AbstractThe French approach to agricultural science in the third world is characterized by several central scientific agencies, each employing large numbers of scientists for the whole of their careers. In contrast, the US draws on university scientists as mainly short-term consultants on particular projects.Despite these differences in approach, both nations are moving away from the older technical assistance models toward scientific cooperation with developing countries. There are also clearly expressed needs for institutional changes to allow for more flexibility and efficiency and more long-term support. Although they are rarely seen in that light by either the French or the Americans, both systems play roles that are often complementary.