Evidence from severalin vitroand animal model studies suggests a modulatory role of haemopoietic, TH1 and TH2 cytokines in host defence against fungi, and highlights their potential utility as adjunctive therapy for management of systemic mycoses (SM). However, there are limited clinical data to support the use of cytokines in prevention and treatment of SM. Thus, at present no adjunctive treatment is justified for routine use in all patients. Potential application of these immunomodulatory agents include the use of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or macrophage colony-stimulating factor in the management of mycoses in neutropenic patients with myelogenous leukaemia or bone marrow transplantation. Interferon-γ may have a useful role against aspergillosis in patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-elicited white blood cell transfusions may be life saving to patients with refractory SM. Better understanding of synergy between cytokines and specific antifungals may provide powerful tools for managing these serious infections.