ANNUAL REPORTSON THEPROGRESS OF CHEMISTRYANNUAL REPORTSON THEPROGRESS OF CHEMISTRYF O R 1 9 2 7 .ISSUED BY THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY.dLornmiftee o f @ubIictrfion :Chairman : N. V. SIDGWICK, M.A., Sc.D., F. R.S.M. P. AYPLEBEY, M.A., B.Sc.H. B. BAKER, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.B.S.H. BASSETT, D.Sc., Ph.D.H. V. A. RRISCOE, D.Sc.I!’. G. DONNAN, C.B.E., M.A., F.R.S.H. W. DUDLEY, O.B.E., M.Sc., P11.D.U. It. EVAXS, M.A.J. J. Fox, O.B.E., D.Sc.C. S. GIBSON, O.B.E., M.A.R. JV. GRAY, O.B.E., Ph.D.A. J. GREENAWAY, P.I.C.T. A. HENRP, D.Sc.C. I<. INGOLD, D.Sc., F.R.P.&hifor :CLAREKCE SMITH, I).&.J. KKNYON, D.Sc.H. KING, D.Sc.H. MCCOMBIE, D.S.O., M.C., D.Sc.T. S. MOORE, M.A., 13.S~.G. T. MORGAN, O.B.E., ll.Sc., F.R.S.I<. J. P.OHTON, M.A., F.R.S.J. R. PARTINGTON, M.B.E., D.Sc.J. C. PHILIP, O.B.E., D.Sc,, F.R.S.T. S. PRICE, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.F. L. PYMAN, D.Sc., F.R.S.E. K. RIDEAL, M.A., Ph.D.R. ROBINSON, D.Sc., F.R.S.J. F. THORPE, C.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S.~!ssisfrrnt &%tar :A. D. MITCHELL, D.Sc.3iub.exar :MARGARET LE PLA, B.Sc.A. J. BRADLEY, Ph.D.€I. V. A. BRISCOE, D.Sc.B. A. ELLIS, M.A.J. J. Pox, O.B.E., D.Sc.C. T. GIBIINGHAM, O.B.E., R.Sc.W. N. HAWORTH, D.Sc., Ph.D.T. A. HENRY, D.Sc. c. N. HINSHELWOOD, n f . ~ .danfribiit urs : i H. HUNTER, D.Sc.1 J. PRSDE, KSc.C. K. INGOLD, D.Sc., F.R.S.It. W. JAMES, M.A.P. L. ROBINSON. D.Sc. I L.J. SPENCER, M.A., Sc.D.,F.R.S. 1 J. WEST, MAC.Vol. XXIV.LQNDON :GURNEY & J A C K S O N , 33 PATERNOSTER ROW, E.C.4.1928PRINTED IN QREAT BRITAIN BYRICHARD CLAY & SONS LIMITED.BUNQAY, YUFFOLKCONTENTS.PAGEGENERAL AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.By H. HUNTER, D.Sc. . 11INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. By H. V. A. BRISCOE, D.Sc., and P. L.RODIKSON, D.Sc. . . . . . . . . . 37ORGANIC CHEMISTRY :-Part ~.-ALIPHATIC DIVISION. By W. N. HAWORTH, D.Sc., Ph.D. . 61Part II.-HOMOCYCLIC DIVISION. By C. K. INGOLD, D.Sc., F.R.S. . 106Part III.--IIETEROCPCLIC DIVISION. By T. A. HENRY, D.Sc. . . 158ANALYTICAL CHENISTRP. By J. J. FOX, O.B.E., D.Sc., and B. A.ELLIS, M.A. . . . . . . . . . . 196BIOCHEMISTRY. By C. T. GIMINGHAM, O.B.E., B.Sc., and J. PRYDE,M.s~. . . . . . . . . . . . 218CRYSTALLOGRAPHY. By R. W. JAMES, M.A., J. WEST, M.Sc., andA. J. BRADLEY, Ph.D.. . . . . . . . 273MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY (1926-7). Ey L. J. SPEX’CEK, M.A.,Sc.D., F.R.S. . . . . . . . . . . 292CHEMICAL KINETICS. By C. N. HIRSHELWOOD, &LA. . . . 31Abbrez.iatcd Title.A . , . . . .A . . . . . .Acta Phytochinz . . .Acta Sci. Fennicae . .Amer. Chem J. . . .Amer. J. Bot. . , .Amner. J. Pharnz. . .Amer. J. Phylsiol. . .Amer. J. Sci. . . .Ainer. Mia. . . .Anal. Asoc. Quim ArgentinnAn.al. Fis. Quim. . .Anajyst . . . .Annalen . . . .Ann. Acad. Sci. Feiznicne .Ann. Appl. Biol. . .Ann. Bot. . . . .Ann. Chim. . . .Ann. C7bim. anal. . .Ann. Chim. Appl. . .Ann. PJiysilc . . .Ann. Physique . . .Ann. Reports . , .Ann. Bep. Appt. C7~enz. .Bnn. Keportu Roth. Exp.Sta. . . . .Ann. Sci. Univ.Jcmy .Ann. SOC. yio‘ol. Bclg. . .Arch. exp. Path. Phnrm. .Arch. Farm. sperim. Sci.a$.. . . . .Arch. Phnrm. . . .drsbok Sveriges CTeol. Unders.Atti .R. Accad. Lincei . ,B . . . . . ,Rer. . , . , .Bied. Zentlalbi. . . .Hiocliem. J. . . .Bioehem. 