Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 10 to 20 children per 10 000. A comprehensive clinical assessment and medical examination are important features that enable an accurate diagnosis to be made. The treatment of autism should be multimodal, involving a combination of structured and special educational techniques, individual behavioural modification, hometraining, family counselling and placement in special schools or daycare centres. Drug treatment can play an important role in the treatment of maladaptive and distressing target symptoms, such as hyperactivity, aggression, excitement, negativism, and ritualised, stereotyped or self-injurious behaviours.