SummaryReproduction of artificially selected near isogenicMeloidogyne incognitalineages virulent and avirulent against theMiresistance gene of tomato was assessed on host and resistant lines and cultivars of pepper. Egg mass production following inoculation of individual potted seedlings with second‐stage juveniles was studied in experiments conducted in controlled environment. Artificially selected Mi‐virulent nematode populations were unable to develop on resistant pepper lines PM 217 and PM 687. This suggests that the genetic systems governing resistance to root‐knot nematodes are differently expressed in tomato and pepper, in spite of the very close phylogenetic relationships and structural genomic homologies occurring between these two vegetable crops. Moreover, these artificially selected nematode populations were also found unable to develop on the susceptible pepper cultivars California Wonder and Doux Long des Landes, while their pathogenicity was not significantly affected on susceptible tomatoes. Due to the existence of naturally virulentMeloidogynepopulations, these results enhance the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms involved, in order to develop new forms of management of plant resistance to root‐knot ne