MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 13 M i n e r a l o g i c a l C h e m i s t r y . Cobalt-glance. By P. GROTH (Jahrb. f. Min., 1878, 864-865). -In addition to the forms already known to occur on cobalt-glance, the author has observed two dyakisdodecahedrons, two trapezohedrons, and one triakisoctohedron. On cobalt-glance from Tunaberg, Sweden, he observed the following. combinations, viz. :- v m02 (1.) 9 . o . mom . 30+. - (2.) . 0. $0.2. +o+. 'L m 0 2 * 0 . 2 20% . - 2 - . o . 2 m02 20" (3.) 2 2 Crystals from Skutterud, near Modurn, in Norway, exhibited the following forms in combination, viz. : s2 . 0 . 20. 2 C. A. B. Cobalt-speis. By P. GROTH (Jahrb. f. Nin., 1878, 865).-Hitherto it has been considered doubtful whether the crystals of this mineral were holohedral or hemihedral, but the author has succeeded in prov-14 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. ing the occurrence of pentagon dodecahedrons, and consequently the isomorphism of cobalt-speis and iron pyrites.On one crystal of cobalt- speis from Wolkenstein - and m* were observed. A large crystal from Schneeberg exhibited the following forms in combina- tion, viz. : mom. 0 . COO . 202 . m03 - and a dyskisdodecahedron, which couId not be more nearly determined. Sulphide of Silver (Silber-kies). By A. WEISBACH ( J ~ h r b . f. Xin., 1878,866) .-Argyropyrites ( Ag3Fe7S11) occupy an intermediate position, chemically speaking, between sternbergite (Ag,Fe6Sg) and argentopyrites (Ag3Fe9Su), and the same fact is observed in regard to its physical properties. Argentopyrites crystallises in the rhomhic system, the crystals from Marienberg being but small, whilst those from Freiberg attained a length of 3 mm.The prisms were terminated either by the basal terminal plane, which was macrodiagonally striated, or else log an obtuse pyramid, the Freiberg crystals being characterised also by a very distinet basal cleavage. The crystals exhibiting the obtuse pyramids in combination were probably “ penetration trillings.” mO5 2 2 ’ C. A. B. C. A. B. Bismuth Minerals from Norberg’s Mine, Wermland. By H. SJOGREX (Ber., 12, 1723).-Bismuth occurs in Wermland : lst, native, mixed with galena and pyrites; 2nd, as bjelkite, 2PbS.Bi2S,; and 3rd, as the new mineral gdenobismuthite, PbS.Bi,S,, W. C. W. Polysynthetical Twin-crystals of Oriental Spinelle. By J. STRGVER (Jahrb..f. Min,., 1878, 865-866).-This paper can only be thoroughly understood by reference to the drawings given. The author concludes that there are three groups of polysynthetical spinelle crystals, viz. : (1.) Those with one twin-axis in common. (2.) Those in which the twin-axes are not parallel to each other, but in which the “ twin-face ” is common to all, for instance, 8 form composed of three individuals having a face of cm0 in common, as twin-plane, and two of their twin-axes parallel to that face. Trillings were also observed resembling a tetrahedron, owing to the predomi- nation of an individual having a tetrahedral development. Some- times groups composed of four individuals were observed, having all the twin-axes parallel with the Qwin-planes (m0).(3.) Those in which there is no parallelism in the twin-axes, nor a twin-plane corn- mon to all the forms. C. A. B. Manganite. By P. GROTH (Jahrb. f. M k , 1878, 863--864).-The finest crystals of this mineral are found a,t Weld, and are characterised by the great number of forms occurring in combination. According to Haidinger, the hemihedry of this mineral is peculiar t o the pyramid 9 PZ, a fact which appears all the more singular when the great number of pyramids observed on manganite is taken into considera-MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 15 tion, and also that, in the case of the isomorphous mineral goethite, no such occurrence is observed. The author, on the contrary, did not observe a single instance of hemihedry, or even twins according to the law “ the twin-plane mP&,” although he examined one of the finest collections of Ilfeld manganite crystals.The results of his investiga- tion are briefly as follows :-1. Manganite must be considered as a holohedral mineral, hemihedral combinations being very rare. 2. Man- ganite crystals can be divided into four types, the first two being characterised by an almost entire absence of twins, according to the law “ the twin-plane a face of P& ” and the occurrence of intermediate forms, whilst the last two types are characterised by the crystals occurring nearly always as twins according to the above-mentioned law, and a more sharply-defined distinction of the types from each other. The following table will show this more clearly:- A. Long prismatic Type I. Prisms, and basal terminal plane pre- dominating. Type 11.Prisms, with macropyramids as termi- nals. (Type 111. Twins, with somewhat numerous I forms in combination, the basal terminal plane and obtuse macrodomes predominating. Short prismatic< Type IV. Twins, with very numerous forms I in combination, macropyramids predominat- From the above table it seems probable that an intimate connection exists between the twin formation and the number of forms occurring in combination. Occurrence of Manganese in Nordmark’s Mine, Wermland. By A. SJOGREN (Ber., 12, 1723).-1n this locality manganese is found as manganosite, MnO ; pyrochroite, MnOH,O ; hausmannite and manganese-spar, together with brucite, heavy spar, hornblende, and c ing. The third and fourth types are the rarest.C. A. B. garne t. w. c. w. Vanadinite. By T. NORVSTROM (Ber., 12, 1723).