THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1932. -PART IV. issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. 30, RUSSELLSQUARE, W.C. I.LONDON, August, 1932. Publications Committee, 1932133. ~~ LEWIS EYNON (Chairman), G. C. CLAYTON (President), 0. L. BRADY, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, W. F. BUIST, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, R. M. CAVEN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, P. F. GORDON, I. M. HEILBRON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, W. D. ROGERS, E. RUSSELL. 233 Proceedings of the Council.JUNE-JULY, 1932. Patents and Designs Act, 1932.-The Council has expressed its high appreciation of the valuable services of the Joint Chemical Committee, convened by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, to consider the amendment of the Patent and Designs Bill which, on passing into law, will come into operation on 1st November. An account of the proceedings, which have resulted in the amendment of the Bill to the material advantage of inventors, including chemists, is included in this part of the PROCEEDINGS (P-246).The Council of the Institute and the Joint Chemicaltommittee have conveyed their thanks to Dr. G. C. Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., President of the Institute, for having put forward, and sup- ported so successfully, the amendments recommended by the Joint Chemical Committee during the passage of the Bill through Parliament, and to Mr.H. Douglas Elkington, the representative of the Institute on the Committee, for his valuable help and advice in dealing with the matter. Particular mention should be made of the service rendered by Dr. Francis H. Carr, Mr. J. Davidson Pratt, and Mr. Hollins, who dealt with the amendments in a deputation to the Board of Trade, while Dr. Clayton has specially acknowledged the assistance which he received from Mr. Hollins when the matter was before the House of Commons. Professional Interests.-Representations having been received from a number of members resident in an important provincial city, that the laboratory of a department of the cor- poration undertook analyses in competition with professional chemists in practice in the district, the Council has been in correspondence with the authorities concerned who were re-minded that an undertaking had previously been given to the Institute that the department would not accept work usually performed by analytical and consulting chemists.The Council was placed in possession of evidence that the department had, in fact, undertaken ordinary analyses in 234 competition with professional consulting chemists, but felt that the authorities did not desire to sanction a form of municipal practice in competition with ratepayers who were engaged in the profession of chemistry, any more than it would sanction such competition with members of any other profession.The Council requested, therefore, to be assured that the undertaking previously given to the Institute would be confirmed and maintained. In reply, the Council received a letter re-affirming the under- taking and stating that it had never been lost sight of; whereupon the Council felt obliged to inform the authority that it had in its possession actual quotations for ordinary metallurgical analyses given on behalf of the department concerned, and that it was aware that certificates of analysis for lubricating oils had been issued by the laboratory of the department on work which would usually be carried out by consulting chemists in practice. The Council expressed the hope, therefore, that further enquiry would be made, and received a reply re-affirming that every care would be taken in the future to avoid encroaching upon the legitimate work of such chemists.Industrial Administration.-In JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS, Part I11 (p. 216),reference was made to an informal con- ference of professional and technical representatives, convened by the Institute of Industrial Administration, held at the Institution of Civil Engineers on the 27th May, to discuss the question whether it was desirable that facilities should be provided for instruction in the principles of industrial management, in order to encourage professional and technical men to fit themselves to undertake administrative duties. Dr.E. F. Armstrong, F.R.S., at the request of the President, kindly represented the Institute on this occasion, and reported that the conference was generally in favour of a movement in the direction indicated. Later, the Council of the Institute received an invitation to appoint a representative to serve as a member of a small com- mittee to proceed with the consideration of the matter. Dr. Armstrong was requested to continue to represent the Institute, but was unavoidably prevented from attending the first meeting of the committee, which was held on the 27th June at Connaught House, Aldwych, for the purpose of formulating a syllabus. However, Mr. J. Davidson Pratt kindly attended the meeting, and reported that representatives of the principal engineering 235 and professional technical institutions were unanimously of opinion that it was desirable that such instruction should form part of the preparation of a student seeking an engineering or other industrial career.Mr. Pratt suggested that the Council of the Institute should consider the desirability of including a special paper or questions on the principles of management, in the examinations in Indus- trial Chemistry for the Fellowship. He realised the extent of the training and experience already required of such candidates, but felt that, if it were possible for them to take training on the lines proposed, it would greatly enhance their value in industry and increase their prospects of reaching managerial positions.The syllabus suggested by the Institute of Industrial Admin- istration covers-industrial history and elementary economics ; management theory ; industrial organisation ; production ; distribution; development; accounts and finance; legal and secretarial. The Council has requested the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee to consider whether some modifica- tion might be made in the examinations for the Fellowship, in order to include a paper or papers on the subject. In the meantime, information has been received to the effect that a course on Industrial Science, which may develop on the lines indicated, has already been initiated at Queen’s University, Belfast. Pedler Scholarships.-The Pedler Fund Committee has considered two reports from Dr.Barnett Levin, Associate, the Second Pedler Scholar, who is working on “The accurate deter- mination of very small quantities of calcium and magnesium under varying conditions,” under the general supervision of Professor C. S. Gibson, F.R.S., at Guy’s Hospital Medical School. The Committee is very favourably impressed with the progress made by Dr. Levin in this difficult problem, and with the approval of the Council will extend the Scholarship until xst October, 1933. Benevolent Fund.-Dr. A. E. Everest (Huddersfield), whose views with regard to the administration of the Benevolent Fund were referred to at the Annual General Meeting in March, has been welcomed as a member of the Benevolent Fund Committee. The Committee learned that the misunderstanding had arisen owing to a difference of interpretation of the word “annuities.” 236 Whereas, by some, the word is regarded as implying a liability to pay an annuity to the recipient for life, the Committee had not, in fact, so regarded it and had not entered into any such commit- ment with any recipient ,-allowances being increased, reduced or terminated, according to circumstances. The Committee propose, however, to discontinue the use of the term “Annuities Account,” to revert to the original term “Capital Account” as applied to the investments of the Fund, and to invest regularly all donations allocated to that Account by the contributors, on the under- standing that dividends and interest from the funds so invested, or on deposit, should be available for current purposes.The Council has concurred in this proposal, and has endorsed the appreciation expressed by the Committee of Dr. Everest’s valuable collaboration. The Fund has received repayment of Income Tax of A60 gs., and at the request of the Chief Inspector (Claims), a Declaration of Trust relating to the Fund has been prepared and approved by the Commissioners of Inland Revenue. Lectures.-The lectures on “The Development of the Con- ceptions based on the Electronic Theory of Valency,” given by Professor Robert Robinson in April, are being prepared for publication, and will be issued to the Fellows, Associates and Registered Students in due course. It will be recalled that these lectures were given to afford information to chemists who, having left college for some years and having been engaged in industry or other practice, found difficulty in keeping in touch with modern theory. The Council, having received a suggestion that members of the Institute resident in the Overseas Dominions and abroad desire opportunities, from time to time, of bringing themselves up to date in recent developments, has communicated with the heads of chemical departments of universities and colleges, with a view to obtaining information as to the facilities available for such refresher courses.The general trend of the replies received is to the effect that, in the majority of cases no specific courses of the character indicated have been provided, because the demand for such courses is negligible, but that in the more readily accessible centres, the universities and colleges would endeavour to make arrangements to meet individual require- ments. 237 Professor A.J. Allmand, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry, King’s College, University of London, will deliver two lectures at the Institute, on Friday, the zIst and Friday the 28th October, at 8 p.m. on “The Nature of Simple Molecules and of ElementaryChemical Processes,” in which he will deal with molecular structure as revealed by physical method;, and with the mechanism of elementary react ions. Erratum.-In Mr. Stanley Dixon’s lecture on “The Relation of Food to Disease,” on page 11, ninth line, for “I/IOOO grain” per gallon, of arsenic expressed as arsenious oxide,-read “I/IOO grain.” Chemical Society Library.-The Council of the Institute has forwarded a contribution of E250 to the library of the Chemical Society.It is understood that the privileges regarding the use of the library by Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute will be continued. Mr. F. E. Thomas, Associate, represented the Institute at the Bakery Exhibition and Congress held in June, at Rome. International Federation of University Women.