2. . . .REFERENCES,TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED IN THE,The year is not inserted in references t o 1927.FULL TITLE.Abstracts in Journal of the Chemical Society.British Chemical Abstracts,* Section A.Acta P hytochimica .Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae.American Chemical Journal.American Journal of Botany.American Journal of Pharinacy.American Journal of Physiology.American Journal of Science,American Mineralogist.Anales d e la Asociacion Quimica Argentina.Anales de la Sociedad Espanala Fisica y Quimica.The Analyst.Justus Liebig’s Annalen der Chemie.Amales Academia Scicntiarum Fennicae.Annals of Applied Biology.Annals of Botany.Annales de Chimie.Anna1t.s de Chiniie analy tique appliquQe a l’hduutrie,B I’Agiculture,Annali di Chirnica Applicata.Annalen der Pliysik.Annales de Physique.Annual Reports of the Chemical Society.Annual Reports 011 the Progress of Applied Chemistry.Annual Reports of the Rothamsted ExperimentalAnnales scientiiiques de 1’Universitd de Jassy.Annales de la SociQt6 gQologique de Belgique [in-Archiv fur experimentelle Pathologie und Pharnia-Archivio di Farmacologia sperimentale e ScienzeArchiv der Pharmazie.Sveriges Geologiska UnderEokning, Arsbok, Stock-holm.Atti (Kendiconti, Memorie) della Reale AccademisNazionale dei Lincei, classe di scienze fisiche,matematiche e naturali, Rorna.British Cherriical Abstracts,* Section B.Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft.Biedermann’s Zmtral blatt.The Siocheniical Journal.Biochemische Zeitschrift.la l’harmacie et A la Riologie.Station.cluding Mem.and B d l . ] , LiBge.kologie.afflniTABLE OB ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED IN THE REFERENCES. viiAbbreviatdd Title.Biol. Zentralbl. , . .Bol. A c d . Nac. C&vtcicC.p,Cdrdoba . . . .Bob. Gaz, . . . .Brit. Assoe. Repwts . .Bul. SOC. chim. Romdnia .Bul, Soc. Romdna Stiinte .Bull. Acad. roy. Belg. .Bull. Chem. Soc. Japan .Bull. int. Acnd. Polorwise .Bull. Soc. chim. .Bull. SOC. chim.Belg.Bull. SOC. Chim. b i d .Bull. Xoc. fmng. Min.Centr. dlin. . .Chem. and Ind. . .Chem. Listy . .Chem. Met. h'ltg. .Chem. News . .Chem. Umschau . .Chm. Weekblad .Chem. Ztg. . .Cim. . . . .Coinpt. rend. . .Dcp. Agr. Union S. Afr.Sci. Bull. . . .Dmt. med. FVochenschr. .Engin. Mining J. . .Forlsehr, Landw. . .Bazzetta . . . .G'col. For. Forh. . . .Giurn. Chim. Ind. AppZ. .Hawaii Exp Sla. Bull. .I€&. Cham. Acta . .Ind. Eng. Ch?em. . . . T J . . . . .Jahrb. Min. Bed. - Bd.Jahrb. wiss. Bot. . .J. Agric. Rcs. . . .J. Agric. Sci. . . .J, Anwr. Cliem. Soc. . .J. Anter. Med. Assoc. , .J. Amer. P h r m Assoc. .J. Amer. Soc. Agron. , .J. Riot. Chem. . . .J. Chem. Met. SOC. X. AfricaJ. Chim.phys. . ..J. Exper. Med. . . . J. Franklin Inst. . .,T. @en. Physwl. . . .J. Indian Chem. Soc. . .FULL TITLE.Biologisches Zen tralblatt.Boletin de la Academia Nacional