20 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. M i n e r a l o g i c a1 C h e m i s t r y , Hexagonal Zinc Sulphide. By W. STAHL (Chem. Centr., 1888, 943, from Berg. Hutt. Zpit., 47, 207--208).-The naturally occurring mineral, wurtzite, which has also been artificially prepared, has been noticed by the author as a product of the blast furnace of the Sophia snielting work in the Lower Harz. It forms clear, wine-yellow, shining, hexagcnal crystals, mostly in tufts, wit,h the faces mP2, €2, 2P2, and OP. Cleavage in the direction R and WE. Hardness = 3-4, sp. gr. = 4.32 ; composition :-BII?r'ERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 21 Zn. Fe. Mn. Pb. 5. 66.08 0.55 trace 0.31 32.88 = 99.82 J. W. L. Arsenopyrite from Servia. By A. SCHMIDT (Zeit. Kryst. Mia., 14, 573-574) .--The specimen examined formed part of the collection of the Royal Hungarian Geological Survey at Budapest. It is stated to have come from the Luta Strana adit-level, Servia.The arseno- pyrite occurs, with iron pyrites and zinc blende, in small_prismtrtic crystals, on which were observed the forms mP, OP, $ z P ~ , $Pw, the two last being new for this mineral. The axial ratio is computed t o be a : b : c = 0.686 : 1 : 1.170. Analysis of this arsenopyrite gave the following results :- Fe. As. Sb. S. Zn. Insoluble. Total. 34.58 42.38 0.14 21-71 0.46 0.22 99-49 The percentage of zinc is evidently due to an unavoidable admixture of blende. B. H. B. Formation of Deposits of Oxides of Manganese. Ry F. P. DUNNINGTON (Amer. J. Sci., 36, 175--178).-1n view of the results of a series of 15 experiments, i t appears possible that many deposits of manganese ore in calciferous rocks have been formed by the action of solutions of sulphates rather than of bicarbonates. An illustration of such action is perhaps afforded by the maugnnese deposits of Crimora, Augusta Go., Virginia.Wherever pyrites has been deposited, the outcrop is gradually converted into limonite by weathering, and the acid solution of ferrous sulphate which sinks into the underlying deposits, must carry with it all the manganese in the pyrites itself, and in any disintegrating silicates. As this solution is exposed t o the air or meets with calcium carbonate, ferrous carbonate will be formed, whilst the manganese sulphate will aernain in solution until exposed to the action of both air and calcium carbonate at the same time.B. H. B. Artificial Production of Hydrocerusite. The Composition of this Mineral and the Constitution of White Lead. By L. BOURGEOIS (Bull. SOC. Chi/n., 5 0, 83-85) .-Hydrocerusite, 2PbC03, Pb(OH)z, is formed if a boiling solution of lead acetate (1 mol.) is treated with litharge (l$ mol.), and when cold, with carbamide (1 mol.). The liquid is then filtered and heated at about 130" for some hours, when a quantity of nacreous spangIes separate which are washed with water. These have a sp. gr. = 6.14 at 15", dissolve with effervescence in nitric and acetic acids, and give off water and carbonic anhydride at 400", leaving a residue of massicot slightly coloured by a, trace of minium. White lead consists of a mixture of hydrocerusite and cerusite.N. H. M. Preparation of Pyromorphite and Mimetesite. By L. MICHEL (Zeit. Kryst. Min., 14, 619, from Bull. SOC. franp. win., 10, 133).- The author mixes three equivalents of lead phosphate or arsenate, or a mixture of the two, with one equivaIent of lead chloride in a porcelain crucible. He covers the mixture with a thin layer of lead chloride,22 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. and places the crucible in one of fireclay. Both are hermetically sealed, the intei*mediate space being filled with ignited magnesia. The crucibles are then heated to the melting point of gold, and slowly cooled. The cavities of the fused mass contain hexagonal prisms as much as 2 cm. in length and 1 mm. in width. The best results were obtained with the mixture coryesponding with kampylite (Analysis 4), the prisms being well developed and perfectly transparent.The crystalline productis obtained had the following compositions :- I .............. 2 .............. 3 .............. 4 .............. 5 .............. 6 .............. 7 .............. 8 .............. 9 .............. Pb,As,O,. 89 -75 84 '73 79'85 69.78 46.05 29 '37 19.43 10 *21 -~ -- Pb$?,O,. -- - 4 -9'7 10- 06 20 -0.2 44 -87 59 *24 68 +98 '79 -67 89 *87 PbC12. -- 9-92 10 * 03 8.98 10.07 9 9 9 10 -31 10.12 9 *71 10 * 14 Total. -- 99 -67 99 -73 98 -89 99 '8'7 l00*71 98 -92" 98 *53 99 -59 100 -01 Sp. gr. 7 -12 6 -93 6.97 6 -93 -- -- - - - -- On the addition of a small quaiitity of lead chromate, yellow or In rare cases, they are of a grass-green orange crystals are obtained.colour. B. H. B. Uranite from Madagascar. By E. JANNETTAZ (Zed. Rryst. Min., 14, 608, from Bull. SOG. frung. milt., 10, 47).-The mineral examined forms greenish-yellow aggregates of crystals exactly similar in ap- pearance to those of Autun. H,O. P20,. UO,. Fe,O,. CaO. Total. 22.08 14-93 55-08 1-33 651 99-96 Analysis gave the following results :- These results correspond with the formula (UO,,Fe,Ca),P,O, + 12H,O. Of the proportion of water, 9 per cent. is evolved at 65". B. H. B. Baryto-celestine from Werfen in Salzburg. By E. HATLE and H. TAUSS (Jahrb. f. Min., 1888, ii, Ref., 210, from Tschermak's min. Mitth., 9,227-231) .-The baryto-celestine accompanying the wagner- ite of Werfen has hitherto been regarded as barytes. It forms druses, crystals 1.5 cm. thick, and radiated or granular masses.It is of a pink coloui-, and translucent, with a hardness of 3.5 and a sp. gr. of 4-17. Analysis gave 84.80 per cent. of barium sulphate and 15.03 of strontium sulphate. Arseniopleite, a New Swedish Mineral. By L. J. IGELSTROM (Jahrb. f. &fin., 1888, ii, Mem., 117- 122).