-Vandanite has been fouxd in the Undenas manganese dioxide mine in West Goth- land. A mineral has also been discovered a t Fahlun, containing 5 per cent. of selenium. w. c. w. Titanates from Smgland. By C. W. BLOMSTRAKP (Ber., 12, 1721 -1 723).-The following minerals were found a t Slattgkra, Alsheda, occurring in coarse granite :-1. Polycrase. 2. Titanqerous imn ore, remarkable on account of the water it contained ; and 3. A new mineral abhedite, which appears to occupy an intermediate position as regards composition between yttrotitanite and gr oothite. In this compound titanium dioxide plays the part of a base. w. c. w. Pseudomorphs of Calcite after Aragonite. By G. TOM RATH (Jahrb. f. A f i n ., 1878, 863).-The crystals in question came from Schemnitz, and were from 10 to 20 cm. in length and from 4 to 6 cm.16 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. in breadth: they were terminated apparently by a brachydome, the space originally filled by aragode being taken up by calcite. One specimen, 7 cm. long, 4 cm. broad, and from 2 to 3 cm. thick, con- sisted of the outter shell of an aragonite crystal, which was built lip out of an aggregate of small, well-developed calcite crystals, exhibiting the following forms in combination, viz. : R3. - +R.mR, the crystals not occupying any regular position with regard to the original arago- nite crystal. C. A, B. Crystal-system of Leucite. By J. HIRSCHWALD (Jahrb. f. Miia., 1878, 867).-Hirschwald stated in a former paper that leucite might be considered as a mineral crystallising in the regular system, with a polysymmetrical development in the sense of the quadratic system.From further investigations he arrives a t the conclusion that a dif- ference in opinion aboui; the practical relationships of leacite is possible in the two following cases only, viz. :--1. Is the polysynthetical twin- formation a complete dodecahedra1 one, or does it only represent the faces of the pyramid ? 2. Have the imbedded crystals the interfacial angles (winkelwerthern) of 202, or have the apparently regular forms, without exception, the angles of the acuter lateral edge of the eight- sided pyramid ? Hirschwald considers that he has found a complete answer to these questions in the results of his investigations, and states that the imbedded leucite crystals have undoubtedly the interfacial angles of 202, whilst the optical properties prove a complete dodeca- hedral twin-formation.C. A. B. Composition of Eclogite. By E. R. RIESS (Jahrb.f. Mi%., 1878, 877) .-Eclogite is a non-felspathic crystalline rock which, in its simplest forms, consists of omphazite and garnet, whilst the varieties of this rock are produced by the occurrence of quartz, hornblende, cyanite, zoisite, or mica. The accessory minerals are zircon, apatite, titanite, epidote, iron-pyrites, magnetic iron-pyrites, and magnetite. Omphazite occurs as'an angite in short, thin prisms of a grass-green colour ; the rare smaragdite as a green hornblendic mineral. The garnet often contains numerous enclosures of zircon, quartz, &c., and is occasionally decomposed. Zircon occurs enclosed in large amount (in reddish-brown grains or greyish-yellow prisms, exhibiting P with mP and mPm, also twins, parallel to a face of Pm) i n the garnet and omphazite.The true eclogite is found imbedded in the strata of the crvstalline slates. and is often intimatelv associated with hornblendic .I d plagioclase garnet-rocks, but not with those containing omphaaite. C. A. B. Thaumasite. By G. LINDSTROM (Bey., 12, 1723).-This new mineral, having" the composition CaOSiOz + CaC03 + CaS04 + 14H20, is found in the Areskutan mountains in Jutland. w. c. w. Manganese-nodules from the Bed of the Pacific Ocean. By C. W. GEMBEL ( J u h ~ b . f. Mirz., 1878, 869--870).-These nodules were collected a t a depth of 2740 fathoms, between Japan and the Sandwich Islands, by the " Challenger" Expedition, They were either round or long in shape, with a dull, dirty-brown coloured surface, andMINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 17 enclosed fragments of pumice-stone, and more rarely teeth of shai-ks or fragments of mussels, A microscopical examination showed that organic life had nothing t o do with their formation, which was due to a, mechanical concretion of inorganic matter ; a kind of oolitic forma- tion on a large scale.The pumice-stone was most probably the result of submarine eruptions; it was trachytic in character, and there was evidence to show that it had lain for a considerable space of time in muddy water, which penetrated it eventually, and left behind a depo- sition of manganese oxide.The author believes that the nodules in question derived some of their constituents from submarine springs, whilst their form can be accounted for by the action of the waves. An analysis gave the following results :- Fe,O,%. MnOz. HzO. SiO,. A1,0,. Na20. 27.460 23.600 17.819 16.030 10*210 2.3.58 c1. CaO. TiO,. so3. &O. MgO . 0.941 0.920 0.660 0.494 0.396 0.181 cop p20,. CuO. NiOCoO. BaO. 0.047 0.023 0.023 0 012 0.009 = 101.173 The minute quantity of carbonic acid is striking, and it wonld appear from the above analysis that an energetic oxidation takes place at great depths. The occurrence of these manganese-nodules a t the bottom of the sea is of great geological interest, as similar manganese- nodules are common in various sedimentary formations.C. A. B. Occurrence of Lithium in Rocks, Sea Water, Mineral Waters, and Saline Deposits. By L. DI~ULAFAIT (Ann. Chim. Y ~ J s . [ 51, 16, 377-391).