Populations of a fern gametophyte presumed to be of the genusVittariaoccur commonly in the uplands of the southeastern United States. The gametophytes occur on non‐calcareous rock outcrops of various composition in areas which provide continuous moisture and protection from temperature extremes. Gametophytes in these habitats are robust and long lived, frequently forming the dominant vegetation in areas covering several square feet. Reproduction is exclusively vegetative by production of gemmae. Although sex organs are present in most populations, viable sporophytes are never produced. The gametophytes have previously been considered most likely to beV. lineata, which occurs in Florida, but morphological and physiological comparisons do not support that conclusion. Significant differences between Appalachian and Florida gametophytes occur in growth form, growth rate, cold hardiness, sporophyte production, and patterns of gemma production. The distribution of the Appalachian gametophytes correlates with old, unglaciated land masses suggesting antiquity rather than recent introduction. Present evidence favors the interpretation that the AppalachianVittariagametophytes either belong to a tropical American species from which they have long been separated, or that they represent a distinct species of which the sporophyte no longer exists.