--Numerons rare and new minerals occur with braunite and hausmannite at the manganese mine, Sjtigrufvan, in the parish of Gryhyttan, Oerebro, Sweden. In November, 1887, the author discovered there another new mineral, # 99 *51 in the original paper. The formula is 4BaS04 + SrSO1. B. H. B.MXNERALOQTCAL CHEMISTRY. 23 which he names arsenioyZeite from the metal arsenic, and slrX&ov (more). The mineral occurs in intimate association with rhodonite in small veins in dolomite.It also occurs in the same rock in masses 0.5 to 1 cm. in thickness. NO crystals have been found. It is uniaxial and positive, and judging from the cleavage appears to crystallise in rhombohedra1 forms. Analysis gave the following results :- Its colour is cherry-red. A S , ~ , . MnO. Fe,O,. PbO. CaO. MgO. H20. Total. 44.98 28.25 3.68 4.48 8.11 3.10 5.67 98.27 Traces of Sb205 and C1 were observed. Arseniopleite is a basic arsenate, like olivenite. It resembles most closely dindelphite and synadelphite. It, however, contains no alumina. Its relation to the other hydrated arsenates occurring in Sweden may be seen from the following list :- Chondroarsenite.. . . (MnO)~SzO5 + 24Hz0. Xanthoarsenite . . . . (MnO)5As205 + 5H20 (Abstr., 1886, 25). HEmafjbrite .. . . . . (MnO),AsZO5 + 5H20. Polyarsenite . . . . . . (MnO)4Asz05 + HzO (Abstr., 1887, 347). Allactite . . . . . . . . . . (Mn0),As205 + 4H20. Diadelphite.. . . . . . . (MnO),As205 + AlZO3(Fe2O3) + 8H20. Synndelphite . . . . . . (MnO),As,O, + Al2O3(Fe2O,) + 5Hz0. Arseniopleite . . . . . . 3(Mn0,Ca0,Pb0,MgO)3As205 + (Compare Abstr., 1867, 902.) Treatment of Natural Silicates with Hydrochloric Acid as a means of Ascertaining their Structure. By E. A. SCENEIDER (Anwr. Chem. J., 10, 405--408).-Referring to the recent paper by Clarke (Abstr., 1888,659), the author remarks that the weathering of minerals may be used for drawing conclusions as to their constitution, and suggests the carrying out of a number of experiments, substi- tuting hydrochloric acid for the atmospheric carbonic anhydride, and accelerating its action by heating in sealed tubes in a water-bath, the mineral being finely powdered. Minerals of the Tyrol.By A. CATHRRTN (Jahrb. f. Min., 1888, ii, Ref., 2%0-221, from Tschernznk’s min. Mitth., 8,400-413).-1. The so-called Paragonite frona the Zillerthn1.-The composition of this mineral is found to be that of talc, and not that of mica. It is EM f0llOvr~S :- Mn,03(B’e203) + 3H20. B. H. B. H. B. SiO,. MgO. FeO. H,O. Total. 62-24 30.22 2.66 4.97 100.09 This talc is the matrix of the actinolite from this locality. 2. A New Pseudnmorph of Fasstcite.-This was found at Monzoni iu association with crystals of grossular remarkable for the occurrence of the rare plane 40+, first observed by Bauer on garnet from Oravicza.The composition of the fassaite is as follows :-24 ABSTRAUTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. Loss on Si02. A120,. Fe20B. FeO. CaO. MgO. ignition. Total. 44.22 12.37 3.83 1.14 27.31 11.26 0.73 100.86 The fassaite appears to be pseudomorphous after gehlenite. 3. Pseudonaorphs of Grossulnr after Geh1enite.-On a specimen from the Monzoni mountains, pseudomorphs after gehlenitc were found. Ana1.y sis gave the following results :- Si02. Al,O,. Fe,O,. FeO. CaO. MgO. Ignition. Total. 39.64 16.47 4-62 1-13 31.52 5.72 1-04 100.14 This composition is nearly that of the grossular from Wilui. B. H. B. Bertrandite from Mount Antero, Colorado. By S. L. PENFIELD (Amer. J. Sci., 36, 52-55) .-The rare mineral, bertrandite, identified in France and Bohemia, has been found in little rectangular blades, 5 mm.long, 2 mm. wide, and 0.3 mm. thick, at Mouut Antero. The crystals are associated with quartz and beryl, and have a curious hemimorphic aspect, which the author refers to the rhombic system with an axial ratio of 0.5953 : 1 : 0.5723. The hardness of the crystals is 6 to 7, and their sp. gr. 8.598. An analysis of 0.1259 gram gitve the following results :- Si02. BeO. CaO. H,O. Total. 51.8 39.6 1.0 8.4 100-8 B . H. B. Mineralogical Notes. BJ- G. F. KUNZ (Amer. J. Sci., 36, 222- 224).-1. Phenacite from Maine.-In May, 1888, crystals of ptienacite were found near Stoneham in R vein of coarse albitic granite, asso- ciated with crystals of smoky quartz, topaz, and muscovite. The crystals were lenticular, 3 to 12 mm. across, and 1 to 3 uim.in thickness. 2. Quartz Pseudomorphs after Spodumene.-These pseudomorphs were found a t Peru, Maine, and, with the exception of a white core of albite, were entirely composed of white quartz. The surface of the crystals was covered with a coating of damourite. 3. A remarkable Variety of Transparent 0ligoclase.-Faint green crystals of oligoclase of wonderful tIansparency were found in the Hawk Mica Mine, near Bakersville, North Carolina. The crystals contain a series of cavities surrounded by acicular microlites. Analysis gave the following results :- Si02. AI2O3. CaO. K20. NeO. Ignition. Fe,O,,MnO. Total. 62.92 25.32 4.03 0.96 6.18 0.23 trace 99-66 4. Apatite from Yonkers, New Yo&.-A fragment of an apatite crystal, found in tunnelling for the Croton Aqueduct, measures 10 by 15 mm.It is of a rich, oily green, and remarkable for its trans- parency. 5. Cyanite from North Caro2ina.-The ci*ystals occur in a vein of white, massive quartz near the summit of Yellow Mountain, Bakers-MINERALOGICAL CHEXISTRY. 25 ville. Some of the crystals were 2 inches in length, and in perfec- tion, depth of colour, and transparency, rival those from S t. Gothard. 6. Arngoiaile Pseudomorph.-A crystal from Pima Co., Arizona, originally consisted of aragonite, but had been almost entirely changed and impregnated by ferric and manganese oxides. It had an outer coating of white cacholong. Artificial Formation of Mica. By C. DOELTER (Juhrb. f. Min., 1888, ii, Mem., 178--180).