--P~imary Rocks (Granite, Syenite, Gneiss). -The anthor has examined one hundred and thirty-nine specimens from different localities in Europe and Africa, and detected lithium in all of them, although in very different proportions. Mother Waters of SaZt-wmrshes.-The author found these to be so rich in lithia, that by simply dipping a platinum wire into the water and holding it, in the flame, the lithium spectrum obtained was as intense as that of sodium. Lithium could always be detected in the waters of from 15-25' B., as a t that concentration almost all the gypsum is deposited ; the crystals of gypsum themselves, however, contained only excessively minute traces of lithium.The sedimentary deposits forming the bottom of the basins invariably contained it. Lithium was found also in all sedimentary deposits left by the spontaneous evaporation of sea water. Xea Water.-Bunsen succeeded in 'detecting lithium in 40 C.C. of sea water, but the author found that on evaporating 1 C.C. of the water of the Mediterranean to dryness, treating the residue with alcohol, and evaporating the alcoholic solution, the second residue gave a very dis- tinct lithium spectrum. As lithium was shown to be a constituent of all the primitive rocks, it appeared highly probable that it would be found in all sea waters. The author has detected if in the waters of VOL. XXXVIII.c18 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, the Chinese Sea,, the Atlantic Ocean, the Antarctic Ocean, and the Northern Ocean. Neither Forchhammer nor Credner, in his Traife' de Geblogie, mentions lithium as a constituent of sea water. The author applies tlhe results of his experiments to test his theory, that deposits of gypsum of all ayes have a purely sedimentary origin. This theory has been opposed by geologists, especially as applied t o gypsums of tlhe tertiary formation. Gypsunz of the Tei-ticrry Period.-Paris.-Samples of the pure crys- tals from the quarries of Montmartre and Pantlin were found to be quite free from lithium, although in every case the yellow calcareous deposit adherinq to the crystals or embedded in their cavities con- tained it in such quantity, that *0002 gram was amply sufficient to give the characteristic spectrum. -4ix mid Provenee.-In these localities the gypsum occurs in beds, separated by thin layers of marl.I n certain spots, large honey-yellow crystals of gypsum occur, imbedded in a yellowish deposit. In all cases the pure gypsum was free from lithium, whilst the yellow marl contained it in considerable quantity. Similar results were obtained on examining the gypsum from Camoins and Dauphin, near Mar- seilles, from Vauclnse, and from different parts of Italy. The waters fkom the S O I O I L ~ were found to contain lithium in considerable quantity. Gypstim of the Secondary Formation.-Forty-eight samples froin the Alpine district, eleven from Languedoc, seven from the Pyrenees, three from Lorraine, and four from Wurtemberq, all belonging t o the triassic formation, were examined, with rcsults similar to those ob- tained with the gypsums of the tertiarr periods.The samples of pure gypsum were free from lithium, or contained o d y traces ; whilst the associated earthy deposits were invariably rich in this element. These investigations show a complete analogy between the triassic gypsum deposits, those of the tertiary formation, and those from the salt, marshes of the modern period : whence the conclusion that the former two classes of deposits w e ~ e formed under the same conditions as those we now see causing the formation of gypsum in the salt marshes. ikfhzeral Waters of the Prhnnry Formation,.-A characteristic group of these waters is found in France in the Pyrenees district.The fol- lowing were examined, and in ever7 case lithium was found t o be a constituent :-Luchon, Cauterets, Bardges, Saint-Sauveur, LabassBre, Visbs, Bonnes, Ax, Amelie. XaZi n. e Waters. -T hose of All e var d, B alar uc, Bonrbonne, C apvern, Contrexeville, Digne, GrBonlx, Mi&, Montbrun, Montmirail, Pougues, Saint Gervais, SaliBs, Salins, Uriage, Vittel, Haurmem Meskou tin (Algiers), La Reine (near Oran),' Baden (Switzerland), Birmenstooff (Swit,zerland), Lo&che (Switzerland), Wildegg (Switzerland), Pullna, Hornbourg, Kissingen, Kreusnach, Naucheim, and Soultzmatt, were examined, and lithium found in all ; in some cases in such quantity that it could be detected in the evaporation residue of a single drop of the water.This fact, taken in conjunction with the previous expe- riments, strengthens the author's theory that saline waters are mine-MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 19 ralised at the expense of saliferous deposits left by the evaporation of ancient seas. J. M. H. M. Note on the Silesian Basalts and their Mineral Consti- tuents. By P. TRIPRE (Jahrb. f. Min., 1878, 876--877).