In order to determine the effect of recombinant human granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rhGM-CSF), it has been administered to patients undergoing autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT). Results in patients undergoing antologous or allogeneic BMT indicate that rhGM-CSF is minimally toxic and is associated with reduced morbidity. Trials also indicate that rhGM-CSF may be an acceptable therapy for patients with marrow graft failure since survival appears to improve substantially in patients who received rhGM-CSF compared with historical control patients.