zeit. Kryst. Min., 12, 266-274).-I n 1861 Schrauf published his monograph on this mineral, in whichthe axial ratio is stat,ed tlo be a : b : c = 0.40744 : 1 : 0.33467.Theaut,hor has now made an exhaustive investigation of the recently dis-covered crystals from Stnndish in Maine. He gives a list of the13 planes observed, and finds the axial ratio to be a : b : c =0.40234 : 1 : 0.35798. The angles calculated from this ratio, on thewhole, agree better with those given by Dana (1837) and DesCloizeaux (1851) than with those given by Schranf. The frequentlyrepeatled question whether columbite does not belong to the mono-symmetric system like wolfram, is answered by the author in thenegative. There can be no doubt that columbite crystallises in therhombic system.B. H. B.Plagioclase from California. By I(. YON CHROUSTSCHOFF (Zeit.Kryst. Min., 12, 204-205) .-The felspar examined forms lmge darktabular crystals in a hypersthenite from San-Diego. The anglesmade by tbe directions of extinction wit)h the edge formed by the facesOP and mPm, on clearage_plates taken parallel to OP is + 1" to + 2",on plates parallel to mPm +12". Analysis gave the followingresults :-SO2. A1203. CaO. Fe,03. MgO. K20. N%O.65.17 21.04 1.20 0.74 0.04 1-70 9.20Loss onignition. Total. SP. gr.0.80 99.89 2*6:)9 B. H. B.Oligoclase. By A. DES CLOIZEAUX and F. PISANI (Zeit. K y s f .Mil?,., 12, 204) .-A flesh-ccloured felspar from Telemarken (Norway)with a cleavage angle ~ P U O : OP, equal to 86" 30', proves to be anoligoclase of the first class (Abstr., 1886, 776).The extinction onplates parallel to OP is +I" to 2i0, parallel to OoPw +loo to 120.Analysis gave the following result,s (I) :-Loss onSiOz. AlL03. F~203. CaO. NafzO. E20. ignition. Total. Sp. p.I. 65.30 23.00 - 2.42 9.65 0.70 0.20 101.27 2.61011. 62.25 24.80 0.25 4.90 7.80 0.80 0.20 101.00 2.62&IINERALOGFICA L CHEMISTRY. 21For comparison, an analysis (It) of sunstone from Frederiksvarn(Zeit. Kryst. Min., 11, 648) was made. As in the sunstone fromTvedestrand, the percentage of ferric oxide is very small in spite ofthe large amount of hsmatite particles intermingled.Botryogene. By J. HOCKAUF (Zeit. R y s t . Min., 12, 240-254).-The author gives the results of two analyses of botryogene from theVienna Museum.The specimen examined formerly belonged toHaidinger, and probably supplied the material for his original in-vestigations. The analytical resuits were as follows :-B. H. B.Fe,03. MnO.SO3. L,-v-- FeO. CaO. MgO. H20. Residue. Total.I. 37.1’2 18.31 2.24 0.75 7.91 34.10 0.34 100.77Ii. 37.00 16-69 1.93 2-24! 1.06 7-40 34-10 0.30 100.72The formula adopted by the author is 5R”S04 + 2(Fe,S,09) +38H20. A mineral is frequently soId by the dealers as hotryagene,which is not identical with it. There is a specimen thus obtained in theVienna Museum, an analysis of which gave the following results :-SO3. A1203. Fe20,. FeO. MnO. CaO. MgO. H20. Total.33.53 4.52 1-93 2-09 2.34 0.79 5-44 48-68 99-32B. H. B. (Compare Blaas, Abstr., 1884, 269, 1103 .)Flexibility of Itacolumite. By G.SPEZIA (Zeit. Kryst. Min., 12,202).-The author was induced to test the accuracy of the generaltheory as t o the cause of tlhe flexibility of itacolumite by the fact thatthe flexible mica-like mineral occurs but spsrsely in the itacolumiteof North Carolina. His observations show that the rock is flexiblewhen it is composed exclusively of quartz-grains. Under the micro-scope each separate grain is seen to be distinctly flexible. This mayalso be observed in the coarsely granular itacolumite from Mariaiia inBrazil. The itacolumite examined is also Fery porous, as is shown bythe rapid absorption of liquids. A prism weighing 186.444 gramsabsorbed 5.825 grams of distilled water, and had a volume of 73.5 c.c.,of which 5.825 C.C.were of course taken up by the absorbed water, andthus represent the intergranular space. The tenacity of this itaco-lumite is also remarkable. The fracture of a prism 6-29 square cm. insection, by tension in the direction of the plane of cleavage and longi-tudinal axis of the flexible mica-like lamells, was effected with a loadof 29.66 kilos. (= 67.06 lbs. per square inch). This tenacity isobviously due t o the twisting of the quartz-grains, whilst the porosityis due to their power of moving. Consequently, the flexibility ofitacolumite may be explained mechanically from the form and relativeposition of the quartz-grains, without assuming a flexible mineral,This conclusion is in accordance with the author’s observations t h a trectangular prisms cut in different directions exhibit uniform flexibility.R.H. €3.Volcanic Fragments from the Lake of Bracciano. By G.STR~VER (Zeit. Kryst. Mln., 12, 197-2OO).