The effect of ciclosporin (CS) and methotrexate (MTX) on the development of graft-versus-host (GvH) disease was examined after small bowel allotransplantation in the rat. The drugs were tested either alone or in combination. Lewis small bowel allografts were transplantated into Brown Norway recipients in a heterotopic position. The native small bowel, spleen, liver, skin, mesenteric lymph nodes and the kidney of the recipients were examined histologically 5, 10 and 20 days after allotransplantation. Intraepithelial lymphocyte numbers were determined quantitatively in the native small bowel. The relative spleen weight of the host was detemined after sacrifice for estimation of the severity of GvH disease. Grade I GvH reaction of the native small bowel occurred in the animals without immunosuppression, but graft rejection predominated in this group. Treatment with CS was effective in the early postoperative period; after 10 and 20 days GvH lesions in the native small bowel were comparable to those observed in the allogeneic combinations. MTX had a detrimental effect on the allografts and the GvH reaction was augmented. When CS and MTX were combined, GvH lesions were comparable to those in the animals treated solely with CS. Animals, however, suffered from heavy side effects. The spleen, liver, lymph nodes and kidney exhibited only unspecific histologic changes, which could not unequivocally be recognized as a GvH reaction. This was true for all groups. As a conclusion it can be said that GvH reaction occurs in the early postoperative period in a fully allogeneic model and cannot be prevented by CS in the dosae used. MTX was not seen to be of any value in this regard.