-Mr. Robert Bruce, Member of Council, represented the Institute at the Sixth Conference of the International Federation of Uni- versity Women, held in Edinburgh from the 27th July to 4th August. The aim of the International Federation is to promote under- standing and friendship between university women of the nations of the world.An important feature of the work of the Federa- tion is the endowment of international fellowships for the en- couragement of original research by university women in some country other than their own. The Conference was attended by representatives of 36 national federations. ~‘Aslib.”-Dr. F. D. Chdtaway, F.R.S., Vice-president, has kindly consented to represent the Institute at a Conference to be held by the Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux, to be held at Oxford, from the qrd-26th September, 238 Local Sections. Aberdeen and North of Scotland.-Members of the Section and their friends participated in an outing on 25th June.The party started from Marischal College, Aberdeen, visited the Rocks of Solitude on the River Esk, and arrived at Loch Lee in time for lunch, The heat of the afternoon sun moderated the enthusiasm for the proposed hill climb ;only a small party started, others finding a greater appeal by the shores of the loch. Tea was obtained at the Glenesk Hotel, Edzell, and the majority of the party then paid a visit to the historic ruins of Edzell Castle before returning to Aberdeen. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A large party of members and friends visited the Match Works of Messrs. S. J. Moreland and Sons, at Gloucester, on 23rd June, when (by the kind permission of Mr. A. Moreland) they were shown, under the guidance of Mr.Richardson, representing the firm, the pro- cesses for the manufacture of matches, including the making of the stalks and their dipping in wax, the mixing of glue, phosphorus sesquisulphide and other chemicals, drying, boxing, filling, pasting, printing, and finally, packing. After the company had been entertained to tea, Mr. R. H. Ellis, Chairman of the Section, expressed their thanks to Messrs. Moreland for their kind hospitality and for permitting the visit, which had proved highly interesting and instructive. Later, the visitors proceeded to the Guildhall, where they were received by the Town Clerk, Mr. McIntyre, who exhibited the Charters granted to the city, the civic plate, and chains of office, which were inspected with interest. A vote of thanks was accorded to the Town Clerk for permitting the visit. The next meeting of the Section will take the form of an “At Home” at the residence of Dr.A. C. Fryer, at Clifton, Bristol, on Saturday, the 15th October (4.30 to 6.30 p.m.). Cape.-The Seventh Annual General Meeting of the Section was held in the Board Room of the General Estate and Orphan Chambers, Cape Town, on 6th May,-Professor E. Newbery in the Chair. 239 The annual report and accounts were received and adopted, and a vote of thanks was accorded to the office bearers for the previous year. Mr. 12. H, Croghan was elected Chairman, and Mr. G. Leslie, Vice-chairman. Dr. Denis-Nathan was re-elected Hon. Treasurer; and Dr.W. Pugh, Hon. Secretary. Dr. B. W. Marloth was also elected to the Committee, and Messrs. Kruger and Cohen were appointed Auditors. ’The report showed that five meetings had been held during the year, including an excursion to Groot Drakenstein, where, by the kind invitation of Mr. Appleyard, members were able to inspect the results of scientific fruit cultivation, and to learn from him the part that chemistry plays in that industry; a meeting at the Dynamite Factory, Somerset West, held jointly with the Cape Chemical Society, at which papers on the analysis of fertilisers were read by members of the factory staff; a meeting held under the auspices of the Chemical Society, whereat Mr. Dunster of the Vacuum Oil Co. gave a lecture on “The Interpre- tation of the A.S.T.M.Distillation Curves of Petrol ”;an excursion jointly with the Cape Chemical Society to Yaarl, where members were entertained by the Mayor and the Councillors of the Town, and Professor J. Smeath-Thomas gave a public lecture on “The Age of the Earth ”;and a meeting, to which members of the Cape Chemical Society were invited, to hear an interesting lecture by Professor Ogg, of the University of Cape Town, on “Faraday and Maxwell.” The meeting recorded its appreciation of the services of Mr. Britten, formerly Hon. Treasurer, who has transferred to Johannesburg. Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-The sixth ordinary meeting of session 1931-32 was held, jointly with the Local Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, on 14th March, in the Pharmaceutical Hall, York Place, Edinburgh,-Dr.W. 0. Kermack in the Chair. Mr. J. G. Roberts read a paper on Plating.” The lecturer dealt with different types of plating, from the early days of electro-typing with copper on plaster casts, up to the most recent methods using chromium, cadmium, and even rarer metals like rhodium. The conditions for plating with different materials were described, and methods were discussed for improving the 240 throwing power of the solutions and for the prevention of treeing. Numerous exhibits were inspected by the company, including a very fine example of rhodium plating. Mr. Roberts replied to questions raised in the course of dis- cussion, and received the thanks of the meeting on the motion of hlr.McGillivray. Liverpool and North-Western.-The next session of the Section will be opened on 13th October, when the Chairman, Mr. F. Robertson Dodd, will read a paper entitled “Publicity and other things.” The programme for the session will include papers by Mr. Topham, on “Biochemical Research on Vitamins,” and by Mr. Ray, M.P.S., on “The Pharmaceutical Society’s View of the proposed Charter.” Arrangements will also be made for a barrister-at-law to give a lecture on “The Laws of Evidence.” During the past year the Liverpool and Korth-Western and the Manchester Sections of the Institute, together with the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry, have been repre- sented on a Committee of Local Education Authorities concerned with the question of post graduate courses in chemistry.As a result of the work of this Committee, short courses of lectures will be delivered by lecturers having special knowledge and experience of particular branches of industry. Full information will be published in due course. The Local Section of the Institute will participate in a Soirke to be held by the Associated Learned Societies of Liverpool at the Central Technical Schools, on 29th October. Members who can offer exhibits are requested to communicate with the Hon. Secretary of the Section as soon as possible. London and South-Eastern Counties.-The full manu- script of the lecture on “The Foundations and Trend of Modern Bacteriology,” which was given before the Section on the 17th March by Professor Bullock, M.D., F.R.S., is available for perusal at the Institute.Professor Bullock said that the science of bacteriology had been developed to such an extent that no one could pretend to 241 know more than a small branch of it. Bacteriology was unknown before the advent of Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723), who communicated his discoveries with the microscope to the Royal Society from 1673 onwards, and was elected a Fellow of the Society in 1680. In a letter to the Society dated 17th September, 1683, he gave a clear description of what are now termed bacteria which he found on his own teeth, and in 1692 enlarged further on “dental animalcules,” as he termed them.It was many years, however, before his work was confirmed, and, indeed, philosophers were sceptical upon the subject,- discussions on the sources of bacteria being confused with the old doctrine of spontaneous generation, which had been supported by J. B. van Helmont. Francesco Redi of Arezzo, physician to the Medicis of Florence, showed by experiment that flesh only became infested with mag- gots only when flies had deposited their eggs upon it, and that maggots grew into flies again. This experiment upset the notion of spontaneous generation so far as highly organised animals like maggots were concerned, but it still persisted with regard to the microscopic bacteria discovered by Leeuwenhoek. The spon- taneous appearance of animalcules in infusions deceived the Comte de Buffon and his co-worker John Turberville Needham.Infusions were heated, allowed to cool, and in a few days were found to teem with living animalcules, whose origin was ascribed to a vegetative force inherent in organic matter. This was disproved by the Italian naturalist, the Abbatte Lazzaro Spallan- zani; but the idea of spontaneous generation persisted until the publication of Pasteur’s famous “Memoire sur les Corpuscles Organis& qui existent dans L’Atmosphgre ” in 1861, which inaugurated an epoch in this science. Pasteur showed that life could not appear without the operation of antecedent life. Identi- cal results, by different methods, obtained by John Tyndall, were given in his research on “Floating Matter of the Air in relation to Putrefaction and Fermentation ” (1881). To-day, many industries, such as canning, depend on the efficacy of sterilisation and the impossibility of spontaneous generation.Professor Bullock referred to the work of Thomas Willis (1621-1675),who held that diseases were caused by irregularities in the fermentation process. A new direction was given to research on fermentation by Charles Cagniard-Latour (1836)and Thkodor Schwann (1837)~who discovered that yeast was a living organism, whereas it had previously been regarded as a 242 chemical substance of unknown constitution, and suggested that fermentation was the result of development of the yeast plant in saccharine solutions, with the subsequent production of alcohol and carbon dioxide.Wohler showed, in 1828, that it was possible to prepare urea synthetically, and Liebig worked to prove that many so-called vital processes were essentially of a chemical character. Ber-zelius, Wohler and Liebig opposed Cagniard-Latour and Schwann, and the discussion continued until the middle of the 19th century, when fresh advances had been made through the genius and industry of Pasteur, who began about 1854, to interest himself in problems of fermentation. From 1857 to 1860, he studied alcoholic fermentation and, in his famous “Memoires sur les fermentations alcoolique,” maintained that the living yeast plant split sugar into alcohol, carbon dioxide and other products.Professor Bullock reviewed briefly the trend of Pasteur’s subse- quent work, published in “Ztudes sur le Vin” (1866), and *‘ Etudes sur la Bi2re ” (1876). Edouard Buchner produced zymase from yeast in 1897, but it was soon discovered that alcoholic and other fermentations were highly complex problems, and the nature of fermentation has since been a subject of surpassing interest to physicists and chemists. Early microscopists often described bacteria, but made no attempt to classify