SummaryThe aim of this study was to define predictors of survival for women and men after AIDS diagnosis. We examined health care delivery and drug therapy in the year before AIDS diagnosis for continuously enrolled New York State Medicaid beneficiaries with AIDS in 1988–1990. We examined the association of these factors with survival after AIDS diagnosis. Of 1,077 women and 1,871 men, 60% of both gender groups were drug users. In both risk groups, women had more outpatient visits than men but were equally likely to visit an AIDS specialist. In those who were not drug users, men were twice as likely as women to receive either zidovudine orPneumocystis cariniipneumonia prophylaxis. No difference appeared among drug users. Survival after AIDS diagnosis was similar by gender for those who were not drug users (RR = 1.09; 95% CI = 0.90–1.33). In drug users, women had a slightly lower risk of death than men (RR = 0.84; 95% CI = 0.72–0.98). Risk of death after AIDS diagnosis was higher for persons starting zidovudine earlier in both risk groups. Among drug users, women received more ambulatory care and survived slightly longer than men. Among those who were not drug users, survival was similar by gender even after adjusting for differences in care.