-1n May, 1888, the author announced to the Royal Academy of Sciences of Vienna, that he had successfully pro- duced mica artificially.From alumina-hornblende and augite he obtained biotite, and from pennine and glaucophane he obtained phlogopite, when these minerals were fused with magnesium fluoride and sodium fluoride at a red heat. In the same manner, biotite is obtained on fusing the silicate, K2A12Si208 + Mg,Si04, with sodium and magnesium fluorides. When ferrous silicate is substituted for the magnesium silicate, ferriferous biotites are obtained. Recently the author has obtained very excellent results by fusing garnet and anda- lusite with fluorides. Biotite, closely resembling that from Vesuvius, is obtained by fusing pyrope or almandine with sodium and mag- nesium fluorides. Very beautiful crystals of muscovite are obtained by fusing andalusite with potassium fluoride, silicon fluoride, and aluminium fluoride in the proportion of 4 : 3 : 1 at a low red heat.Curiously enough, the artificial mica usually exhibits a smaller axial angle than the natural. Zinnwaldite is obtained by fusing, at a dull red heat, andalusite with 4 parts of potassium fluoride, 3 of silicon fluoride, 2 of aluminium fluoride, and 1 of lithium carbonate. B. H. B. B. H. B. Chiastolite. By M. ROHRBACH (Chem. Centr., 1888, 942, from Zed. deut. geol. ges., 39, 632-638).-The author again points out that the characteristic cross-like division of the coal-black substance has no connection with a twin-formation, but uiost probably with a crys- talline “ growth ” which, according to the author’s view, has been brought about as follows :-The primarily-formed black, prismatic crystals have grown on the cnP faces more than on the edges, and, consequently, appear notched ; the black, slate-like particles cover- ing the crystals are pressed back from the faces, but on the edges they become enclosed by the substance of the crystals.Cordierite-gneiss from Connecticut. By E. 0. HOVEY (Amer, J. Sci., 36, 57-58).- Cordierite (or iolite), which has hitherto been found in America only as an accessory constituent in rocks, has been found at Guildford, near New Haven, with biotite, quartz, and some plagioclase constituting a true gneiss. This is the first time cordierite- gneiss is reported from America. J. W. L. B. H. B. Occurrence of Piemontite. By B. KOTO (Zeit. Kryst. Min., 14, 599-600, from J.CoZZ. Xci. Tokyo, 1, 303).-In a former paper, the author described the occurrence of piemontite (manganese-epidote) with glaucophane-bearing rocks of the archean-schist series. The dark- violet rocks are developed most typically in the vicinity of the town26 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. of Tokusima, on the island of Shikoku. Here piemontite occurs in association with fine quartz grains, forming a stratified rock, in which sericite, garnet, rutile, orthoclase, and specular iron ore occur as accessory constituents. I n the glaucophane-schists, piemontite also occurs as an accessory constituent. An analysis of piemontite, isolated by means of Thoiilet's solution, from Otakisan in the province of Awa, gave the following results :- SiO,. 61203.Fe,O,. Mn20,. CaO. MgO. Na,O. H20. Total. 36.16 22.52 9.33 6.43 22.05 0.40 0.44 3.20 100.53 Piemon tite-schist is widely distributed throughout Japan. Like glaucophane-schist, it occurs in the lowest portion of the chlorite- sericite gneisses of the archaean formation. Origin of Primary Quartz in Basalt. By J. P. IDDINGS (Amer. J. Xci., 36, 208--222).-The basalts i n the vicinity of the Rio Grande Caiion, Tewan Mountains, New Mexico, contain porphyritic rounded grains of crackled quartz, surrounded by light green shells of micro- scopic augites. Similar remarkable occurrences of free silica in a basic magma are met with in the lithophysae of the rhyolitic obsidian from Obsidian Cliff, Yellowstone National Park, and from Cerro de las Navajas, Mexico. This anomalous association of primary igneous materials was most probably brought about by great pressure and aqueo-igneous action, induced by the influence of water-vapour absorbed in the molten glass.In order to show that the chemical composition of quartz-bearing basalts is not characteristic of a par- ticular modification of rock magma, the author gives the following analyses :- B. H. B. Si0, ....... T I O ~ ....... A1203 ...... Fe203.. ..... FeO ........ M n 0 . ..... CaO ........ MgO ....... BLLO. ....... K@ ....... N%O ...... LIZ0 ....... H20 ....... coz ........ P,Oj ....... c1. ......... Total ....... I. 52 '27 1.49 17-68 2'51 5'00 0 -23 8-39 6.05 0 -06 1.58 4-19 0 *82 - trace trace 100 -27 - j-- 11. 52.37 1.60 17 '01 1 '44 5 -89 0 '32 7 '59 6 *86 0 -06 1.59 3.51 1 -29 0 '37 - -- trace 99.90 -- 111.51 -57 1 '43 17 9 2 6 *24 1.78 0 -45 8 -82 4 *91 0'16 1 -99 3.59 0 -64 0 -58 -- - - -- 99 *88 IV. -- 52 '38 1.22 18 -79 2 -88 4 a90 0.18 7 -70 4 -91 0 *11 1 -76 3 -99 0.53 0 56 - - - -- 99.91 V. 57 -25 0 '60 16.45 1 -67 4 "72 0 '10 7-65 6 74 1-57 3 '00 0 -40 0 -20 - - - - -- 100.35 VI. -- 56 '28 0 *84 14 -23 4 -69 4 -05 0.16 7 *94 6 '37 1 -23 2 -98 0 - C l O * F 3 0 -40 O * l ? 100.28 - - --- B. H. B.MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 27 Peridotite of Iron Mine Hill, Cumberland, Rhode Island. By 51. E. WADSWORTH (Jnhrb. f. Min., 1888: ii, Ref., 224-225, from Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool. Earvard, 7 , 183).--The mean of a number of analyses of the iron ore, peridotite, from Iron Mine Hill, Cumberland, Rhode Island, was as follows :- SiO,. A1,03.Fe,O, + FeO. MnO. CaO. MgO. TiOp. 22-87 10.64 44.88 2-05 0-65 5.67 9-99 Zn. HzO. Total. 0.20 ( 3 0 5 ) 100*00 Under the microscope, the ore is seen to consist of magnetic pyrites, oliyine, plagioclase, and actinolite. B. H. B. The Badenweiler Ore Deposit. By A. WOLLEMANN (Zeit. Kryst. Min., 14, 624-628, from Verh. phys. naed. ges. Wurxbzwg, 20, 39).