-0f these basalts from Upper and Lower Silesia, fifteen were plagioclase basalts, two were nepheline basalts, and one from Wickenstein, near Querbach, was nephelinite. The microscopical characteristics of these basalts were briefly as follows, viz. :-A colourless glass-zone (which was itself surrounded by a glassy wreath of felt-like augite-microlites) surrounded the quartz inclosures, this observation agreeing with that of Lehmann on the inclosures of the basalts of the Lower Ehine.Some of the interfused quartz-fragments were converted into tridymite. The orthoclase was not surrounded by glass substance or augite. Lamellar enstatite occurs aiternately with lamellar diallagite in the olivine nodules of the Griiditaberg, the lamellze being parallel to the macropinaco’id of the enstatite. The acicuhr and tabular inclosures in these minerals the author considers to be negative forms of enstntite and diallagite, filled with opal. The phillipsite from Sirgwitz was monosymmetrical, and exhibited a complicated polysynthetical twin- formation. The basalt of Steuberwitz contains simple augite crystals, and those with a polysynthetical twin-formation.The olivine from Thomasdorf was changed into magnesium carbonate, whilst the nephelinite from Wickenstein contains augites having a zonal struc- t ure . C. A. B. Basaltic Lavas of the Eifel. By E. HUSSAK (Jahrb. f. M ~ w , 1878, 871).-The author made a thorough examinat’ion of the above- mentioned basalts, and arrived a t the following conclusions, viz. :- (1.) There are no fe1sp:ikhic basaltic lams in the Upper Eifel, but only nepheline or lencite-hasaltic lavas, which diff er-considerably from the non-melted, mound-forming basalts. (2.) The olivine from the Eifel lava is always fresh ; it is not present, however; in the lava from Dockweiler. (3.) The lava from the Bifel contains biotite, in contra- distinction to the basalt of the Eifel. (4.) Melilite occurs in con- siderable quantity in some of the lavas, especially in that from Bongs- berg, where it can be microscopically detected.(5.) Hauyn is only present in the lava from Scharteberg. (6.) Perowskite occurs as a characteristic of the lava from Scharteberg, but it is also present in lnvas of the Laacher See district (the three last-named minerals do not occur in the basalts of the Eifel). (7.) The chemical analyses of the lnvas agree very well with the results of the microscopical examina- tions. (8.) The tufa of the Kolenberg, near Anel, was found to be tme palagonite-tufa, containing, however, leucite and mqnetite. (9.) The microscopical examination of this tufa fully confirms Rosen- busch’s theory of the formation of the palagonite-tufa. (10.) Mits- cherlich’s analysis of t’his palagonite-tufa agrees fully with its micro- scopical analysis.(1 1 .) The so-called basalt-rock from Luxenberg, near Weierhof, in the Eifel, proves to be a true garnetiferous picrite, the first which has been observed on the left bank of the Rhine. (12.) The garnets in this picrite exhibited a zonal structure, were par- c 220 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. tially double-refracting, and very probably were the variety called me1 anite. C. A. B. The Meteorite of Vavilovka. By B. PRENDEL (Jahrb. .f. Jfh~., 1878, 868).--Numerous meteorites fell on the 7th of June, 1876, near the village of Vavilovka, in Cherson, Russia, accompanied by a sound resembling thunder. A specimen examined by the author exhibited the characteristic black rind, which was 0.6-1 mm.in thickness, also irregular stripes here and there. A polished surface showed the mass of the meteorite to consist of numerous angular whitish specks. The nietallic constituents were particles of nickel-iron disseminated throughout the whole mass, and grains of magnetic-pyrites not, how- ever, magnetic. Sp. gr. = 3.51. Chemical composition as follows, v1z. :- Si02. MgO . 8190,. CaO. 53.8 I 18.54 8.75 2.07 1-14 9.41 5-26 0.70 = 99.68 Alkalis. Fe,08. Magnetic pyrites. Nickel. The meteorite belongs to the chondrites. C. A. B. The Meteorite of Grosnaja. BY G. TSCHERMAK (Jahrb. f. d f k , 1878, 868-869).-Two specimens which fell on the 28th of June, 1861, at the above locality on the Terek, Caucasus, were examined by the author. They were encrusted with a moderately thick fused sur- face (schmelz-rinde), and were black-grey in colour. The ground niass was massive, black, and opaque, and enclosed numerous light- coloured particles consisting of olivine, enstatite, bronzite, and magnetic iron-pyrites.The bronzite, olivine, and a mineral resembling augite were found together forming nodules in the ground mass, whilst specks of the magnetic iron-pyrites were observed in the inclosures and also in the ground mass. The bronzite-nodules exhibited an incrustation or rind, and the magnetic iron-pyrites occurred zonally on the enclosed minerals. An analysis of the meteorite furnished the following results :- SiO,. Al,O,. FeO. CaO. MgO. 33.78 3.44 28.66 3.22 23.55 Magnetic K,O. Na,O. C. H. iron pyrites. 0.30 0.63 0.68 0.17 5.37 = 100*00 Sp.gr. = 3.55. carbon. C. A. B. The Grosnaja meteorite is a chondrite one, poor in Chalybeate Springs of Carlstad. By A. ALM~N (Ber., 12, 1724 -1 725) .-These springs are exceptionally rich in ferrous carbonate. Tot,al solids. FeCO,. No. 1 contains in 10,000 parts . . . . 1.348 0.593 9, 2 7 9 9 9 .. .. 1.653 0.669 w. c. w.ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 21 Water of the River Vartry. By J. FLETCHER (Chern. NWS, 40, 171).-This water shows on analysis very little chlorine, 0401155 per litre or 0,8025 grain per gallon. I t is of great softness, the hardness being only 3" on Clark's scale, and yielding a total sdid residue vary- ing, as the result of many experiments, from 4 to 6 grains per gallon. The results of tlie author's experiments shorn that the water is of qwat purity, chemically considered, but strongly impregnated with peat, having a very decided action on lead when flowing through pipes of that material, although without action on it when at rest, but rather leaving an organic deposit.D. 13.MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 13M i n e r a l o g i c a l C h e m i s t r y .Cobalt-glance. By P. GROTH (Jahrb. f. Min., 1878, 864-865).