All honey bee,Apis mellifera, colonies exposed to solid rocket fuel exhaust suffered depressed brood production. Two colonies were unable to recover. Honey production was depressed or absent in medium- and high-exposure colonies. Stress diseases were observed in all medium- and low-exposure colonies, aggression was considerably increased in low-exposure colonies, and high-exposure colonies were invaded by wax moths. The space shuttle flights may cause the stimulation of aggressive behavior of colonies near the launch site and increased susceptibility of repeatedly exposed colonies to stress-related diseases; however, repeated exposure of hives is not anticipated.