- The ore deposit of Badenweiler traverses a highly siliceous sandstone, and is enclosed on the one side by granite and porphyry and on the other by Keuper marl, in which rocks numerous branches of the deposit are met with, After giving a geological sketch of the vicinity of Badenweiler, the author gives the results of his petrographical and chemical investigations of the crystalline rocks of the district. The somewhat coarse-grained granite of the Forstgarkchen contains oligo- clase, orthoclase, and mica, analyses of which minerals are given.As further macroscopic constituents, quartz, hornblende, and orthite are met with, whilst magnetite, apatite, zircon, rutile, anatase, and epidote occur microscopically. The minerals found in the ore deposit include barytes (analysis given), quartz, fluorspar, brown-spar, zinc- blende, zinc silicate, galena: anglesite, linarite, cerussite, pyro- morphite (three analyses given), yellow lead ore, and copper pyrites. From the last-named mineral, copper glance and copper indigo are produced in indistinct pseudomorphs. Other products of decompoei- tion are chrysocolla, malachite, and limonite. The quartz appears to be younger than the barytes and fluorspar, after which it forms pseudomorphs The memoir concludes with a discussion of the genesis of the ore deposit by lateral secretion.Mineral Springs in the Admirals-gartenbad, Berlin. By R. FRESENIUS (J. pr. Chem. [el, 38,236-240$.-0n 24th January, 1888, the spring delivered 12.8 litres per minute ; the temperature of the water was 15*2", the air temperature being 5". The water was perfectly clear, but deposited oxide and phosphate of iron on exposure to air; its sp. gr. at 17.5" was 1.021016; no micro-organisms were developed in the bacteriological research. The detailed analysis is as follows, all the carbonates being calculated as normal carbonate :- B. H. B.28 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. In 1000 partR by weight. Sodium chloride . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . Potassium chloride . . . . . . . . . , . . . Lithium chloride . . . . . . . . , . . . . . A mmoni urn c 11 loride. . . . . . . . . . . . Calcium chloride. . . . . . . . . . . , . . . Magnesium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium bromide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sodium iodide , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Calcium sulphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stxoiitium sulphate . . . . . . . . . . . , Barium sulphate . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesium carbonate . . . . . . . . . . Ferrous carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manganous carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . Aluminium phosphate . . . . . . . , . . Aluminium silicate ( A1,0,,3SiOz). Calcium borate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Silica, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 26.715139 0.139062 0.0021 97 0.0 1 885 5 0.52r ,697 0.6441 99 0.020943 0*000398 0.297493 0.637129 trace 0.245551 0-00809 7 0.000160 0.0001 0 7 0.0021 73 0.005 80 7 0-013925 28.672132 0.131754 0-014010 the normal carbonates, to form Carbonic anhydride combined with bicarbonates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Free carbonic anhydride . . . . . . . . 1 - 28.817896 The author compares this water with other waters as to its contents of sodium, calcium, and magnesium chlorides, sodium bromide, and sodium iodide. A. G. B. Analysis of Roncegno-water. By M. GLASER and W. KALMAXN (Be?-., 21, 2879--2881).-The quantity of water flowing from this medicinal spring, which has its source in the Tesobo Mountain, varies during the year. The analysis of a sample taken at the time of greatest flow is given below ; one litre at 18" containing- H3As0,.FeS04. Fe2(S04),. Fe2(P04)*. hl2('SOJ3. MnS04. 0.1531 0.0072 3.0980 0.0285 1.5572 0.1684 C0S04. NiS04. ZnSOg. CuW4, CaS0,. MgS04. 0.0353 0.0862 13.0121 0.0306 1.9072 0.3657 Organic &SO4. Na2S04. NaC1. Si02. matter. 0.0400 0.3009 0.0043 0.1274 0.2280 Total solids, by direct estimation, 8.1440 gramw A comparison with the analysis previously given (Ahstr., 1888, 796) shows that the quantity of arsenic acid has decreased consider- ably (38.1 mgrm. per litre), whilst the other cmstituents are present i n almost the same quantities as before. F. S. K.ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 29 0.24 1-95 35.53 0.21 - 10*05 0'24 16.23 35 '41 0'14 100 -00 - - Analyses of the Waters of some American Alkali Lakes.By T. M. CHATARD (Amer. J. Sci., 36, 14.6--150).-Tbe four analyses given repi-esent the most important alkali lakes so far known. For deteitmining the boric acid, Gooch's method (Abstr., 1887, 299) was found to be the most accurate. Of the four lakes, the most northern is Albert Lake (I), in south-east Oregon. The sample analysed mas taken in September, 1887, 1 foot below surface, and 35 feet from the shore ; sp. gr. 1.03117 et 19 8". IT. Big Soda Lake, near Ragtown, Churchill Co., Nevada; sample taken in 1881 a t the depth of 1 foot; sp. gr., 1.0995 a t 19%". III. Mono Lake, California, although of a composition favourable to ntilisation, is practically inaccessible on account of its great altitnde. The sample was taken in 1882 a t the depth of 1 foot ; sp.gr. 1.045 a t 15.5". IV. Owen's Lake, Inyo Co., California, is 17 miles long and 9 miles wide, its greatest depth being 51 feet. It is estimated to contain 22 million tons of sodium carbo- nate. The manufacture of soda a t this point has been commenced. The sample was taken in September, 1886 ; spa gr. 1.062 a t 25". The analytical results were as follows, a being the composition in grams per litre, and b that per cent. of solid constituents :- 0.070 0 961 19.685 0 -020 0-055 } 0 '003 6'672 0.160 13.690 12 *104 0.052 53 -472 -- -- SiOz.. .. .. K . . . . * . * . N a . . . . . . , Ca . . . . . . . Mg ...... Pe,O, . . . . A1203 . . 504 ...... BJ07 . . . . COB .. .. .. c1 H . . . . . . . Totals . . . . . , . . . . . 0.59 1.3'7 37-51 - - - - 1.80 - 24.21. 