des Ciencias,C6rdoba.Botanical Gazette.Reports of the British Association for the Advance-Buletinul Societitei de Chimie din Romknia.Buletinul Sozietatii Romiina de Stiinte.Acadkmie royale de Belgique-Bulletin de la ClasseBulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan.Bulletin international de 1'Acadkmie Polonnise desBulletin de la Socikt6 chimiquo de France.Bulletin de la Sociktk ehimique de Helgique.Bulletin de la Socidt6 de Chimie biologique.Bulletin de la Socibt6 frangaise de MinBralogie.Centralblatt fur Mineralogie, Geologie und Palaonto-logie.Chemistry and Industry.Chemick6 Listy pro V6du a PrBmysl.Organ de la" CeskA ,phemickA Spole6nost pro Vedu aPrfiniysl.Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering.Chemical News.Chemische Umschau auf dem Gebiete der Fette, Oele,Chemisch Weekblad.Chemiker Zeitung.Le Ciment.Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des SBances deDepartment of Agriculture, Union of South Africa,Deutsche niedizinische Wochenschrift.Engineering and Mining Journal.Fortschritte der Landwirtschaft.Gazzetta chimica italiana.Geologisks Foreningens i Stockholm Fdrhandlingar.Giornale di Chiinica Industriale ed Applicata.Hawaii Experimental Station Bulletins.Helvetica Chimica Acta.Industrial and Engineering Chemistry.Journal of the Chemical Society.Nenes Jahrbuch fur 11 ineralogie, Geologie, undPalaeontolcgie, Reilage-Band.Jahrbuch fur wissenschattliche Botanik.Journal of Agricultural Research.Journal of Agricultural Science.Journal of the American Chemical Society.Journal of the American Medical Association.Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association.Journal of the American Society of Agronomy.Journal of Biological Chemistry.Journal of the Chemical, Metallurgical, and MiningSociety of South Africa.Journal de Chimie physique.Journal of Experimental Medicine.Joilrnal of the Franklin Institute.Journal of General Physiology.Quarterly Journal of the Indian Cliemical Society.ment of Science.des Sciences.Sciences.Wachse, und Harze.l'Acad6mie des Sciences.Scientific Bulletinsviii TABLE OF ABBREVIA!FIONS EMPLOYED IN THE REFERENCES.Abbreviated Title.J.Indian Inst. Sci. .J. Ind. Hygiene . .J. Inst. Metah . .J. &finistry Agric. .J. Opt. SOC. Amer. .J. Pharm. Belg. . .J. Pharm , Exp. Ther.J. Pharm. SOC. Japan. .J. Physical Chent. . .J. Physio7. . . .J. Pomology . . .J. pr. Chem. . . .J. Roy. Micros. SOC. . .J. Xuss. Phys. Chem. SOC. .J . Soc. Chem. Ind. . ,J. SOC. Chem. Ind. Japan. ,J. Soc. Chem. Japan . .J . SOC. Dyem Col. . .Kgl. Danske Vidensknp.Selsk. math.-fys. Medd. .Kgl. Landtbruks Aknd.Handl. Tid. . . .Klin. Woch. . . .Maryland Agr. Exp. Stn.Bull. . . .Math. -Phys. kl. Sachs.dkad. . . . .Medd. K. Veten-skapsaX-ad.Nobel-Inst. . . .Mem, Manchester Phil. SOC.Hkm. Soc. Itzhsse Min. .Mikrochem. .. .Min. Mag. . . . .Mitt. deut. Landw.-Ges. ,Monatsh. . . . .Nach. