This review highlights the past year's literature that pertains to the appropriate use and effectiveness of colorectal endoscopy for the screening and surveillance of neoplasia. Treatment of colorectal neoplasms by electrothermal, photothermal, and photodynamic techniques is discussed. Technologies to extend our current diagnostic capabilities, such as electronic endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound, are covered. Studies are summarized on the diagnostic yield of colonoscopy in patients with occult and overt bleeding. New information on tissue sampling, bowel preparation, procedure safety, and patient monitoring is presented.