34-67 0.15 100 '30" Ia.0'304 2.520 45.840 0 -270 12.960 0 *314 20.934 45.690 0.181 129 -013 - - - ~- 0 -232 0 -538 14.690 - - - - 0.706 9.486 13.462 0 -058 - 1.644 28*5(30 0.014 {t':;: 7.505 0'36'7 19 '398 19'344 0.063 77.098 0.005 39 *172 - 2 13 36.96 0.02 - 0 -02 0.03 9-33 0.49 25 -16 25.09 0.10 100 -01 -- - IIIb. -- 0 *12 1 -79 36 -81 0'04 0 -10 0 '01 12 *48 0 '30 25 '61 22 *64 0 -10 100 -00 IVa. 1 IVb. B. H. B.20 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.M i n e r a l o g i c a1 C h e m i s t r y ,Hexagonal Zinc Sulphide. By W. STAHL (Chem. Centr., 1888,943, from Berg. Hutt. Zpit., 47, 207--208).-The naturally occurringmineral, wurtzite, which has also been artificially prepared, has beennoticed by the author as a product of the blast furnace of the Sophiasnielting work in the Lower Harz.It forms clear, wine-yellow,shining, hexagcnal crystals, mostly in tufts, wit,h the faces mP2, €2,2P2, and OP. Cleavage in the direction R and WE. Hardness= 3-4, sp. gr. = 4.32 ; composition :BII?r'ERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 21Zn. Fe. Mn. Pb. 5.66.08 0.55 trace 0.31 32.88 = 99.82J. W. L.Arsenopyrite from Servia. By A. SCHMIDT (Zeit. Kryst. Mia.,14, 573-574) .--The specimen examined formed part of the collectionof the Royal Hungarian Geological Survey at Budapest. It is statedto have come from the Luta Strana adit-level, Servia. The arseno-pyrite occurs, with iron pyrites and zinc blende, in small_prismtrticcrystals, on which were observed the forms mP, OP, $ z P ~ , $Pw,the two last being new for this mineral. The axial ratio is computedt o be a : b : c = 0.686 : 1 : 1.170.Analysis of this arsenopyrite gavethe following results :-Fe. As. Sb. S. Zn. Insoluble. Total.34.58 42.38 0.14 21-71 0.46 0.22 99-49The percentage of zinc is evidently due to an unavoidable admixtureof blende. B. H. B.Formation of Deposits of Oxides of Manganese. Ry F. P.DUNNINGTON (Amer. J. Sci., 36, 175--178).-1n view of the results ofa series of 15 experiments, i t appears possible that many deposits ofmanganese ore in calciferous rocks have been formed by the action ofsolutions of sulphates rather than of bicarbonates. An illustration ofsuch action is perhaps afforded by the maugnnese deposits of Crimora,Augusta Go., Virginia. Wherever pyrites has been deposited, theoutcrop is gradually converted into limonite by weathering, and theacid solution of ferrous sulphate which sinks into the underlyingdeposits, must carry with it all the manganese in the pyrites itself,and in any disintegrating silicates.As this solution is exposed t o theair or meets with calcium carbonate, ferrous carbonate will be formed,whilst the manganese sulphate will aernain in solution until exposedto the action of both air and calcium carbonate at the same time.B. H. B.Artificial Production of Hydrocerusite. The Compositionof this Mineral and the Constitution of White Lead. ByL. BOURGEOIS (Bull. SOC. Chi/n., 5 0, 83-85) .-Hydrocerusite,2PbC03, Pb(OH)z, is formed if a boiling solution of lead acetate (1 mol.)is treated with litharge (l$ mol.), and when cold, with carbamide(1 mol.).The liquid is then filtered and heated at about 130" forsome hours, when a quantity of nacreous spangIes separate which arewashed with water. These have a sp. gr. = 6.14 at 15", dissolve witheffervescence in nitric and acetic acids, and give off water and carbonicanhydride at 400", leaving a residue of massicot slightly coloured by a,trace of minium.White lead consists of a mixture of hydrocerusite and cerusite.N. H. M.Preparation of Pyromorphite and Mimetesite. By L. MICHEL(Zeit. Kryst. Min., 14, 619, from Bull. SOC. franp. win., 10, 133).-The author mixes three equivalents of lead phosphate or arsenate, or amixture of the two, with one equivaIent of lead chloride in a porcelaincrucible. He covers the mixture with a thin layer of lead chloride22 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.and places the crucible in one of fireclay.Both are hermeticallysealed, the intei*mediate space being filled with ignited magnesia.The crucibles are then heated to the melting point of gold, and slowlycooled. The cavities of the fused mass contain hexagonal prisms asmuch as 2 cm. in length and 1 mm. in width. The best results wereobtained with the mixture coryesponding with kampylite (Analysis 4),the prisms being well developed and perfectly transparent. Thecrystalline productis obtained had the following compositions :-I ..............2 ..............3 ..............4 ..............5 ..............6 ..............7 ..............8 ..............9 ..............Pb,As,O,.89 -7584 '7379'8569.7846.0529 '3719.4310 *21-~--Pb$?,O,.---4 -9'710- 0620 -0.244 -8759 *2468 +98'79 -6789 *87PbC12.--9-9210 * 038.9810.079 9 910 -3110.129 *7110 * 14Total.--99 -6799 -7398 -8999 '8'7l00*7198 -92"98 *5399 -59100 -01Sp.gr.7 -126 -936.976 -93---- -----On the addition of a small quaiitity of lead chromate, yellow orIn rare cases, they are of a grass-green orange crystals are obtained.colour. B. H. B.Uranite from Madagascar. By E. JANNETTAZ (Zed. Rryst. Min.,14, 608, from Bull. SOG. frung. milt., 10, 47).-The mineral examinedforms greenish-yellow aggregates of crystals exactly similar in ap-pearance to those of Autun.H,O. P20,.UO,. Fe,O,. CaO. Total.22.08 14-93 55-08 1-33 651 99-96Analysis gave the following results :-These results correspond with the formula (UO,,Fe,Ca),P,O, +12H,O. Of the proportion of water, 9 per cent. is evolved at 65".B. H. B.Baryto-celestine from Werfen in Salzburg. By E. HATLE andH. TAUSS (Jahrb. f. Min., 1888, ii, Ref., 210, from Tschermak's min.Mitth., 9,227-231) .-The baryto-celestine accompanying the wagner-ite of Werfen has hitherto been regarded as barytes. It formsdruses, crystals 1.5 cm. thick, and radiated or granular masses. It isof a pink coloui-, and translucent, with a hardness of 3.5 and asp. gr. of 4-17. Analysis gave 84.80 per cent. of barium sulphateand 15.03 of strontium sulphate.Arseniopleite, a New Swedish Mineral.By L. J. IGELSTROM(Jahrb. f. &fin., 1888, ii, Mem., 117- 122).