The utilization of reflection and transmission gratings as active elements for analyzing X‐rays in the wavelength region of 10‐250A˚ is discussed. Three approaches in a focussing reflection geometry are considered which all offer possibilities to enhance the experimental sensitivity or the resolution in a region of special interest. An experimental analysis of a standard grazing incidence instrument is presented. Transmission grating geometries are examined using results from planar transmission gratings with prefocussing mirrors.