them systematically, as had been done for plants and animals in the Linnaean System in the early part of the eighteenth century. The first classification was made by the Danish naturalist, Otto Frederick Muller, in 1773-1774 and, more elaborately, in a work published posthumously in 1786.Classifications were also published by Ehrenberg (1838) and Dujardin (1841) ;but in the 70’s of last century striking advances were made by the Breslau botanist, Ferdinand Cohn, and by Carl Naegli, also a botanist. One of the most remarkable things about bacteria and their activities was that they differed from each other in a specific way. The doctrine of specificity in bacteriology was developed from the study of disease, emanating from bacteriologists rather than from botanists, and, in this connection, Professor Bullock referred to the work of P. F. Bretonneau, of Tours, the real founder of the doctrine, whose work was mainly propagated by his devoted pupils, but was not published until 1922, more than 60 years after his death.Agostino Bassi (1773-1856) of Lodi, carried out his researches 243 on the silkworm disease in 1835,and by ingenious experiment showed that it was caused by a cryptogamic fungus of parasitic character, which led many workers to search for microscopic parasites in diseases, but, by 1850,the fungoid theory had become greatly discredited. In that year, P. F. A. Rayer (1793-1867)~ a French physician, made an isolated observation, which, trivial as it seemed at first, grew into the bacteriology of to-day. In the blood of a sheep which had died from anthrax he reported the presence of small filiform bodies, showing no spontaneous movement, whichhis pupil, C. J.Devaine (1812-1882),subsequently studied and found to be the cause of anthrax.Robert Koch (1843-1910)~a physician at Wollstein, in Posen, carried out very exact observations on the anthrax bacillus, and saw that it formed spores which germinated into bacilli again. His work was published in 1876,and not only did he introduce new methods, but clearly initiated the idea of a specific virus of bacterial form as the cause of disease. Professor Bullock then dealt with the subject of media, and with the elaborate study undertaken by Naegli to determine the nutritive requirements of bacteria as accurately as possible. Naegli found that sugars and peptones were important constituents of bacterial food. In 1872,J. Schreter showed that there were many chromogenic bacteria which grow on potato, starch paste, flour, or egg albumen.Koch attempted to obtain a medium which was sterile, transparent and solid, but came to the conclu- sion that it was impossible to compound a sort of universal medium which would be equally nutritive for all bacteria, and, therefore, concentrated his attention on solidifying well-tried fluid media, and recommended a 25 to 5 per cent. of gelatine as the solidifying substance. The essential ingredient of Koch’s “nutrient gelatine” was a I per cent. meat extract. The medium in a melted state was poured on to glass slides, and after the gelatine had set, the surface was streaked or inoculated with a platinum needle charged with a dilution of the material to be examined. By this simple method, Koch was able to isolate (1881)in pure culture a large number of bacteria.The nutritive basis of media has been varied by addition of sub-stances to enhance its nutritive value or to exhibit some particular reaction. The titration of media has been rendered exact by the methods of physical chemistry. Gelatine can be replaced by agar or other substance, when necessary, but the principles which Koch laid down have remained unaltered. 244 The field for bacteriological investigation is becoming increas- ingly exploited, not only in medicine, but in agriculture, dairy technique, and in fermentation industries of every kind. Advances are taking place in the study of morphology, and many workers are busy studying the variations and mutations of bacteria, with the result that bacteria are found to be more unstable than the early observers were led to believe, Finally, Professor Bullock dealt with what are called “Filter Passers,” which appear to be living things, although this has not been established.These viruses were first unmasked in 1892 by Janowski, in the case of the mosaic disease of tobacco leaves. At the end of 1928 virus diseases in plants alone had been found in 49 families, 167 genera, and 264 species. Dog distemper, foot and mouth disease, and horse sickness, belong to this group. In conclusion, Professor Bullock remarked that the power of high-class original work was given to few in a generation. Ehrlich used to say that success in research required four G’s, viz., Geld, Gliick, Geddd, and Geschick,-that is, money, luck, patience and aptitude. Malaya.-A meeting of the Section was held at the Institute of Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, on 6th May, when Dr.J. L. Wiltshire read a paper on 6b Modern Methods for Utilisation of Coal.” Lieut.-Col. B. J. Eaton presided, and a full account of the lecture was given in the local press, The Straits Times and The Malay Mail, and reprinted for the members of the Section. After some introductory historical remarks, Dr. Wiltshire dealt with the products of carbonisation-gas, coke, tar and liquors- and with the problem and processes of low-temperature car-bonisation, laying special emphasis on the subject of low-temperature tar and its derivatives and on the hydrogenation of tar and coal, and concluding with references to pulverised fuel and atmospheric nitrogen fixation.A lively discussion, in which both members and guests participated, followed the lecture, at the conclusion of which a vote of thanks was accorded Dr. Wiltshire for his interesting paper. 245 Manchester and District.-The annual summer meeting took place at Ilam Hall, Dovedale, on 11th June, and was attended by a large party of members and friends, including representatives of the Manchester Scientific Societies. The Chairman, Mr. J. H. Lester, welcomed the visitors, on whose behalf Mr. D. Paul and Mr. Percy Bean responded. Students’ Section.-On 18th June, members of the Manchester and District Students’ Section and friends enjoyed a Summer Excursion to Disley.The afternoon was spent in Lyme Park, where the party visited the Hall, returning to Disley, via the Bow Stones, for tea at the Rams Head Hotel. South Wales.-The visit to the Laboratories of the Cardiff Gas Light & Coke Co., on the 9th July, was instructive and entertaining. Members were shown the industrial and physical laboratories, where various tests on gas apparatus were demon- strated and explained bj Mr. Bell, the manager, and Mr. Cruise, the research chemist of the Company. Various types of furnaces were on view; the use of these for the heat treatment of metals was indicated, and the ingenious devices employed for automatic control, explained. The ladies in the party were given a demonstration of domestic gas apparatus, and all the guests were entertained to tea by the management. A vote of thanks to the company was proposed by Dr.Watson, seconded by Mr. R. H. Jones, and acknowledged by Messrs. Bell and Cruise. 246 Patents and Designs Act, 1932. THE Patents and Designs Act, 1932, comes into operation on 1st November, 1932. The Joint Chemical Patents Committee convened by the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers, on which Mr. H. Douglas Elkington was the representative of the Institute, after several meetings prepared a Memorandum, embodying their suggested amendments, which was forwarded to the Board of Trade for consideration. Particular attention was given to Mr. Elkington’s recom- mendations concerning those proposals in the Bill which might tend to increase the cost in connection with patent applications and patents generally.Of these, the most important was the new Section gz (a) concerning the Appeal Tribunal. The suggested Section read as follows :-gzA.-(~) For the purpose of hearing appeals from de- cisions of the comptroller which, by virtue of this Act are subject to an appeal to the Appeal Tribunal, there shall be constituted a tribunal (in this Act referred to as the “Appeal Tribunal”) to consist of a Judge of the High Court to be nom- inated by the Lord Chancellor. (2) The expenses of the Appeal Tribunal shall be defrayed and the fees to be taken therein may be fixed as if the Tribunal were a court of the High Court, but subject as aforesaid, appeals to the Tribunal shall not be deemed to be the proceedings in the High Court.(3) The Appeal Tribunal may examine witnesses on oath and administer oaths for that purpose, and may make rules regulating appeals to the Tribunal and the practice and pro- ceedings before the Tribunal under this Act but so that as respects rights of audiences the like practice shall be observed as before the commencement of the Patents and Designs Act, 1932,was observed in the hearing of appeals by the law officer ; and in any proceeding before the Tribunal under this Act, the Tribunal shall have power to award to any party such costs as the Tribunal may consider reasonable, and to direct how and by what parties they are to be paid, andany such order may be made a rule of the court.247 It appeared that the inventor might suffer under this new Appeal Tribunal because the costs which the Appeal Tribunal was to have power to award, and which might be considered by the Tribunal as reasonable, might in fact be too high for the inventor, and preclude him from appealing for fear of the fees and costs involved. Mr. Elkington pressed the serious objection which the Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute had towards the suggested new Appeal Tribunal and placed before the Joint Chemical Committee two alternative proposals, one being that the Appeal Tribunal should consist of three Officials to be appointed by the Board of Trade, and the other that the Law Officer should nominate a Deputy with technical and patent knowledge to hear appeals of a technical character. The pro- posals were accepted by the Joint Chemical Patents Committee on the substitution of the “Law Officer” for the “Board of Trade.” Mr. Elkington also suggested from the point of view of economy that (a) appeals under Section 21,which in the new Bill, were to go to the High Court, should go to the Appeal Tribunal-formerly the appeals went to the Law Officer, and (b) that appeals under Section 26, which at the present go to the High Court, should be to the Appeal Tribunal.