--Numerons rare and newminerals occur with braunite and hausmannite at the manganesemine, Sjtigrufvan, in the parish of Gryhyttan, Oerebro, Sweden. InNovember, 1887, the author discovered there another new mineral,# 99 *51 in the original paper.The formula is 4BaS04 + SrSO1.B. H. BMXNERALOQTCAL CHEMISTRY. 23which he names arsenioyZeite from the metal arsenic, and slrX&ov(more). The mineral occurs in intimate association with rhodonitein small veins in dolomite. It also occurs in the same rock inmasses 0.5 to 1 cm. in thickness. NOcrystals have been found. It is uniaxial and positive, and judgingfrom the cleavage appears to crystallise in rhombohedra1 forms.Analysis gave the following results :-Its colour is cherry-red.A S , ~ , .MnO. Fe,O,. PbO. CaO. MgO. H20. Total.44.98 28.25 3.68 4.48 8.11 3.10 5.67 98.27Traces of Sb205 and C1 were observed. Arseniopleite is a basicarsenate, like olivenite. It resembles most closely dindelphite andsynadelphite. It, however, contains no alumina. Its relation to theother hydrated arsenates occurring in Sweden may be seen from thefollowing list :-Chondroarsenite.. . . (MnO)~SzO5 + 24Hz0.Xanthoarsenite . . . . (MnO)5As205 + 5H20 (Abstr., 1886, 25).HEmafjbrite . . . . . . (MnO),AsZO5 + 5H20.Polyarsenite . . . . . . (MnO)4Asz05 + HzO (Abstr., 1887, 347).Allactite . . . . . . . . . . (Mn0),As205 + 4H20.Diadelphite.. . . . . . . (MnO),As205 + AlZO3(Fe2O3) + 8H20.Synndelphite .. . . . . (MnO),As,O, + Al2O3(Fe2O,) + 5Hz0.Arseniopleite . . . . . . 3(Mn0,Ca0,Pb0,MgO)3As205 +(Compare Abstr., 1867, 902.)Treatment of Natural Silicates with Hydrochloric Acid as ameans of Ascertaining their Structure. By E. A. SCENEIDER(Anwr. Chem. J., 10, 405--408).-Referring to the recent paper byClarke (Abstr., 1888,659), the author remarks that the weathering ofminerals may be used for drawing conclusions as to their constitution,and suggests the carrying out of a number of experiments, substi-tuting hydrochloric acid for the atmospheric carbonic anhydride, andaccelerating its action by heating in sealed tubes in a water-bath, themineral being finely powdered.Minerals of the Tyrol. By A.CATHRRTN (Jahrb. f. Min., 1888, ii,Ref., 2%0-221, from Tschernznk’s min. Mitth., 8,400-413).-1. Theso-called Paragonite frona the Zillerthn1.-The composition of thismineral is found to be that of talc, and not that of mica. It is EMf0llOvr~S :-Mn,03(B’e203) + 3H20.B. H. B.H. B.SiO,. MgO. FeO. H,O. Total.62-24 30.22 2.66 4.97 100.09This talc is the matrix of the actinolite from this locality.2. A New Pseudnmorph of Fasstcite.-This was found at Monzoni iuassociation with crystals of grossular remarkable for the occurrenceof the rare plane 40+, first observed by Bauer on garnet fromOravicza. The composition of the fassaite is as follows :24 ABSTRAUTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.Loss onSi02. A120,. Fe20B. FeO. CaO. MgO. ignition. Total.44.22 12.37 3.83 1.14 27.31 11.26 0.73 100.86The fassaite appears to be pseudomorphous after gehlenite.3.Pseudonaorphs of Grossulnr after Geh1enite.-On a specimen fromthe Monzoni mountains, pseudomorphs after gehlenitc were found.Ana1.y sis gave the following results :-Si02. Al,O,. Fe,O,. FeO. CaO. MgO. Ignition. Total.39.64 16.47 4-62 1-13 31.52 5.72 1-04 100.14This composition is nearly that of the grossular from Wilui.B. H. B.Bertrandite from Mount Antero, Colorado. By S. L. PENFIELD(Amer. J. Sci., 36, 52-55) .-The rare mineral, bertrandite, identifiedin France and Bohemia, has been found in little rectangular blades,5 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, and 0.3 mm. thick, at Mouut Antero. Thecrystals are associated with quartz and beryl, and have a curioushemimorphic aspect, which the author refers to the rhombic systemwith an axial ratio of 0.5953 : 1 : 0.5723.The hardness of thecrystals is 6 to 7, and their sp. gr. 8.598. An analysis of 0.1259 gramgitve the following results :-Si02. BeO. CaO. H,O. Total.51.8 39.6 1.0 8.4 100-8B . H. B.Mineralogical Notes. BJ- G. F. KUNZ (Amer. J. Sci., 36, 222-224).-1. Phenacite from Maine.-In May, 1888, crystals of ptienacitewere found near Stoneham in R vein of coarse albitic granite, asso-ciated with crystals of smoky quartz, topaz, and muscovite. Thecrystals were lenticular, 3 to 12 mm. across, and 1 to 3 uim. inthickness.2. Quartz Pseudomorphs after Spodumene.-These pseudomorphswere found a t Peru, Maine, and, with the exception of a white core ofalbite, were entirely composed of white quartz. The surface of thecrystals was covered with a coating of damourite.3.A remarkable Variety of Transparent 0ligoclase.-Faint greencrystals of oligoclase of wonderful tIansparency were found in theHawk Mica Mine, near Bakersville, North Carolina. The crystalscontain a series of cavities surrounded by acicular microlites.Analysis gave the following results :-Si02. AI2O3. CaO. K20. NeO. Ignition. Fe,O,,MnO. Total.62.92 25.32 4.03 0.96 6.18 0.23 trace 99-664. Apatite from Yonkers, New Yo&.-A fragment of an apatitecrystal, found in tunnelling for the Croton Aqueduct, measures 10 by15 mm. It is of a rich, oily green, and remarkable for its trans-parency.5. Cyanite from North Caro2ina.-The ci*ystals occur in a vein ofwhite, massive quartz near the summit of Yellow Mountain, BakersMINERALOGICAL CHEXISTRY.25ville. Some of the crystals were 2 inches in length, and in perfec-tion, depth of colour, and transparency, rival those from S t. Gothard.6. Arngoiaile Pseudomorph.-A crystal from Pima Co., Arizona,originally consisted of aragonite, but had been almost entirelychanged and impregnated by ferric and manganese oxides. It hadan outer coating of white cacholong.Artificial Formation of Mica. By C. DOELTER (Juhrb. f. Min.,1888, ii, Mem., 178--180).