-In addition to the forms already known to occur on cobalt-glance,the author has observed two dyakisdodecahedrons, two trapezohedrons,and one triakisoctohedron. On cobalt-glance from Tunaberg, Sweden,he observed the following. combinations, viz. :- v m02(1.) 9 . o . mom . 30+. - (2.) . 0. $0.2. +o+. 'Lm 0 2 * 0 . 2 20% . - 2 - . o . 2 m02 20"(3.) 2 2Crystals from Skutterud, near Modurn, in Norway, exhibited thefollowing forms in combination, viz.: s2 . 0 . 20. 2 C. A. B.Cobalt-speis. By P. GROTH (Jahrb. f. Nin., 1878, 865).-Hithertoit has been considered doubtful whether the crystals of this mineralwere holohedral or hemihedral, but the author has succeeded in prov14 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.ing the occurrence of pentagon dodecahedrons, and consequently theisomorphism of cobalt-speis and iron pyrites. On one crystal of cobalt-speis from Wolkenstein - and m* were observed. A largecrystal from Schneeberg exhibited the following forms in combina-tion, viz. : mom. 0 . COO . 202 . m03 - and a dyskisdodecahedron,which couId not be more nearly determined.Sulphide of Silver (Silber-kies).By A. WEISBACH ( J ~ h r b . f.Xin., 1878,866) .-Argyropyrites ( Ag3Fe7S11) occupy an intermediateposition, chemically speaking, between sternbergite (Ag,Fe6Sg) andargentopyrites (Ag3Fe9Su), and the same fact is observed in regard toits physical properties.Argentopyrites crystallises in the rhomhic system, the crystals fromMarienberg being but small, whilst those from Freiberg attained alength of 3 mm. The prisms were terminated either by the basalterminal plane, which was macrodiagonally striated, or else log anobtuse pyramid, the Freiberg crystals being characterised also by avery distinet basal cleavage.The crystals exhibiting the obtuse pyramids in combination wereprobably “ penetration trillings.”mO522 ’C. A. B.C. A. B.Bismuth Minerals from Norberg’s Mine, Wermland.By H.SJOGREX (Ber., 12, 1723).-Bismuth occurs in Wermland : lst, native,mixed with galena and pyrites; 2nd, as bjelkite, 2PbS.Bi2S,; and3rd, as the new mineral gdenobismuthite, PbS.Bi,S,, W. C. W.Polysynthetical Twin-crystals of Oriental Spinelle. By J.STRGVER (Jahrb. .f. Min,., 1878, 865-866).-This paper can onlybe thoroughly understood by reference to the drawings given. Theauthor concludes that there are three groups of polysyntheticalspinelle crystals, viz. : (1.) Those with one twin-axis in common.(2.) Those in which the twin-axes are not parallel to each other,but in which the “ twin-face ” is common to all, for instance, 8 formcomposed of three individuals having a face of cm0 in common, astwin-plane, and two of their twin-axes parallel to that face.Trillingswere also observed resembling a tetrahedron, owing to the predomi-nation of an individual having a tetrahedral development. Some-times groups composed of four individuals were observed, having allthe twin-axes parallel with the Qwin-planes (m0). (3.) Those inwhich there is no parallelism in the twin-axes, nor a twin-plane corn-mon to all the forms. C. A. B.Manganite. By P. GROTH (Jahrb. f. M k , 1878, 863--864).-Thefinest crystals of this mineral are found a,t Weld, and are characterisedby the great number of forms occurring in combination. Accordingto Haidinger, the hemihedry of this mineral is peculiar t o the pyramid9 PZ, a fact which appears all the more singular when the greatnumber of pyramids observed on manganite is taken into consideraMINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY.15tion, and also that, in the case of the isomorphous mineral goethite,no such occurrence is observed. The author, on the contrary, did notobserve a single instance of hemihedry, or even twins according to thelaw “ the twin-plane mP&,” although he examined one of the finestcollections of Ilfeld manganite crystals. The results of his investiga-tion are briefly as follows :-1. Manganite must be considered as aholohedral mineral, hemihedral combinations being very rare. 2. Man-ganite crystals can be divided into four types, the first two beingcharacterised by an almost entire absence of twins, according to the law“ the twin-plane a face of P& ” and the occurrence of intermediateforms, whilst the last two types are characterised by the crystalsoccurring nearly always as twins according to the above-mentionedlaw, and a more sharply-defined distinction of the types from eachother.The following table will show this more clearly:-A. Long prismaticType I.Prisms, and basal terminal plane pre-dominating.Type 11. Prisms, with macropyramids as termi-nals.(Type 111. Twins, with somewhat numerousI forms in combination, the basal terminalplane and obtuse macrodomes predominating.Short prismatic< Type IV. Twins, with very numerous forms I in combination, macropyramids predominat-From the above table it seems probable that an intimate connectionexists between the twin formation and the number of forms occurringin combination.Occurrence of Manganese in Nordmark’s Mine, Wermland.By A.SJOGREN (Ber., 12, 1723).