(In this connec- tion, it was pointed out that the costs to one side only of a two days’ hearing of an Appeal under Section 26 were approximately E350.)The Joint Chemical Patents Committee forwarded a Memoran- dum of their proposals for amendment of the Bill to the Board of Trade.With regard to the proposed “Appeal Tribunal ” the Committee intimated that it was felt very strongly that no departure from the present system, which would be likely to increase costs should be made, and it was pointed out that, if no satisfactory solution could be found, the present system must be maintained. The Board of Trade received a deputation from the Joint Chemical Committee, consisting of Dr. Francis H. Cam, Mr. J. Davidson Pratt and Mr. C. Hollins, when the recommendations made by the Committee were considered sympathetically, and in many cases were agreed to, or accepted in principle.The deputation was informed that the Bill was intended to carry out the recommendations of the Sargant Committee, and in particular that the new Appeal Tribunal (Section 92(a) and the amendment of Section 21)was part of these recommendations. 248 Amendments to the Bill were duly tabled, and, in Committee, Dr. G. C. Clayton, President of the Institute, by whom they were moved, succeeded in obtaining the acceptance of nearly all. In the amendment of Section p(a)-Sub-section (3) was altered to read as follows:- “(3)The Appeal Tribunal may (a)Examine witnesses on oath and administer oaths for that purpose ; (b) make rules regulating appeals to the Tribunal and the practice and proceedings before the Tribunal under this Act ; and (c) in any proceedings under this Act by order award to any party such costs as the Tribunal consider reasonable and direct how and by what parties they are to be paid and any such order may be made a rule of court; so however that, as respects rights of audience and the awarding of costs, the like practice shall be observed as, before the corn- mencement of the Patents and Designs Act, 1932, was observed in the hearing of appeals by the law officer.(4) The Appeal Tribunal may, if it thinks fit, obtain the assistance of an expert, who shall be paid such remuneration as the Tribunal, with the consent of the Treasury, may determine.” Major Hore-Belisha, Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade, said that the Government would be prepared to accept the amendment because it meant an economy to the parties. It should be undoubtedly of the greatest importance to the inventor because he will be able to appeal to the new Tribunal on the same scale of costs as at present before the Law Officer.Section 38A (i) in the present Act reads as follows:- “In the case of inventions relating to substances prepared or produced by chemical processes or intended for food or medicine, the specification shall not include claims for the substance itself except when prepared or produced by the special methods or processes of manufacture described and claimed or by their obvious chemical equivalents.” The Government proposed that it should be amended in the following form:- In the case of inventions relating to substances prepared or produced by chemical processes or intended for food or 249 medicine, the specification shall not include claims for the substance itself except when prepared or produced by the special (particular) methods or processes of manufacture described and claimed or by their obvious chemical equivalents ; provided that in relation to a substance intended for food or medicine a mere admixture resulting only in the aggregation of the known properties of the ingredients of that substance shall not be deemed to be a particular method or process of manufacture. (It will be noted that the word “particular” was substituted for the word special.”)I‘ When the Section was under consideration by the Standing Committee of the House of Commons, Dr.Clayton said that the deletion of the word “special” was of course the right thing to do, but the insertion of the word “particular” in its place was not so acceptable. The Courts which would have to construe the Section would feel bound to place some meaning on the word ‘I particular ” but, on the Sargant Committee’s own findings, there was no such meaning intended. The Section read perfectly intelligently without either word, and the meaning conveyed was the meaning which, according to the Sargant Report, was the intended meaning of the Section. Any meaning put upon the word “particular ” must therefore be the wrong meaning. Hence the Section was far better without the word “particular.” The second part of the suggested amendment transferred the incidence of the word “particular ” from the word “process ” to “described ” and substituted “ascertained” for “claimed,” so that the sentence read :-“Except when prepared or produced by the methods or processes of manufacture particularly described and ascertained or by their obvious chemical equivalents.” The effect of this was that, so long as the chemical process was particularly described and ascertained in the specification, there could be a claim to the chemical product produced by that process, even though the process itself was not of such novelty that it could properly form the subject of a separate claim.It appeared, therefore, that the Section in this amended form carried out exactly the intention of the original Section 38(A) as inter- preted by the Sargant Committee.The Section had proved to be of tremendous value to the chemical industry up to the time of the decision of the Law Officer in the matter of M’s application 250 (39 R.P.C. 261) in 1922. By the amendment now proposed, this value would be restored. The amendment proposed by Dr. Clayton was accepted, and later the word “particular” in the second part of the clause was cancelled (on his motion) in the House before the Bill passed the third reading. The Section now reads as follows :-“38A.-(1) In the case of inventions relating to substances prepared or produced by chemical processes or intended for food or medicine, the specification shall not include claims for the substance itself except when prepared or produced by the methods or processes of manufacture particularly described and ascertained or by their obvious chemical equivalents ; provided that in relation to a substance intended for food or medicine a mere admixture resulting only in the aggregation of the known properties of the ingredients of that substance shall not be deemed to be a method or process of manufacture.” Dr.Clayton pressed strongly for the acceptance of the amend- ment of Section 21 in order that an appeal from the decision of the comptroller under Section 27 of the Act which deals with the amendment of a specification, would lie to the Appeal Tribunal in all cases, and not in the case of a granted patent to the Court. He said that under the principal Act, the appeal, even in the case of a granted patent, was to the Law Officer.The amending Bill trahsferred this appeal to the Court, presumably on the principle that an appeal in respect of sealed patents was a matter only for the Court, and Section 21 must be brought into line with Section 26 in this respect. This was a retrograde step. The Bill set up an Appeal Tribunal which they all hoped would turn out to be a better Tribunal than the Law Officer, without adding anything to the cost of appeal, but, in the caseof anamendment of the sealed patent, the appeal must be, according to the Bill, not to the Appeal Tribunal, but to the Court. The sponsors of this part of the schedule, did not, perhaps, realise the enormous difference in cost between an appeal to the Law Officer, which may entail upon the loser the payment of nominal costs of 7, 10,or perhaps 12 guineas, and an appeal to the High Court, where taxed costs awarded against the loser would certainly be from LIOO to Lzoo, and might be much more.There was no reason €orthe change from the cheap appeal hitherto available to the inventor, to the very costly appeal to the High 25 1 Court,-an expensive luxury even to the inventor with means, The result would be that, so far as the amendment of granted patents was concerned, appeals from the comptroller’s decision would be very rare indeed, and the comptroller would be given, in effect, an autocratic power that it was never intended that he should have.For the sake of an entirely meaningless and merely sentimental uniformity, the Bill proposed to inflict this serious injustice upon the inventor with moderate means. Con-tinuing, Dr. Clayton said he had a great deal of sympathy for the poor inventor. He pressed strongly for the retention of the cheap appeal, namely, to the Appeal Tribunal. Finally, he pointed out that the Appeal Tribunal, as constituted by the Bill, was a judge of the High Court. Who was better fitted to hear appeals relating to Letters Patented granted by the Crown than one of His Majesty’s judges? He asked for consideration of the amendment in the interest of the poor inventor, and expressed the hope that it would be accepted.The Solicitor-General said that the amendment was contrary to the recommendation of the Sargant Committee. It was true that it was going back on what was provided in the existing Section 21,but Section 21 itself was an exception to the general principle, that appeals before grant should be to the Law Officer, and after grant to the Court. The Sargant Committee very strongly recommended that when this new Tribunal was set up instead of the Law Officer, the general principle prevailing throughout the rest of the Act should be restored with regard to the amendment of specifications under Section 21. The provisions, as drawn, was designed to give effect to that recom- mendation. Dr. Clayton enquired whether it would be possible, before report, for the matter to be considered with a view to limiting the cost to the inventor who was protecting his patents.The Solicitor-General, in reply, said that he did not think it possible to deal with costs so far as they were costs in High Court actions; but, so far as appeals go to the new Tribunal, the Government acce9ted the principle that the old scale of costs, which is a very limifed scale indeed, should be applied. He did not think that it would be within the scope of the Bill to deal with what judges of the High Court could do as such. The amendment was then by leave withdrawn. When the Bill was before the House for the third reading the Solicitor-General acknowledged that the Honourable Member for 252 Wirral, Dr.Clayton, had been extraordinarily helpful throughout the passage of the Bill. Dr. Clayton again endeavoured to obtain amendments of Sections 21 and 26. He said that the change proposed by the Bill was that appeals in the case of amendment of granted patents were to lie to the Court. In his view, there was no demand for such a change. The rule which had been enunciated by the Solicitor-General was not a rule, since appeals under Section 21 since 1883 had been to the Law Officer. Even on the score of uniformity, there was no difference in principle between an appeal to a judge in Chambers, that is, the Appeal Tribunal, and an appeal to a judge in Court. It was desirable that in cases of amendment under Section 21,especially where the patent was a granted patent, that the final decision should not prejudice any infringement or revocation action arising out of the amended patent, and