-1n May, 1888, the author announced to theRoyal Academy of Sciences of Vienna, that he had successfully pro-duced mica artificially. From alumina-hornblende and augite heobtained biotite, and from pennine and glaucophane he obtainedphlogopite, when these minerals were fused with magnesium fluorideand sodium fluoride at a red heat.In the same manner, biotite isobtained on fusing the silicate, K2A12Si208 + Mg,Si04, with sodiumand magnesium fluorides. When ferrous silicate is substituted for themagnesium silicate, ferriferous biotites are obtained. Recently theauthor has obtained very excellent results by fusing garnet and anda-lusite with fluorides. Biotite, closely resembling that from Vesuvius,is obtained by fusing pyrope or almandine with sodium and mag-nesium fluorides. Very beautiful crystals of muscovite are obtainedby fusing andalusite with potassium fluoride, silicon fluoride, andaluminium fluoride in the proportion of 4 : 3 : 1 at a low red heat.Curiously enough, the artificial mica usually exhibits a smaller axialangle than the natural.Zinnwaldite is obtained by fusing, at a dullred heat, andalusite with 4 parts of potassium fluoride, 3 of siliconfluoride, 2 of aluminium fluoride, and 1 of lithium carbonate.B. H. B.B. H. B.Chiastolite. By M. ROHRBACH (Chem. Centr., 1888, 942, fromZed. deut. geol. ges., 39, 632-638).-The author again points out thatthe characteristic cross-like division of the coal-black substance hasno connection with a twin-formation, but uiost probably with a crys-talline “ growth ” which, according to the author’s view, has beenbrought about as follows :-The primarily-formed black, prismaticcrystals have grown on the cnP faces more than on the edges, and,consequently, appear notched ; the black, slate-like particles cover-ing the crystals are pressed back from the faces, but on the edgesthey become enclosed by the substance of the crystals.Cordierite-gneiss from Connecticut.By E. 0. HOVEY (Amer,J. Sci., 36, 57-58).- Cordierite (or iolite), which has hitherto beenfound in America only as an accessory constituent in rocks, has beenfound at Guildford, near New Haven, with biotite, quartz, and someplagioclase constituting a true gneiss. This is the first time cordierite-gneiss is reported from America.J. W. L.B. H. B.Occurrence of Piemontite. By B. KOTO (Zeit. Kryst. Min., 14,599-600, from J. CoZZ. Xci. Tokyo, 1, 303).-In a former paper, theauthor described the occurrence of piemontite (manganese-epidote)with glaucophane-bearing rocks of the archean-schist series.The dark-violet rocks are developed most typically in the vicinity of the tow26 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.of Tokusima, on the island of Shikoku. Here piemontite occurs inassociation with fine quartz grains, forming a stratified rock, in whichsericite, garnet, rutile, orthoclase, and specular iron ore occur asaccessory constituents. I n the glaucophane-schists, piemontite alsooccurs as an accessory constituent. An analysis of piemontite, isolatedby means of Thoiilet's solution, from Otakisan in the province ofAwa, gave the following results :-SiO,. 61203. Fe,O,. Mn20,. CaO. MgO. Na,O. H20. Total.36.16 22.52 9.33 6.43 22.05 0.40 0.44 3.20 100.53Piemon tite-schist is widely distributed throughout Japan.Likeglaucophane-schist, it occurs in the lowest portion of the chlorite-sericite gneisses of the archaean formation.Origin of Primary Quartz in Basalt. By J. P. IDDINGS (Amer.J. Xci., 36, 208--222).-The basalts i n the vicinity of the Rio GrandeCaiion, Tewan Mountains, New Mexico, contain porphyritic roundedgrains of crackled quartz, surrounded by light green shells of micro-scopic augites. Similar remarkable occurrences of free silica ina basic magma are met with in the lithophysae of the rhyoliticobsidian from Obsidian Cliff, Yellowstone National Park, and fromCerro de las Navajas, Mexico. This anomalous association of primaryigneous materials was most probably brought about by great pressureand aqueo-igneous action, induced by the influence of water-vapourabsorbed in the molten glass.In order to show that the chemicalcomposition of quartz-bearing basalts is not characteristic of a par-ticular modification of rock magma, the author gives the followinganalyses :-B. H. B.Si0, .......T I O ~ .......A1203 ......Fe203.. .....FeO ........M n 0 . .....CaO ........MgO .......BLLO. .......K@ .......N%O ......LIZ0 .......H20 ....... coz ........P,Oj ....... c1. .........Total .......I.52 '271.4917-682'515'000 -238-396.050 -061.584-190 *82-tracetrace100 -27-j--11.52.371.6017 '011 '445 -890 '327 '596 *860 -061.593.511 -290 '37---trace99.90--111.51 -571 '4317 9 26 *241.780 -458 -824 *910'161 -993.590 -640 -58---- --99 *88IV.--52 '381.2218 -792 -884 a900.187 -704 -910 *111 -763 -990.530 56--- --99.91V.57 -250 '6016.451 -674 "720 '107-656 741-573 '000 -400 -20------100.35VI. --56 '280 *8414 -234 -694 -050.167 *946 '371 -232 -980 - C lO * F 30 -40O * l ?100.28-----B. H.BMINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY. 27Peridotite of Iron Mine Hill, Cumberland, Rhode Island.By 51. E. WADSWORTH (Jnhrb. f. Min., 1888: ii, Ref., 224-225, fromBull. Mas. Comp. Zool. Earvard, 7 , 183).--The mean of a number ofanalyses of the iron ore, peridotite, from Iron Mine Hill, Cumberland,Rhode Island, was as follows :-SiO,.A1,03. Fe,O, + FeO. MnO. CaO. MgO. TiOp.22-87 10.64 44.88 2-05 0-65 5.67 9-99Zn. HzO. Total.0.20 ( 3 0 5 ) 100*00Under the microscope, the ore is seen to consist of magnetic pyrites,oliyine, plagioclase, and actinolite. B. H. B.The Badenweiler Ore Deposit. By A. WOLLEMANN (Zeit. Kryst.Min., 14, 624-628, from Verh. phys. naed. ges. Wurxbzwg, 20, 39).