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen.Naturwiss . . . .Natuwwetensch. Tijds. .Neuc Jahrb. Mi%Nwsk Beob. Tidsskrift .Notiz. chint. -id.O$. Gazette Brit. Guinm. .P . . . . . .Pharm. Weekblnd . ,Pharm. Zentr. . . .Pharm. Ztq. . . .Phil. Mag. . . .Phil. Tram. . . .FULL TITLE.Journal of the Indian Institute of Science.Journal of Industrial Hygiene.Journal of the Institute of Metals.Journal of the Ministry of Agriculture.Journal of the Optical Society of America.Journal de Pharrnacie de Belgique.Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Thera-peutics.Journal of the Pharniaceutical Society of Japan.(Yakugakuzasshi. )Jonrnal of Physical Chemistry.Journal of Physiology.Journal of Polnology and Horticultural Science.Journal fur praktische Chemie.Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society.Journal of the Physical and Chemical Society ofJournal of the Society of Chemical Industry.Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, Japan.Journal of the Chemical Society of J a p m (NipponJournal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists.Kongeljge Danske Videnskapernens Selskab, mathe-Kungliga Landtbruks Akademiens Handlingar ochKlinische Wochenschrift.Maryland Agricultural Experimental Station Bulle-Berichte uber die Verhandlungen der Koniglich.Sachsichen Gesellschaft der WissenschaftenMeddelanden fr&n Kunglig-VetenskapsakademiensMemnirs and Proceedings of the Manchester LiteraryMihoires de la Socidth Rnsse de Minkralogie (MoscowMikrochemie.Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Minera-hlitteilungen der deutschen Landwirtschaft-Gesell-Monatshefte fur Chemie nnd verwandte Theile andererNachrichten von der Gesellschaft der WissenschaftenDie Naturwissenschaften.Natuur~etenschappelijl\: Tijdschrift.Neue JahrbucE fur Minerdogie.Norsk Geolwisk Tidsskrift, Oslo.Notiziario c~~mico-indastriaIe.Oacial Gazette, British Guiana, Georgetown.Proceedings of the Chemical Society.Pharmaceutisch Weekblad.€'harmazentische Zentralhalle.Phnrmazeutische Zeitung.Philosophical Magazine (The London, Edinburgh andPhilosophical Trensactioas of the Royal Society ofRnssia.(K6gyB Kwagakii Zasshi.)Kwagaku Iiwai Shi.)matisk-fysiske Meddelelser.Tidskrift.tins.(math. -p4ys.Klase).No bel-Insti tut.and Philosophical Society.and Leningrad).logical Society.srhaft.Wissenschaften.zu Gottingen.Dublin).LondonTABLE OB ABBREVIATIONS EBWLOYED IN THE REFERENCES. ixAbbreviated Title.Philippine J. Sci. . .Physical Reo. . . .Proc. Amd. Eat. Sci.Philadelphia . . .Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci.Physikal. 2. . .Proc. Amer. PhiE. SOC. .Proc. A m r . Soc. Hort. Sci.Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. .Proc. Imp. Acad Tokyo .Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. .Proc. R. Akad. Wetensch.Proc. Leeds Phil. Lit. SOC.AmsttrdaqnProc. Nut. Acad. Sci. , .Proc. Physical SOC. . .Proc. Roy. Soc. . . .Proc. Roy. SOC. New. SoulhWales . . . .Rec. trav. chim. . . .Rend. Accad. Sci. Jis. vialh.Napoli .. . .€lev. HJt. . . . .Sci. Papers Inst. Phys.Chem. RPS. Tokyo . .Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc.Sci. Rep. T6hoku Imp. Univ.Sitzungsber. Heide Zberg.Akad. Wiss. . . .Sitzungsber. Preuss. Akad.Wiss. Berlin . . .Skrifter Norske Vulenskaps-Akad, . . . .Soil Sci. . , . .Trans. Amer. Electrochem.SOC. . . . .Trans. Faraday SOC. . .Trans. oy. SOC. Canada .Ukruine Chem. J. . .Lrniv. Calif. Pub. Agr. Sci.Univ. Toronto Studies, CTeol.Ser. . . . . U. 8. Pub. E'ealth Rep. .Ver. Ges. deut. Naturforsch.Aertze . .Videmkapssl. Sk&ter:Kristiania. . . .Wisconsin Agr. Exp. Sta.a s . Bull. . . .Woch. Brau. . . .2. anal. Chem. . . ,2. angew. Chem.. . .2. anorg. Chem. . . .2. Elektrochem. . . .2. Krist. . . . .Z. Metallk.. . . .FULL TITLE.Philippine Journal of Science.Physical Review.Physikslischr Zeitschrift.Prbceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences ofProceetliiigs of the American Academy of Arts andProceedings of the American Philosophical Society.Proceedings of the American Society of HorticulturalProceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.Proceedings of the Imperial Acxdetiiy of Japati.Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Scieuces.Koniuklijke Akadeniie van Wetenschappen te Amster-dam. Proceedings (English version).Procet-dings of the Laeds Philosophical and LiterarySociety.Procrudings of the National Academv of Sciences.Proceedings of the Physical Society of London.Proceediilga of the Royal Society.Proceedings of the Royal Society of New SouthRecueil des travaux cttimiques des Pays-Bas st de laRendiconto dell' Accademia delle Scienze Fisiche 6Revue de MBtallurgie.Scientific Papers of the Institute of Physical andScientihn Proceediitg~ of the Royal Dublin Society.Science Reports, T6hoku Imperial University.Sitzungsberichte der Heidelbeger A kademie derW issenschafteii.Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie derWissenschaften zu Berlin.Skrifter utgitt av det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi iOslo. I, Matem.-Naturvid.Klasse.Soil Science.Transartions of the American ElectrochemicalSociety.Transactions of the Faraday Society.Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada.Ukrctiniaii Chemical Joiirnal.University of California Publications in AgriculturalUniversity of Toronto Studies, Geological Series.United States Public Health Reports.Verhanillungen der Gesellschaft doutscher Natur-forscher utid Aertze.Videnskapsselskapts Skrifter. I. Mat. -naturv.Klasse, K r istiania.Wiscolr sin Agricultural Experimental Station Re-search Bulletins.Wochenschrift fur Brauerei.Zeitschrift fur analytische Chernie.Zeitschrift fiir angewandte Chemie.Zeitschrift fur anorganische und allgemeine Chemie.Zeitsc h rift fiir Elek trnch emie.Zeitschrift fur Krystdlogaphie.Zeitschrift fur Metallkunde.Phi ladrlpllia.Sciences.Science.\Vales.Helgiqne.Matematiclie, Nal'oli.Chemical Research, Tokyo.Sciences.AX TABLE OB ABBREVIATIONS EMPLOYED IN THE REFERENCES.Abbreviated Title. FULL TITLE.2. Pjeanz. Diing. . . Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenernahrung und Diingung.2. Physik . . . . Zeitschrift fur Physik.2. physikal. Chem. . . Zeitschrift fur physikalische Chemie, Stochiometrie2. phytwl. Chem. . . Hoppe-Seyler’s Zeitschrift fur physiologische Chemie.2. Verein. deuts. Zuckerind. Zeitschrift des Vereins der deutschen Zucker-und Verwandtschaftslehre.Industrie