--Numerous volcani22 ABSTRACTS OF OHEMICAL PAPERS.fragments have recently been discovered in the district betweenI’Anguillara and the Lake of Martignano, in the midst of an enormousheap of angular fragments of limestones, leucitio and tephritic lavas,leucite phonolites, and trachytes. Similar materials have been foundat Monte S. Anqelo and near Cesano, in grey tuff. In these volcanicfragments, the following minerals have been found :-Pleonast, magne-tite, limonite, wollas tonite, pyroxene, hornblende, garnet, idocrase,humboldtilite, meroxene, sai-kolite, nepheline, hauyn, leucite, anor-thite, sanidine, titanite, apatite, and calcite.Of tbese minerals,sarkolite is the most interesting, as it has hitherto only been observedas a rare mineral in the Somma volcanic bombs. The crystals are10 mm. long, 10 mm. broad, and 5 mm. deep. The combinations ob-served are OP. mPm. P, and OP. mPm. P. Ym. +P. mP. SP3. Frw-ture conchoidal, vitreous lustre, flesh colour or colourless, trnnslucen tto transparent, streak white, hardness 6, optically uniaxial, doublerefraction positive. B. H. B.Cosmical Powder which fell on the Cordilleras, near SanFernando, Chili. By A. E. NoRDENsmora (Compt. rend., 103, 686-686).--This powder fell for about half an hour on the surface offresh fallen snow on the Cordilleras, in November, 1883.Duringthis month ~t peculiar red glow was observed in the sky in theevening, and the atmosphere was highly charged with electricity.The powder was collected by C. Stolp and forwarded to the author.It consists mainly of irregularly rounded reddish-bro wn grains,frequently agglomerated in somewhat large masses, which showed nosigns of fusion, and dissolved, though slowly, in hydrochloric acid.The powder also contained a small quantity of annular scales, probablyfelspar and green hexagonal plates, which consisted chiefly of mica.No metallic iron as present. The powder had the following corn-position :-Fe203, 74.59 ; NiO, with traces of COO, 6.01 ; CuO, traces ;Y205, 0.63: SO,, 0.37; SiOz, 7.57: AlzOj, 2.90; CaO, 0.31; MgO,:3.88; loss on heating, 2.61 = 98-87.A small quantity of alkali isprobably also present.The composition of the powder shows that it is not a product ofthe Krakatoa eruption, and is not of terrestrial origin. It is evidentlyof cosmical origin, but there is no proof that tlie red glow in the skywas in any way connected with the fall of the powder.C. H. B.Meteorite in a Tertiary Lignite. By GURLT, with Note byDAUBR~E (Conzpt. rend., 103, 702-703).--The meteorite was foundin a block of tertiary lignite from Wolfsegg. It formed a rectangularparallelopiped 67 mm. by 62 mm. by 47 mm., and weighed 783 grams.The surlace showed cnpules similar to those observed on meteorites,and was covered with a thin layer of magnetic oxide of iron. Themeteorite is a holosiderite, and contains carbon with a trace of nickel,but no quantitative analysis was made.It showed cubical cleavage,but a polished surface did not show Widmanstatt’s figures whentreated with acid.Utiubde cousiders that the position of the meteorite and otheMINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 23evidence proves that the '' meteorite " was deposited in the ligniteduring the formation of the latter. C . H. B.Note by Abstractor.-Lawrence Smith has shown (Abstr., 1879,892) that the native iron found in the miocene lignites of Greenlandis really of terrestrial origin. C. H. B.Andysis of Mineral Springs in Aegina, and Andros. ByA. K. DAMBERGIS (Ber., 19, 2538-254O).-The water from Aeginasprings from a calcareous rock, has a salt taste, and a temperature of26"; sp. gr. at 12" = 1.009635; 10,000 C.C. of the water contain-Calcium sulphate ..................Sodium carbonate. .................,, chloride ..................Potassium chloride ................Magnesium bromide. ...............,, chloride.. ..............Calcium carbonate ................Magnesium carbonate ..............Iron carbonate ....................Alumina.. ........................Silica ............................Carbonic anhydride (half combined) .Free carbonic anhydride ............12,3757 grams.4-2400 ,)84.0915 ,,1,9455 ,,0-3050 ,,15.4679 ,,0.8501 ,,3.4391 ,,0-0160 ,,0.0200 ,,0*1600* ,,41004 ),1.4150 ,,Traces of strontia, fluorine, iodine, nitric and phosphoric aoids,ammonia, lithia, and organic substances are also present in thewater.The water of Andros has an agreeable taste, is colonrless and with-out odour ; it is used on account of its medicinal properties ; 10,000C.C. of the water contain-&odium carbona te..................Calcium ,, ..................Magnesium carbonate ..............Calcium sulphate ..................Sodium chloride ..................Potassium chloride ................Magnesium ,, ................Alumina, .........................Silica ............................Carbonic anhydride (half combined). . .......... 7, ,, (free)0-12M6 gram.0.83000 ,,0.25140 ,,0.24010 ,,1.11996 ,,0.09586 ,,0.18192 ,,0 otjooo ,,0.14400 ,,0.54680 ,,0.15640 ,,Traces of iron carbonate, ammonia, nitric and phosphoric acids, andorganic substances were also found to be present. N. H. M