yet it was equally desirable that the decision should be that of the highest authority conveniently obtainable.Surely, the Appeal Tribunal, consisting of a judge in Chambers, whose decision was definitely stated not to be binding on the High Court, was the ideal tribunal for this case. The costs awarded after appeal to the Court, as at present in Section 26, were of the order of Ezoo to l500 (taxed). The costs awarded by the Law Officer, and hence by the new Appeal Tribunal, were of the order of seven to fifteen guineas. The patentee of moderate means had hitherto been able to appeal under Section 21,in the know- ledge that he would not be saddled with ruinous costs. This right of appeal which he had enjoyed for fifty years, was now, in effect, denied to him.If the Solicitor-General could not accept the words in the amendment, he would ask him, in another place, to do something that would enable the poorer patentee to make an appeal in respect of his case. The Solicitor-General said that the Bill was designed to follow the recommendations of the Sargant Committee. It was true that this clause did affect a change in the existing law, but that was in accordance with the recommendation of the Committee, and for the reason that, throughout the whole of the principal Act, there was this principle with regard to appeal, that the appeals, before grant, go to the Law Officer and, after grant of the patent, might go to the Court.This particular appeal under Section 21 was the only exception to that rule, and the Sargant Committee strongly recommended that that exception should 253 be done away with. Whilst not in the least overlooking any possible hardship, although he hoped there would be none in practice, the Solicitor-General said there was a practical reason for this which he hoped would appeal to the House. Amendments made after the grant of a patent were almost invariably the prelude to, or incidental to, an infringement action, which was a matter for the Court and had nothing to do with what had been the Law Officer’s Tribunal, which was now the Appeal Tribunal. As an amendment made after the grant of the patent, and with a view to an infringement action, might have some bearing on the action itself, it was manifestly more con- venient that it should be dealt with by the same Tribunal which dealt with the infringement action.He asked the House to accept the recommendation of the Sargant Committee, that this excrescence on the usual rules of appeal should be eliminated. The amendment was by leave withdrawn. The Government proposal for the insertion of a new clause in Section 27, which deals with the use of monopoly rights, provides that the monopoly rights under a patent shall be deemed to have been abused:- “(f) If any condition which, under the provisions of Section 38 of this Act, is null and void as being in restraint of trade and contrary to public policy, has been inserted in any contract made in relation to the sale or lease of, or licence to use or work any article or process protected by the patent.’’ This was varied in Committee and during the third reading, so that the clause now reads:- “27 (2) (b).If it is shown that the existence of a patent, being a patent for an invention relating to a process involving the use of materials not protected by the patent or for an invention relating to a substance produced by such a process, has been utilised by the patentee so as unfairly to prejudice in the United Kingdom the manufacture, use or sale of any such materials. Provided that, for the purpose of determining whether there has been any abuse of the monopoly rights under a patent, it shall be taken that patents for new inventions are granted not only to encourage invention but to secure that new inventions shall, so far as possible, be worked on a com-mercial scale in the United Kingdom without undue delay.” 254 Section 27 (3) (d)was also amended to provide that, on being satisfied that a case of abuse of the monopoly rights under a patent had been established, the comptroller might exercise the following powers if he deemed it expedient in the circum- stances :-“If the comptroller is satisfied that the monopoly rights have been abused in the circumstances specified in para (f) of the last foregoing subsection, he may order the grant of licences to the applicant and to such of his customers and containing such terms as the comptroller may think expedient .” Among other improvements, the Bill in its present form allows an applicant to leave typical samples and specimens under certain conditions-(one of the recommendations of the Legal and Parliamentary Committee of the Institute).The Bill strengthens the official search into novelty, sets out the principal grounds for revocation, strengthens the powers of the Court against invalid claims, and legalises in many respects what has become Patent Office practice. It is unfortunate that the Sargant Committee, which was made aware of the need for economy when evidence was given before it, should have recommended two alterations,-a new Appeal Tribunal and the amendment of Section zI,-which in effect would increase the cost in connection with patent applica- tions and patents generally.The Joint Chemical Patents Com-mittee was able to introduce amendments to limit the costs to be awarded by the Appeal Tribunal, but was not successful in securing amendment of Section 21. It is to be hoped, however, that should the new Appeal Tribunal be satisfactory, a new Act will be passed in order to foster economy which is of paramount importance at the present time to the nation as a whole. 255 Notes. Beiby Memorial Awards.-As a memorial to Sir George Beilby, who died in 1924,a fund was collected in 1926,from the interest on which, at the discretion of the Administrators, awards are made from time to time to British investigators in science, in order to mark appreciation of original work of exceptional merit carried out over a number of years, preference being given to the investigation of problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering and metallurgy, The Administrators of the fund (the Presidents, Hon, Treasurers and Secretaries of the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals), have announced the award of fI105 each to Mr.W. J. Rees, of the Department of Applied Science in the University of Sheffield, and Dr. W. I<. Schoeller, metallurgist, Messrs. D. C. Griffith & Co., London, Walter James Rees, M.Sc.Tech.(Sheffield), F.I.C., was educated at George Dixon Technical School, Birmingham, and at the Royal College of Science, London. In 1901,he became assistant to Dr. Walter Rosenhain, in the laboratories of Messrs, Chance Bros. & Co., Ltd., at Birmingham; from 1906to 1917,he was chief chemist to the same company, and since 1917he has been lecturer in charge of the Department of Refractory Materials in the University of Sheffield. In 1915,he was a member of the Council of the Society of Chemical Industry and, in 1917,Chair-man of the Birmingham Section of the Society. He is a member of the Council of the Ceramic Society and of the Society of Glass Technology; a member of the British Refractories Research Association; hon. member of the British Cast Iron Research Association (to which he was elected in recognition of services rendered in connection with research on moulding sands); a member of the Council of the National Federation of Clay Industries ; vice-president of the National Association of Clay Works Managers, and hon.secretary of the Refractories Associa- tion of Great Britain. Since 1918,he has been the author of joint author of numerous original communications read before the Ceramic Society, the Iron and Steel Institute, the Society of Glass Technology, the Association of Clay Works Managers, and the British Cast Iron Research Association. Walter Raymond Schoeller was born at Antwerp and educated in Belgian State Schools at Antwerp and Tournai. He studied 256 chemistry at the Polytechnic Institutes at Darmstadt and Stuttgart, and at the University of Greifswald, where he obtained the degree of Ph.D.in 1902. In the following year, he came to England and joined the staff of Messrs. D. C. Griffith & Co., Assayers to the Bank of England, and in 1909was naturalised as a British subject. Between 1906 and 1911,he pursued his studies in metallurgy for a while at Colorado School of Mines, and obtained experience in South America and in China. From 1911 to 1912,he was engaged as a research chemist at the British Gelatine Works at Luton, and from 1913to 1915,was a member of the staff of Messrs. G. T. Holloway & Co., Ltd., Limehouse. In 1916,he rejoined Messrs. D. C. Griffith & Co., specialising in rare metals.From 1913onwards, he has devoted much of his spare time to original research work, especially on tantalum and niobium. He is author or joint author of about 40 papers on chemical and metallurgical subjects, many of which have been published in The Analyst, and joint author, with Mr. A. R. Powell, of The Analysis of Minerals and Ores of the Rarer Elements. ChemicalWarfare.-The following has been abstracted from articles lately published in Chemistry and Industry and The Chemical Age :--The Special Committee, appointed by the General Commission of the Disarmament Conference at Geneva, to consider the question of chemical and bacteriological weapons in relation to the principle of qualitative disarmament issued its report in June.Qualitative disarmament is defined as the selection of certain classes or descriptions of weapons the possession or use of which should be absolutely prohibited to all States or internationalised by means of a general Convention. The Special Committee included representatives of 14 States : the United Kingdom being represented by Captain C. M. Black-man, Brigadier-General A. C. Temperley, Colonel A. G. C. Dawnay, Captain T. L. Leigh Mallory, and Mr. J. Davidson Prat t . The Committee had under consideration chemical weapons and methods of warfare, bacteriological weapons, and incendiary weapons. It was unanimously agreed that chemical weapons and methods of warfare were among the most threatening to civilians and specifically offensive.The report comprises a series of resolu-tions, one of which declares that there should be included in a 257 scheme of qualitative disarmament the use, for the purpose of injuring an adversary, of all natural or synthetic noxious sub- stances, whether solid, liquid, or gaseous, whether toxic, asphyxiat- ing, lachrymatory, irritant, vesicant, or capable in any way of producing harmful effects on the human or animal organism. The definition does not apply to smoke or fog screens provided that they are not liable to produce harmful effects under normal conditions. The view is held that the use of pathogenic microbes should be condemned by the conscience of humanity, and that all methods for their projection, discharge or dissemination in any manner anywhere, should be included