Estimations ofα-tocopherol content were made on a series of human necropsy samples of normal arterial wall and of atherosclerotic lesions. The results were compared with stage of lesion, shown by histology, and with the amounts of cholesterol and hydroxycholesterols in the same lesions. The ratio ofα-tocopherol to cholesterol levels varied widely in normal arterial wall but was consistently low in lesions, especially in lesions rich in macrophage foam cells. The results suggested that significant accumulation of hydroxycholesterols, found almost exclusively in lesions, only occurred whenα-tocopherol levels were low in relation to the cholesterol content. This suggests that oxidative activity in the lesion may lead to significant oxidation of constituents of low-density lipoprotein only afterα-tocopherol has been depleted.