The description of larvae of 7 Neotropical Notiobia s.str. species and a determination key are given. Additionally, information on the larval morphology of two Neotropical species of the subgenus Anisotarsus is presented. It is not possible to distinguish a subgeneric division among the larvae. The larvae of Notiobia species show a wide range of variation, especially in the structure of the mandibles, proportions of head capsule, and development of egg bursters. Mandibular configuration of the Notiobia s.str. species is strongly associated with the particular seed food source. The larvae of N. pseudolimbipennis and N. flavicinctus feed on Ficus (Moraceae). They have an extremely elongated, straight and slender mandible with 4–5 terebral teeth. A similar structure of mandible occurs in the larva of N. nebrioides, which feeds on seeds of Clusiaceae. Species with larvae feeding on seeds of Melastomataceae have a short mandible with less terebral teeth. A short mandible with two terebral teeth like in N. aulica probably represents the plesiomorphic character state. Phylogenetically related species based on both, larval and adult characters, feed on to the same type of seeds.