Present-day boll weevil,Anthonomus grandisBoheman, problems in the northern Rolling Plains of Texas are linked to shelterbelt plantings made during the late 1930's. Available evidence suggests that boll weevil populations surviving the winter in 0.6 ha of shelterbelt litter may infest and reach damaging levels in 13.2 ha of cotton by mid-Aug. Where heavy sustained boll weevil infestations are not controlled, an estimated $1786 is lost due to yield reduction in the 13.2 ha. Several potential solutions to the boll weevil problem are presented. These soiutions include habitat destruction or management, and the use of insecticides, biotic agents, and fire. The use of these techniques is extended to the management of other habitat types such as rangeland shinnery oak,Quercus havardiiRybd. An impending move to renew shelterbelt plantings, particularly in the High Plains where boll weevils do not overwinter, is discussed. The lessons learned in the Rolling Plains regarding the interaction between boll weevils, shelterbelts, and colton should be taken as a serious guideline to the management of new shelterbelt plantings.