in a scheme of qualitative dis- armament. The use of incendiary projectiles involves a particularly grave threat to civilians, and should also be included; but this resolu- tion does not embrace appliances specially constructed to give light, or projectiles and appliances capable of accidentally producing fire.Chemical substances only become means of warfare through their use in war. This marks a distinction between chemical weapons and ordinary weapons. Similarly, appliances and devices that may be used equally well for chemical warfare as for peaceful purposes are included in the idea of chemical warfare when they are used for war. The Special Committee had to consider whether chemical weapons and methods of warfare came under the criteria laid down by the General Commission-(I) the most specifically offensive in character; (2) the most efficacious against national defence; or (3)the most threatening to civilians.The Committee unanimously agreed that chemical weapons and methods of warfare came under the third criterion, but was unwilling to undertake an enumeration of the various categories of substances according to their chemical composition. The Committee adopted as its criterion the physiological effects of the substances on living creatures, and all the substances having a harmful effect were included in the definition. The Committee was of opinion that prohibition should extend not merely to substances harmful to human beings, but to animals, and that the use of such chemical substances generally should be prohibited. Chemical substances, in whatever way employed, should be included in qualitative disarmament, and a general 258 formula intended to cover all possible methods of use was there- fore adopted.Qualitative disarmament only applies to the use of chemical substances, if such use is designed to injure an enemy. For example, poisoning of wells or springs from which an enemy might draw water would be prohibited, but the use of chemical substances for the maintenance of armies, such as the use of disinfectants and medicaments and the means of destroying harmful animals and parasites, is not in question. Explosives are excluded from the definition, although the combustion of explosives may cause a discharge of noxious substances which may have serious destructive effects that could not be prevented by any means short of prohibiting explo- sives; but any practice designed to increase the discharge of noxious substances must be condemned.It is to be clearly understood also that smoke and clouds which are used must not be capable, in normal conditions of use, of producing harmful effects upon the organism. The Com- mittee condemned all appliances, devices or projectiles specially constructed for the utilisation in war of the said noxious bodies, with a view to injuring an adversary. Bacteriological warfare, which is unquestionably one of the methods most threatening to civilians, is regarded as particularly odious, and may not be employed against human beings or animals or plants. The rnaj ority held that incendiary weapons were particularly offensive. It was felt that bombs, shells, grenades, bullets, arrows, pastilles and other incendiary projectiles were particu- larly threatening to civilians, and effective in destroying urban centres and buildings in general ; but incendiary projectiles used in anti-aircraft defence were cited as an exception, it being understood that they must be used exclusively for that purpose.The Committee unanimously recognised that flame-pro-jectors designed to attack persons should be included in qualita- tive disarmament, being essentially cruel, and causing suffering that could not be regarded as necessary from a military stand- point.(League of Nations Publication : IX, 46, Disarmament.) The Canadian Institute of Chemistry has its head- quarters in Toronto and has now been established for 12years; it has a membership roll of about 400, and publishes a Bulletin entitled The Canadian Chemist, which is mainly devoted to professional interests and is circulated among its members. 259 It has received a Dominion Charter, and its aims are similar to those of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, in that it is intended to provide for Canada a national professional organisation of those who are qualified and com-petent to practice chemistry and to maintain and safeguard the status and interests of the profession in the Dominion.In addition to the Canadian Institute and the chemical societies of the Universities and various smaller societies devoted to specialised interests, the Dominion has three sections of the Society of Chemical Industry,-Ottawa, Montreal, and Toronto,- and a Canadian Chemical Association which is not restricted to qualified chemists, but enrols all who are interested in various branches of chemical industry and technology. This Association is seeking to bring together and co-ordinate all chemical interests of the Dominions on the lines of the American Chemical Society, and the problem is under consideration by a Joint Committee of representatives of the bodies concerned. While one single body representative of chemistry is for many reasons regarded as desirable, the Canadian Institute representing the strictly pro- fessional interests is naturally averse from losing its identity, and similarly two at least of the three sections of the Society of Chemical Industry in the Dominion appear to be disinclined to be absorbed by any other body or to dissociate themselves from the parent society in England.The Institute of Physics has issued a scale of minimum fees, as a guide to its corporate members. The scale was adopted at the Annual General Meeting held in May. It is to be em- phasised that these are minimum fees, and members are urged not to accept fees below the amounts corresponding to the scale. At the same time, it is understood that the fees which members can command depend upon their experience and the particular conditions and circumstances in which the work is carried out; also that retaining fees are sometimes chargeable, and in these circumstances the scale may be modified.For example, it is suggested that for attendance at the law courts, the fee should be not less than ten guineas a day; that there be a minimum fee of four guineas for Fellows, and two guineas for Associates, irrespective of the initial time occupied, preparatory study, travelling and waiting. (It may be remarked that fees for the medical profession have already been laid down, but, in the professions of physics and 260 chemistry, the chief consideration must be “the qualifying fee,” which is the fee chargeable for the actual work, on the results of which the chemist or physicist is to give evidence), The Institute of Physics suggests that for advice on patents and scientific matters, the fees of Fellows should not be less than two guineas per hour, and of Associates one guinea per hour, with a minimum fee of four guineas for Fellows and two guineas for Associates, chargeable irrespective of the actual initial time occupied.Not a few chemists and physicists have become chartered patent agents, and it should be borne in mind that the inventor and would-be patentee would often be well-advised to consider the desirability of consulting a chartered patent agent who is actually a qualified chemist or physicist.The scale contains an interesting example of charging for advice on building acoustics, for which E5 5s. per IOO,OOO cubic feet of space is suggested, and a further Ez 12s. 6d. if a visit to the site is required. For laboratory tests, charges at the rate of one guinea per hour for Fellows and 15s. per hour for Associates are suggested, exclusive of material and overhead expenses; but for any specialised work in the nature of research these fees might, it is suggested, well be considerably increased. For writing articles to be published in the lay press, the minimum fees are for Fellows two guineas per 1,000words, and for Associates one guinea per 1,000 words. Signed articles usually command a higher fee than unsigned, and regard should be given to the standing and circulation of the Journal concerned.Legal.-On 22nd June, in the King’s Bench Division, two cases were heard before Mr. Justice Macnaghten wherein chemists obtained damages and costs for breach of contracts of employ-ment. In the first case, the plaintiff had been employed by the defendant company as a research chemist before he was offered an agreement at a definite salary, with provision for annual increments for three years, and a stipulation that he should not enter any other employment after the period of the agreement, without the consent of the company. The company reserved the right to cancel the agreement on giving six months’ notice at cer-tain dates, but if such notice were not so given the agreement was to continue in force for a period of three years.The plaintiff held that notice had not been given in accordance with the contract, and Mr. Justice Macnaghten, after legal argument, said he had 261 no doubt that the agreement was for a second three years, but that it had been repudiated. When the defendants gave the plaintiff notice, the latter took the only course open to him, which was to contest the matter and seek employment elsewhere. He awarded the plaintiff E145o damages with costs, and further declared that he was no longer bound by the restricted covenant, although he had rightly given an undertaking not to disclose any confidential information. Leave to appeal was given to the defendant company on payment of f1500 to the plaintiff.In the second case, the plaintiff was awarded E670 damages, with the same declaration, and stay of execution was granted on pay- ment of f1250 to the plaintiff. Science Museum.-In order to celebrate the Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of the opening of South Kensington Museum, a special exhibition has been arranged and is now open to illustrate the advance in Science and Technology since 1857. The exhibits relate to steel manufacture, gas engines, steam-raising plants, artificial dyes, miners’ safety lamps, locomotion, telephony, telegraphy, sewing machines, typewriters, etc. Professor George Roger Clemo, Fellow, Professor of Organic Chemistry, has been appointed Director of the Department of Chemistry of Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in succession to Professor H.V. A. Briscoe. Mr. A. G. Holborow, Fellow, City Analyst and Bacteriologist of Gibraltar, has received through the Colonial Secretary of Gibraltar a communication from the War Office expressing the thanks and high appreciation of the Army Council of his services rendered to the Gibraltar Garrison. The Army Council appre- ciated that Mr. Holborow’s work has been of the utmost value in enabling the military authorities to detect the sources of infectious epidemics and outbreaks of food poisoning which had occurred among the garrison. In forwarding the letter, the Secretary of State for the Colonies expressed his pleasure in conveying the message and his desire to associate himself with the Army Council in their recognition of the public services rendered by Mr.Holborow, and His Excellency the Governor of Gibraltar requested, at the same time, that an expression of his personal appreciation might also be conveyed to Mr. Holborow. 