-The ore deposit of Badenweiler traverses a highly siliceous sandstone,and is enclosed on the one side by granite and porphyry and on theother by Keuper marl, in which rocks numerous branches of thedeposit are met with, After giving a geological sketch of the vicinityof Badenweiler, the author gives the results of his petrographical andchemical investigations of the crystalline rocks of the district.Thesomewhat coarse-grained granite of the Forstgarkchen contains oligo-clase, orthoclase, and mica, analyses of which minerals are given. Asfurther macroscopic constituents, quartz, hornblende, and orthite aremet with, whilst magnetite, apatite, zircon, rutile, anatase, andepidote occur microscopically. The minerals found in the ore depositinclude barytes (analysis given), quartz, fluorspar, brown-spar, zinc-blende, zinc silicate, galena: anglesite, linarite, cerussite, pyro-morphite (three analyses given), yellow lead ore, and copper pyrites.From the last-named mineral, copper glance and copper indigo areproduced in indistinct pseudomorphs. Other products of decompoei-tion are chrysocolla, malachite, and limonite. The quartz appears tobe younger than the barytes and fluorspar, after which it formspseudomorphs The memoir concludes with a discussion of thegenesis of the ore deposit by lateral secretion.Mineral Springs in the Admirals-gartenbad, Berlin.By R.FRESENIUS (J. pr. Chem. [el, 38,236-240$.-0n 24th January, 1888,the spring delivered 12.8 litres per minute ; the temperature of thewater was 15*2", the air temperature being 5". The water wasperfectly clear, but deposited oxide and phosphate of iron on exposureto air; its sp. gr. at 17.5" was 1.021016; no micro-organisms weredeveloped in the bacteriological research. The detailed analysis is asfollows, all the carbonates being calculated as normal carbonate :-B.H. B28 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.In 1000 partR by weight.Sodium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Potassium chloride . . . . . . . . . , . . .Lithium chloride . . . . . . . . , . . . . .A mmoni urn c 11 loride. . . . . . . . . . . .Calcium chloride. . . . . . . . . . . , . . .Magnesium chloride . . . . . . . . . . . .Sodium bromide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sodium iodide , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Calcium sulphate . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stxoiitium sulphate . . . . . . . . . . . ,Barium sulphate . . , . . . . . . . . . . . .Magnesium carbonate . . . . . . . . . .Ferrous carbonate. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Manganous carbonate. . . . . . . . . . .Aluminium phosphate . . . . . . . , . .Aluminium silicate ( A1,0,,3SiOz).Calcium borate .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Silica, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26.7151390.1390620.0021 970.0 1 885 50.52r ,6970.6441 990.0209430*0003980.2974930.637129trace0.2455510-00809 70.0001600.0001 0 70.0021 730.005 80 70-01392528.6721320.1317540-014010the normal carbonates, to formCarbonic anhydride combined withbicarbonates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Free carbonic anhydride . . . . . . . . 1-28.817896The author compares this water with other waters as to its contentsof sodium, calcium, and magnesium chlorides, sodium bromide, andsodium iodide. A. G. B.Analysis of Roncegno-water. By M. GLASER and W. KALMAXN(Be?-., 21, 2879--2881).-The quantity of water flowing from thismedicinal spring, which has its source in the Tesobo Mountain, variesduring the year.The analysis of a sample taken at the time ofgreatest flow is given below ; one litre at 18" containing-H3As0,. FeS04. Fe2(S04),. Fe2(P04)*. hl2('SOJ3. MnS04.0.1531 0.0072 3.0980 0.0285 1.5572 0.1684C0S04. NiS04. ZnSOg. CuW4, CaS0,. MgS04.0.0353 0.0862 13.0121 0.0306 1.9072 0.3657Organic&SO4. Na2S04. NaC1. Si02. matter.0.0400 0.3009 0.0043 0.1274 0.2280Total solids, by direct estimation, 8.1440 gramwA comparison with the analysis previously given (Ahstr., 1888,796) shows that the quantity of arsenic acid has decreased consider-ably (38.1 mgrm. per litre), whilst the other cmstituents are presenti n almost the same quantities as before. F. S. KORGANIC CHEMISTRY. 290.241-9535.530.21-10*050'2416.2335 '410'14100 -00--Analyses of the Waters of some American Alkali Lakes. ByT. M. CHATARD (Amer. J. Sci., 36, 14.6--150).-Tbe four analysesgiven repi-esent the most important alkali lakes so far known. Fordeteitmining the boric acid, Gooch's method (Abstr., 1887, 299) wasfound to be the most accurate. Of the four lakes, the most northernis Albert Lake (I), in south-east Oregon. The sample analysed mastaken in September, 1887, 1 foot below surface, and 35 feet from theshore ; sp. gr. 1.03117 et 19 8". IT. Big Soda Lake, near Ragtown,Churchill Co., Nevada; sample taken in 1881 a t the depth of 1 foot;sp. gr., 1.0995 a t 19%". III. Mono Lake, California, although of acomposition favourable to ntilisation, is practically inaccessible onaccount of its great altitnde. The sample was taken in 1882 a t thedepth of 1 foot ; sp. gr. 1.045 a t 15.5". IV. Owen's Lake, Inyo Co.,California, is 17 miles long and 9 miles wide, its greatest depth being51 feet. It is estimated to contain 22 million tons of sodium carbo-nate. The manufacture of soda a t this point has been commenced.The sample was taken in September, 1886 ; spa gr. 1.062 a t 25".The analytical results were as follows, a being the composition ingrams per litre, and b that per cent. of solid constituents :-0.0700 96119.6850 -0200-055 } 0 '0036'6720.16013.69012 *1040.05253 -472----SiOz.. .. ..K . . . . * . * .N a . . . . . . ,Ca . . . . . . .Mg ......Pe,O, . . . .A1203 . .504 ......BJ07 . . . .COB .. .. .. c1H . . . . . . .Totals . . . .. , . . . . .0.591.3'737-51----1.80 -24.21.34-670.15100 '30"Ia.0'3042.52045.8400 -27012.9600 *31420.93445.6900.181129 -013---~-0 -2320 -53814.690 ----0.7069.48613.4620 -058-1.64428*5(300.014{t':;:7.5050'36'719 '39819'3440.06377.0980.00539 *172 -2 1336.960.02 -0 -020.039-330.4925 -1625.090.10100 -01---IIIb.--0 *121 -7936 -810'040 -100 '0112 *480 '3025 '6122 *640 -10100 -00IVa. 1 IVb.B. H. B