Technological change and innovation can occur either through haphazard discovery or through focused research and development. The occurrence of innovation by chance is particularly apparent in basic research. Oersted discovered the relationship between electricity and magnetism as he happened to hold an electric wire parallel to a needle during the course of a lecture. Galvani, a physiologist, noticed that a frog's legs contracted due to the generation of an electric spark when they were left hanging on a set of different metals. Oersted's observations led to the development of the dynamo. Galvani's observations led to the development of the electric battery. At the present time technological innovation has become increasingly institutionalised through corporate, university and governmental research programmes.