262 The congratulations of the City Council were conveyed to Mr. Holborow with an expression of their own acknowledgment of his valuable public services. Dr. C. B. Marson, Fellow, Senior Chemist to the Northern Coke Research Committee, Armstrong College, Newcastle-upon- Tyne, has been appointed Head of the Department of Chemistry at the Hull Municipal Technical College. Dr. William Stewart Patterson, Fellow, has been appointed Head of the Chemistry Department of Sunderland Technical College on the retirement of Dr.C. F. Baker. 263 National Certificates in Chemistry, 1932. THECouncil has received and adopted the Report of the Joint Committee of the Board of Education and the Institute on National Certificates in Chemistry. Assessors.-Professor G. T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Professor T. Slater Price, O.B.E., DSc., F.R.S., and Professor J. E. Coates, O.R.E., D.Sc. The following is an abstract of the Report. I. Introductory.-During the present session, five schools have submitted candidates for the first time in the senior grade and two in the advanced grade. The number of entries in the senior grade was zoo, of whom 120 passed, In 1931, there were 195 candidates, of whom 108 passed. In the advanced grade there were 88 candidates, of whom 65 passed. In 1931,there were 71 candidates, of whom 48 passed.Of the 88 candidates, 63 had previously obtained the ordinary certificate, and of the 65 successful candidates, 47 had previously obtained the ordinary certificate. 11. Inorganic Chemistry, Theory.-The standard attained by candidates was much the same as last year. There was still a marked tendency to make clumsy statements in such a way as to show that they were purely a result of memory, without any understanding of the principles underlying them. This was especially noticeable in the use of formulae, both chemical and mathematical. Facts can only be properly appreciated when the principles on which they are based are understood.If chemistry is taught simply as a mass of facts, the student will be hopelessly confused when he comes to the more advanced stages. In most cases the compulsory question was on the periodic classification of the elements. In a few schools very good answers were given, but generally speaking the answers were poor. It is significant that many candidates did not realise that the rare gases were undiscovered when Mendelejeff drew up his table. Very little understanding o€ the way in which Mendelejeff made 264 his predictions was shown, and in only two or three cases was Lothar Meyer mentioned. Sometimes Newlands’ Law of Octaves was ascribed to Newton. It was clear-and this applies to past years also-that, generally, candidates had no idea of the distinction between an arc and a resistance furnace. Carborundum was often stated to be made in an arc furnace.In the advanced grade the work was very satisfactory, the candidates generally showing a good knowledge of the subject. There is still a tendency, however, towards memorising too much detail: for example, in one school, all the candidates gave the yield to two places of decimals, obtained in the synthesis of ammonia at different temperatures and pressures. Some also gave the figures for the solubilities of the hydroxides and various salts of the alkaline earth metals. 111. Inorganic Chemistry, Practical.-It was again noticeable that the standard in the practical work was appreciably higher than in the theoretical, The results obtained in the quanti- tative work were generally of a high order of accuracy.It is still necessary to emphasise that dry tests are important even in those qualitative exercises which are not to be solved by dry tests only. Candidates’ descriptions of the quantitative work were more satisfactory than those of the qualitative exercises, which were often given in a slovenly manner and were difficult to read. A student should realise that a clear and concise report of his work is very important. The work in the advanced grade was again of a high standard, the accuracy attained in the quantitative work being very not iceable. IV. Physical Chemistry.-In some schools the paper in inorganic chemistry also contained questions on physical chemis- try, there being no separate paper in the latter subject.In these schools it was observed that the answers to the questions on physical chemistry were sometimes very poor, the teaching of that subject having been apparently somewhat neglected. In schools where a separate paper on physical chemistry was set there was a distinctly higher standard. There is, however, still evidence of weakness arising from the fact that candidates in some schools have had little opportunity of gaining practical experience in the subject. This was indicated especially in answers to questions involving a description of practical mani- pulations, such as cryoscopic and conductivity measurements. There is also still too great a tendency to rely on the use of formulae without understanding the principles on which they are based.It was noticeable that many candidates when asked to explain the rotation of polarised light by certain organic com- pounds, proceeded to give an explanation of the polarimeter. The work in the advanced grade was more satisfactory, because it showed a better practical acquaintance with the subject. V. Organic Chemistry, Theory .-The papers in this section contained a judicious choice of questions arranged to cover fully the syllabuses of instruction. The compulsory questions were in the main answered thoughtfully and completely by the stronger candidates. A question on the comparison between aliphatic and aromatic amines brought forth many adequate reports on the preparation and properties of these important substances.References were made to the differences of origin and basic strength and to the action of nitrous acid on the amines and their salts. Alkylation was mentioned, and the carbylamine mustard oil tests were also indicated. The less satisfactory replies to this question stated that aliphatic amines were decomposed by alkalis, liberating ammonia. The methods given for the preparation of aliphatic and aromatic amines, by the action of ammonia on alcohols and phenols respectively, were more probably derived from an intelligent anticipation of the results of high pressure chemistry than from a knowledge of commonly accepted facts. In the preparation of aromatic amines from nitro compounds inappropriate reagents were sometimes cited, such as ammonium sulphide for the reduction of m-dinitrobenzene to m-phenylene- diamine.It was sometimes assumed that this diamine and its isomerides are distillable in steam and insoluble in water. The older German method of producing phthalic anhydride from naphthalene with sulphuric acid and a mercury catalyst retains its vitality, although even in the lower grade reference is occasionally made to aerial oxidation of the hydrocarbon over a vanadium catalyst. The isolation of an aromatic sulphonic acid was usually effected by decomposing its barium salt with sulphuric acid. The alternative method of extracting it with an organic solvent was not spccificd, although it deserves to be mentioned.266 The Tiemann and Reimer’s synthesis of hydroxyaldehydes was sometimes described as a variant of the Friedel and Craft’s reaction leading to meta-orientation. Answers to the questions on the chemical reagents used to distinguish various organic types showed evidence of sound teaching on modern lines. For instance, 3 : 5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride was suggested as a means of characterising alcohols. To this reagent might be added phenylcarbimide and its ana- logues, utilisable in yielding well-characterised derivatives of both alcohols and phenols from which these hydroxyl compounds are readily regenerated. For ketones and aldehydes, 2 :4-dinitrophenylhydrazine is to be recommended. References to high pressure syntheses are beginning to appear in the answers to both grades, but are presented somewhat at random.In the higher grade, descriptions of the methanol syntheses were incomplete and misleading. Although Grignard compounds have been discussed for many years the state of knowledge concerning these reagents is still lacking in precision. The part played in their formation by dry ether is not generally realised even in the advanced grade. The striking contrast between organic compounds of magnesium and zinc is not sufficiently appreciated. Methods of distinguishing between the three dihydroxy-benzenes were often impracticable. Catechol was oxidised either to o-benzoquinone or to phthalic acid; quinol to benzene -$-dicar- boxylic acid.Benzoyl chloride was occasionally confused with benzyl chloride and prepared by chlorinating toluene. In the higher grade, comparisons instituted between benzene and naphthalene and their respective derivatives (amines and phenols) were often erroneous. One school furnished a thoughtful set of answers on the difference between the quinones of benzene, naphthalene and anthracene. In another school benzene and naphthalene were contrasted as regards their ozonides. Some preparations were complicated unnecessarily. High marks were given for the production of chlorobenzene not by direct chlorination, but through nitrobenzene, aniline, and the Sandmeyer reaction. In the last mentioned process cuprous iodide was used in the replacement of the amino group by iodine.Recent applications of selenium and selenious acid in the dehydrogenation and selective oxidation of organic substances were mentioned. 267 Primary, secondary and tertiary bases were separated by Hinsberg’s method using 9-toluenesulphonyl chloride, but one important practical point was omitted. The primary amines may simulate the behaviour of secondary bases by a twofold con- densation with this reagent leading to the formation of a product R.N(SO,.C,H,), insoluble in aqueous caustic alkali. VI. Organic Chemistry, Practical.