Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a viral Infection from a new strain of Hantavirus. TheHantaviruswas first discovered In North America in 1993 after an outbreak of fatal illness on a Navajo Indian reservation In New Mexico. Since then, 122 cases of HPS (with a high mortality rate of more than 50%) have been reported in 23 states, with the highest prevalence In the Four Corners area. The reservoir forHantavirusis small rodents, mostly field mice, vole, and chipmunks. It is transmitted through Inhalation of airborne virus from dry rodent excreta and saliva.A North American strain ofHantavirus, named sin nombre virus (SNV), primarily affects the lungs, causing rapid accumulation of fluids and leading to non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, pleural effusion, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In the prodromal stage, HPS presents with flu-like symptoms, nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal pain and is often mistaken on the first visit for other infectious diseases or gastroenteritis. In the second acute stage, rapid respiratory deterioration begins; HPS is often misdiagnosed for pneumonia, idlopathic ARDS, and pulmonary edema. HPS treatment with an experimental antiviral Intravenous drug, ribavirin, Is under investigation. Practitioners must possess thorough clinical knowledge on the diagnoses, pathology, treatment, and course of the disease to reduce the mortality and morbidity rate of this rare but serious infection. A case report based on a recent HPS death In New York State on Long Island In April 1995 is presented.