-1n this locality manganese is foundas manganosite, MnO ; pyrochroite, MnOH,O ; hausmannite andmanganese-spar, together with brucite, heavy spar, hornblende, andcing.The third and fourth types are the rarest.C. A. B.garne t. w. c. w.Vanadinite. By T. NORVSTROM (Ber., 12, 1723).-Vandanite hasbeen fouxd in the Undenas manganese dioxide mine in West Goth-land. A mineral has also been discovered a t Fahlun, containing 5 percent. of selenium. w. c. w.Titanates from Smgland. By C. W. BLOMSTRAKP (Ber., 12, 1721-1 723).-The following minerals were found a t Slattgkra, Alsheda,occurring in coarse granite :-1. Polycrase.2. Titanqerous imn ore,remarkable on account of the water it contained ; and 3. A new mineralabhedite, which appears to occupy an intermediate position as regardscomposition between yttrotitanite and gr oothite. In this compoundtitanium dioxide plays the part of a base. w. c. w.Pseudomorphs of Calcite after Aragonite. By G. TOM RATH(Jahrb. f. A f i n . , 1878, 863).-The crystals in question came fromSchemnitz, and were from 10 to 20 cm. in length and from 4 to 6 cm16 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.in breadth: they were terminated apparently by a brachydome, thespace originally filled by aragode being taken up by calcite. Onespecimen, 7 cm. long, 4 cm. broad, and from 2 to 3 cm. thick, con-sisted of the outter shell of an aragonite crystal, which was built lipout of an aggregate of small, well-developed calcite crystals, exhibitingthe following forms in combination, viz.: R3. - +R.mR, the crystalsnot occupying any regular position with regard to the original arago-nite crystal. C. A, B.Crystal-system of Leucite. By J. HIRSCHWALD (Jahrb. f. Miia.,1878, 867).-Hirschwald stated in a former paper that leucite mightbe considered as a mineral crystallising in the regular system, with apolysymmetrical development in the sense of the quadratic system.From further investigations he arrives a t the conclusion that a dif-ference in opinion aboui; the practical relationships of leacite is possiblein the two following cases only, viz. :--1. Is the polysynthetical twin-formation a complete dodecahedra1 one, or does it only represent thefaces of the pyramid ? 2.Have the imbedded crystals the interfacialangles (winkelwerthern) of 202, or have the apparently regular forms,without exception, the angles of the acuter lateral edge of the eight-sided pyramid ? Hirschwald considers that he has found a completeanswer to these questions in the results of his investigations, and statesthat the imbedded leucite crystals have undoubtedly the interfacialangles of 202, whilst the optical properties prove a complete dodeca-hedral twin-formation. C. A. B.Composition of Eclogite. By E. R. RIESS (Jahrb.f. Mi%., 1878,877) .-Eclogite is a non-felspathic crystalline rock which, in itssimplest forms, consists of omphazite and garnet, whilst the varietiesof this rock are produced by the occurrence of quartz, hornblende,cyanite, zoisite, or mica.The accessory minerals are zircon, apatite,titanite, epidote, iron-pyrites, magnetic iron-pyrites, and magnetite.Omphazite occurs as'an angite in short, thin prisms of a grass-greencolour ; the rare smaragdite as a green hornblendic mineral. Thegarnet often contains numerous enclosures of zircon, quartz, &c., andis occasionally decomposed. Zircon occurs enclosed in large amount(in reddish-brown grains or greyish-yellow prisms, exhibiting P withmP and mPm, also twins, parallel to a face of Pm) i n the garnet andomphazite. The true eclogite is found imbedded in the strata of thecrvstalline slates. and is often intimatelv associated with hornblendic .I d plagioclase garnet-rocks, but not with those containing omphaaite.C.A. B.Thaumasite. By G. LINDSTROM (Bey., 12, 1723).-This newmineral, having" the composition CaOSiOz + CaC03 + CaS04 + 14H20,is found in the Areskutan mountains in Jutland. w. c. w.Manganese-nodules from the Bed of the Pacific Ocean.By C. W. GEMBEL ( J u h ~ b . f. Mirz., 1878, 869--870).-These noduleswere collected a t a depth of 2740 fathoms, between Japan and theSandwich Islands, by the " Challenger" Expedition, They were eitherround or long in shape, with a dull, dirty-brown coloured surface, anMINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 17enclosed fragments of pumice-stone, and more rarely teeth of shai-ksor fragments of mussels, A microscopical examination showed thatorganic life had nothing t o do with their formation, which was due toa, mechanical concretion of inorganic matter ; a kind of oolitic forma-tion on a large scale.The pumice-stone was most probably the result ofsubmarine eruptions; it was trachytic in character, and there wasevidence to show that it had lain for a considerable space of time inmuddy water, which penetrated it eventually, and left behind a depo-sition of manganese oxide. The author believes that the nodules inquestion derived some of their constituents from submarine springs,whilst their form can be accounted for by the action of the waves. Ananalysis gave the following results :-Fe,O,%. MnOz. HzO. SiO,. A1,0,. Na20.27.460 23.600 17.819 16.030 10*210 2.3.58c1.CaO. TiO,. so3. &O. MgO .0.941 0.920 0.660 0.494 0.396 0.181cop p20,. CuO. NiOCoO. BaO.0.047 0.023 0.023 0 012 0.009 = 101.173The minute quantity of carbonic acid is striking, and it wonldappear from the above analysis that an energetic oxidation takes placeat great depths. The occurrence of these manganese-nodules a t thebottom of the sea is of great geological interest, as similar manganese-nodules are common in various sedimentary formations.C. A. B.Occurrence of Lithium in Rocks, Sea Water, MineralWaters, and Saline Deposits. By L. DI~ULAFAIT (Ann. Chim.Y ~ J s . [ 51, 16, 377-391).