Elbow pain is a common problem in throwing athletes. Because of its unique anatomy, the elbow joint is especially vulnerable to the repeated stresses placed on the upper extremity by the throwing motion. Injuries can be acute or chronic, such as those caused by stress overload or repetitive motion, and may involve osseous or soft-tissue structures or both. Although they have received less attention than lower extremity athletic injuries, elbow injuries can be just as debilitating to athletes involved in sports that require overhead motions, such as baseball players, racquet-sport players, swimmers, and gymnasts. Inadequate treatment can cause permanent disability. The first step in early and appropriate treatment of elbow pain in athletes is establishing the correct diagnosis.