The hypothesis that urban social structure is a single hierarchy may be tested by two approaches. First, conventional scaling theory can be used, for example Guttman scaling theory. Classes are represented as respondents and status symbols are represented as items in this approach. Second, the frequency of equal status contacts among members of different classes can be used by deriving behavioral measures of the items on the Bogardus social distance scale and testing to see if the greater the distance between two classes on the scale, the less likely the frequncy of contact—a Guttman simplex pattern.