--P~imary Rocks (Granite, Syenite, Gneiss).-The anthor has examined one hundred and thirty-nine specimensfrom different localities in Europe and Africa, and detected lithium inall of them, although in very different proportions.Mother Waters of SaZt-wmrshes.-The author found these to be sorich in lithia, that by simply dipping a platinum wire into the waterand holding it, in the flame, the lithium spectrum obtained was asintense as that of sodium.Lithium could always be detected in thewaters of from 15-25' B., as a t that concentration almost all thegypsum is deposited ; the crystals of gypsum themselves, however,contained only excessively minute traces of lithium. The sedimentarydeposits forming the bottom of the basins invariably contained it.Lithium was found also in all sedimentary deposits left by thespontaneous evaporation of sea water.Xea Water.-Bunsen succeeded in 'detecting lithium in 40 C.C.of seawater, but the author found that on evaporating 1 C.C. of the water ofthe Mediterranean to dryness, treating the residue with alcohol, andevaporating the alcoholic solution, the second residue gave a very dis-tinct lithium spectrum. As lithium was shown to be a constituent ofall the primitive rocks, it appeared highly probable that it would befound in all sea waters. The author has detected if in the waters ofVOL. XXXVIII. 18 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean, the Chinese Sea,, the Atlantic Ocean,the Antarctic Ocean, and the Northern Ocean. Neither Forchhammernor Credner, in his Traife' de Geblogie, mentions lithium as a constituentof sea water.The author applies tlhe results of his experiments to test his theory,that deposits of gypsum of all ayes have a purely sedimentary origin.This theory has been opposed by geologists, especially as applied t ogypsums of tlhe tertiary formation.Gypsunz of the Tei-ticrry Period.-Paris.-Samples of the pure crys-tals from the quarries of Montmartre and Pantlin were found to bequite free from lithium, although in every case the yellow calcareousdeposit adherinq to the crystals or embedded in their cavities con-tained it in such quantity, that *0002 gram was amply sufficient togive the characteristic spectrum.-4ix mid Provenee.-In these localities the gypsum occurs in beds,separated by thin layers of marl.I n certain spots, large honey-yellowcrystals of gypsum occur, imbedded in a yellowish deposit.In allcases the pure gypsum was free from lithium, whilst the yellow marlcontained it in considerable quantity. Similar results were obtainedon examining the gypsum from Camoins and Dauphin, near Mar-seilles, from Vauclnse, and from different parts of Italy. The watersfkom the S O I O I L ~ were found to contain lithium in considerablequantity.Gypstim of the Secondary Formation.-Forty-eight samples froin theAlpine district, eleven from Languedoc, seven from the Pyrenees,three from Lorraine, and four from Wurtemberq, all belonging t o thetriassic formation, were examined, with rcsults similar to those ob-tained with the gypsums of the tertiarr periods. The samples of puregypsum were free from lithium, or contained o d y traces ; whilst theassociated earthy deposits were invariably rich in this element.These investigations show a complete analogy between the triassicgypsum deposits, those of the tertiary formation, and those from thesalt, marshes of the modern period : whence the conclusion that theformer two classes of deposits w e ~ e formed under the same conditionsas those we now see causing the formation of gypsum in the saltmarshes.ikfhzeral Waters of the Prhnnry Formation,.-A characteristic groupof these waters is found in France in the Pyrenees district.The fol-lowing were examined, and in ever7 case lithium was found t o be aconstituent :-Luchon, Cauterets, Bardges, Saint-Sauveur, LabassBre,Visbs, Bonnes, Ax, Amelie.XaZi n. e Waters. -T hose of All e var d, B alar uc, Bonrbonne, C apvern,Contrexeville, Digne, GrBonlx, Mi&, Montbrun, Montmirail, Pougues,Saint Gervais, SaliBs, Salins, Uriage, Vittel, Haurmem Meskou tin(Algiers), La Reine (near Oran),' Baden (Switzerland), Birmenstooff(Swit,zerland), Lo&che (Switzerland), Wildegg (Switzerland), Pullna,Hornbourg, Kissingen, Kreusnach, Naucheim, and Soultzmatt, wereexamined, and lithium found in all ; in some cases in such quantitythat it could be detected in the evaporation residue of a single drop ofthe water.This fact, taken in conjunction with the previous expe-riments, strengthens the author's theory that saline waters are mineMINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 19ralised at the expense of saliferous deposits left by the evaporation ofancient seas.J. M. H. M.Note on the Silesian Basalts and their Mineral Consti-tuents. By P. TRIPRE (Jahrb. f. Min., 1878, 876--877).-0f thesebasalts from Upper and Lower Silesia, fifteen were plagioclase basalts,two were nepheline basalts, and one from Wickenstein, near Querbach,was nephelinite. The microscopical characteristics of these basaltswere briefly as follows, viz. :-A colourless glass-zone (which wasitself surrounded by a glassy wreath of felt-like augite-microlites)surrounded the quartz inclosures, this observation agreeing with thatof Lehmann on the inclosures of the basalts of the Lower Ehine.Some of the interfused quartz-fragments were converted into tridymite.The orthoclase was not surrounded by glass substance or augite.Lamellar enstatite occurs aiternately with lamellar diallagite in theolivine nodules of the Griiditaberg, the lamellze being parallel to themacropinaco’id of the enstatite.The acicuhr and tabular inclosuresin these minerals the author considers to be negative forms of enstntiteand diallagite, filled with opal. The phillipsite from Sirgwitz wasmonosymmetrical, and exhibited a complicated polysynthetical twin-formation. The basalt of Steuberwitz contains simple augite crystals,and those with a polysynthetical twin-formation. The olivine fromThomasdorf was changed into magnesium carbonate, whilst thenephelinite from Wickenstein contains augites having a zonal struc-t ure . C. A. B.Basaltic Lavas of the Eifel. By E. HUSSAK (Jahrb. f. M ~ w ,1878, 871).-The author made a thorough examinat’ion of the above-mentioned basalts, and arrived a t the following conclusions, viz.:-(1.) There are no fe1sp:ikhic basaltic lams in the Upper Eifel, butonly nepheline or lencite-hasaltic lavas, which diff er-considerably fromthe non-melted, mound-forming basalts. (2.) The olivine from theEifel lava is always fresh ; it is not present, however; in the lava fromDockweiler. (3.) The lava from the Bifel contains biotite, in contra-distinction to the basalt of the Eifel. (4.) Melilite occurs in con-siderable quantity in some of the lavas, especially in that from Bongs-berg, where it can be microscopically detected. (5.) Hauyn is onlypresent in the lava from Scharteberg. (6.) Perowskite occurs as acharacteristic of the lava from Scharteberg, but it is also present inlnvas of the Laacher See district (the three last-named minerals do notoccur in the basalts of the Eifel).(7.) The chemical analyses of thelnvas agree very well with the results of the microscopical examina-tions. (8.) The tufa of the Kolenberg, near Anel, was found to betme palagonite-tufa, containing, however, leucite and mqnetite.(9.) The microscopical examination of this tufa fully confirms Rosen-busch’s theory of the formation of the palagonite-tufa. (10.) Mits-cherlich’s analysis of t’his palagonite-tufa agrees fully with its micro-scopical analysis. (1 1 .) The so-called basalt-rock from Luxenberg,near Weierhof, in the Eifel, proves to be a true garnetiferous picrite,the first which has been observed on the left bank of the Rhine.(12.) The garnets in this picrite exhibited a zonal structure, were par-c 20 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.tially double-refracting, and very probably were the variety calledme1 anite.C. A. B.The Meteorite of Vavilovka. By B. PRENDEL (Jahrb. .f. Jfh~.,1878, 868).--Numerous meteorites fell on the 7th of June, 1876, nearthe village of Vavilovka, in Cherson, Russia, accompanied by a soundresembling thunder. A specimen examined by the author exhibitedthe characteristic black rind, which was 0.6-1 mm. in thickness, alsoirregular stripes here and there. A polished surface showed the massof the meteorite to consist of numerous angular whitish specks. Thenietallic constituents were particles of nickel-iron disseminatedthroughout the whole mass, and grains of magnetic-pyrites not, how-ever, magnetic.Sp. gr. = 3.51. Chemical composition as follows,v1z. :-Si02. MgO . 8190,. CaO.53.8 I 18.54 8.75 2.071-14 9.41 5-26 0.70 = 99.68Alkalis. Fe,08. Magnetic pyrites. Nickel.The meteorite belongs to the chondrites. C. A. B.The Meteorite of Grosnaja. BY G. TSCHERMAK (Jahrb. f. d f k ,1878, 868-869).-Two specimens which fell on the 28th of June,1861, at the above locality on the Terek, Caucasus, were examined bythe author. They were encrusted with a moderately thick fused sur-face (schmelz-rinde), and were black-grey in colour. The groundniass was massive, black, and opaque, and enclosed numerous light-coloured particles consisting of olivine, enstatite, bronzite, and magneticiron-pyrites. The bronzite, olivine, and a mineral resembling augitewere found together forming nodules in the ground mass, whilst specksof the magnetic iron-pyrites were observed in the inclosures and alsoin the ground mass. The bronzite-nodules exhibited an incrustationor rind, and the magnetic iron-pyrites occurred zonally on the enclosedminerals. An analysis of the meteorite furnished the followingresults :-SiO,. Al,O,. FeO. CaO. MgO.33.78 3.44 28.66 3.22 23.55MagneticK,O. Na,O. C. H. iron pyrites.0.30 0.63 0.68 0.17 5.37 = 100*00Sp. gr. = 3.55.carbon. C. A. B.The Grosnaja meteorite is a chondrite one, poor inChalybeate Springs of Carlstad. By A. ALM~N (Ber., 12, 1724-1 725) .-These springs are exceptionally rich in ferrous carbonate.Tot,al solids. FeCO,.No. 1 contains in 10,000 parts . . . . 1.348 0.5939, 2 7 9 9 9 .. .. 1.653 0.669 w. c. wORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 21Water of the River Vartry. By J. FLETCHER (Chern. NWS, 40,171).-This water shows on analysis very little chlorine, 0401155 perlitre or 0,8025 grain per gallon. I t is of great softness, the hardnessbeing only 3" on Clark's scale, and yielding a total sdid residue vary-ing, as the result of many experiments, from 4 to 6 grains per gallon.The results of tlie author's experiments shorn that the water is ofqwat purity, chemically considered, but strongly impregnated withpeat, having a very decided action on lead when flowing through pipesof that material, although without action on it when at rest, but ratherleaving an organic deposit. D. 13