-On the whole, the scripts of the practical examination were neater than heretofore. Organic substances often contain inorganic components. These are sometimes imperfectly diagnosed, and discriminating tests are not generally used for the halogens when present in organic compounds.Difficulty still arises in the uses of Lassaigne’s test for organic nitrogen. It frequently fails to give a positive result. p-tolui-dine was returned as benzophenone, and in the hydrochloride of this base only chlorine was detected. “Halazone” (p-sulphon- dichloraminobenzoic acid), which contains chlorine, sulphur and nitrogen, was examined by one school, when ten out of twenty candidates missed the nitrogen. Solubility in water is not sufficiently appreciated, otherwise oxamide would not be returned as urea and aniline sulphate as acetanilide or sulphanilic acid. Acetone bisulphite was set as an exercise in hydrolysis, when the candidates returned the volatile constituent as ethyl or methyl alcohol. In the more technical examinations candidates concentrated on such exercises as the examination of dyestuffs, and left untried the separation of a mixture of two organic substances.A sample of commercial #&naphthol was rendered impure by addition of sodium sulphate for examination purposes. Correct estimations were returned of the essential ingredient, but the impurity was not detected. VII. Technological Swubjects.-The papers in the technologi- cal subjects were discriminating, in both the theoretical and practical examinations. It might be advisable in future years, however, to include in the written papers a greater proportion of questions bringing out the chemical principles underlying the respective branches of chemical technology.In connection with the dyeing of cotton and artificial silks an accurate survey was often made of the dyestuffs appropriate to the different textile fibres. Especial attention was directed to the use of azoic colours, vat colours, ionamines and S.R.A. 268 dyes. Some confusion of thought was manifested in regard to the old natural dye, cutch, which was stated to be not an ordinary dyestuff, but a coloured inorganic compound. Some candidates mentioned its application to cotton in conjunction with copper salts, but added tannic acid as a part of the complex mordant. Satisfactory answers were received on the application of sulphide dyes and on the chemical nature of direct cotton dyestuffs, suitable for development after dyeing.Reference was also made to the use of vat dyes either on reduction or in their solubilised condition. Candidates had a good knowledge of the methods of identifying dyes and textile fibres, and of the chemical classification of dyestuffs. Occasionally, lapses occurred even in regard to the nature of such old colouring matters as naphthol green B. In other cases somewhat scrappy information was given on the chemical constitution of naphthol AS and its analogues. Com-paratively few candidates attempted constitutional formulae even for such relatively simple or well-known dyes as malachite green and dianisidine blue. Modern scouring, foaming, mordanting, and wetting out agents were mentioned, and in many cases their chemical nature was indicated.The important anti-mildew agent "Shirlan " was correctly formulated. A paper on the chemistry of cellulose led to thoughtful answers on the industrial uses of this material and its derivatives. The manufacture of the latter products was accurately described. Recent views on the chemical structure of cellulose were e pi tomised. In several technological papers the question of water softening arose ;and several answers contained descriptions of plant without precise reference to the chemical changes involved. The answers on oils, fats and waxes showed that candidates understood such underlying chemical facts as the nature of saturated and unsaturated acids, the composition of waxes and of the glycerides, such as lard and other fats, and the significance of cholesterol and phytosterol in the examination of animal and vegetable oils. Accurate descriptions were given of the determination of acetyl values in castor oil, and of oil hardening by hydrogenation.In the practical examination assays of spermaceti and of mixed oils were accurately carried out. 269 The papers set on theoretical metallurgy offered a judicious choice of questions devoted partly to chemical principles and partly to technical processes. In the practical exercises the preparations and assays were successfully accomplished. VIII. Physics and Mathematics.-In general, the papers set were of satisfactory standard, and only a few additions were made to the draft papers.On the whole, it may be said that the scripts were fairly well written, but there is still much room for improvement in diagrams. While some good answers were received, many showed lack of interest and attempts to memorise that which was not understood. It was again noted that the answers to questions on the principles of electrolysis were very poor. It is important that students should learn to record their actual observations, and enter them directly in the examination book. Candidates often gave the difference of readings and not the readings themselves, and reported the mean of unrecorded observations. They should show all calculations. National Certificates, Scotland.-Three ordinary certij-cates and three advanced certiJicates have been granted to candi- dates who presented themselves for examination in Scotland.270 Obituary. RICHARDHALIBURTONADIE, died at Cambridge on 18th May, in his 68th year. He studied at the Royal College of Science, London, where he won the Hodgkinson Prize for Chemistry in 1883, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in Parts I and I1 of the Natural Science Tripos with chemistry as his chief subject, subsequently proceeding to M.A. From 1886-1 890, he was assistant demonstrator in the Cavendish Physical and Physiological Laboratories; in 1890 demonstrator in chemistry at Caius College, and in 1895 was appointed lecturer in chemistry at St. John’s College, and lecturer to the Cambridge and Counties’ Agricultural and Education Board.He was the author of papers published in tho Journal of the Clzemical Society, and contributed to the Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. He was an Alderman of the Cambridgeshire County Council. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1919. BROWNSWORDFRANK died at Old Colwyn on 1st June, aged 65. From 1884 to 1890, he studied at Owens College, Manchester, under H. B. Dixon and A. Schuster. He graduated B.Sc. subsequently proceeding to M.Sc. in tho Victoria University of Manchester. After passing the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1890, he was engaged for about two years in private teaching before he was appointed Science Master at the Hereford County College.In 1894, he obtained a similar appointment at The College, Shebbear, North Devon, which he held until 1902, when he moved to Old Colwyn, where he was Headmaster of Bryn Derwen School, until his retirement in 1930. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1895. CECIL HOWARDCRIBB died at Beckenham, Kent, on 30th June, in his 69th year. He studied from 1880 to 1883 under Edward Frankland, Guthrie and Huxley, at the Royal School of Mines, London, and during the following session under Professors Forster Morley and Schiifer at University College, and graduated as B.Sc. (Lond.), in chemistry in 1884. During the next two years, he was a demonstrator at St. Andrews Univer- sity, under Purdie, but, in 1886, returned to London and established a practice as a public analyst and consulting chemist, which he conducted successfully until his death, holding appoint,ments, first as public analyst for the Strand district, and later for Fulham and the City of Westminster (jointly with the late ColonelCharles E.Cassal and Mr. P. A. EllisRichards). He contributed many papers to The Analyst, and was joint author with Dr. H. Mansfield Robinson of The Law and Chemistry of Food and Drugs(1895). An ingenious manipulator, he devised several pieces of laboratory apparatus, including a form of condenser, with which his name is associated. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888, served as a Member of Council for four periods (in all ten years), was for many years an active Member of the Public Appointments Committee, and from 1907 to 1911, Examiner in the Chemistry (and Microscopy) of Food and Drugs.27 1 His funeral was attended by several Fellows, including past and present Members of Council, and by the Registrar, and a sheaf of flowers was sent in the name of the Institute. Mr. Cribb has bequeathed to t)ho Institute an antique sloping double- tubed barometer and his collection of prints of historical chemical intorest, on condition that it be kept together as the “Cribb Collection.” ERNEST ROADLEY DOVEYdied at Hong Kong, on the 9th June in his 44th year. Educated at the Grammar School, Sydney N.S.W., and Merchant Taylors’ School, London, he continued the study of chemistry at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, where he obtained tho diploma, A.R.C.S., in 1910.In 1913, he became assistant to Mr. Frank Browne, Government Analyst, Hong Kong, whose work he continued, after Mr. Browne’s retirement in 1915, for two years, when he was formally appointed as Mr. Browne’s successor. He was also lecturer in chemistry at Hong Kong Technical Institute, and examiner in chemistry to the Univer- sity of Hong Kong. He served for several years in the local Defence Corps, being attached to the Engineer Company, afterwards transferring to the Reserve. He was one of the best revolver shot,s in the Colony, and as a .member of the Police Reserve took an active part in founding and training a Sharpshooters Company. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1918 and a Fellow in 1924.WILLIAMMOGFORDHAMLETdied at Glenbrook, New South Wales, on 18th November, 1931, at the age of 81 years. Born at Portsmouth, he was educated at Bristol, and at the Royal College of Chemistry, London, where he studied under Frankland and Valentine. He received an appointment as official public analyst for King’s Lynn, and later proceeded to the West Indies, as chemist and assayer to a gold mining company. Health reasons induced him to proceed to Australia, where he received the appointment of Government Analyst for New South Wales in 1887. During his long tenure of public service, his aid was sought in many criminal trials which excited considerable public interest, amongst the most famous being the Smith-Baikie and the Dean murder charges.He attained a considerable reputation as a handwriting expert, and came into prominence in numerous forgery cases. He was an active member of the Royal Society of New South Wales, to the Proceedings of which he made many original contribu- tions. From the date of his retirement from the position of Government Analyst in 1915 until a few months before his death, he was engaged in private practice as a consulting analyst. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888, and for several years acted as a Honorary Corresponding Secretary for New South Wales. JOHN HATFIELDADAMS died at Glasgow on 14th May in his 59th year. He studied under Tilden at Mason College-now the University-Birm- ingham, taking metallurgy undor Professor Thomas Turner.From 1895, he was analytical and research chemist with Messrs. John Lysaght, Ltd., at, Wolverhampton, later transferring to the Orb Jron Works of the same Company at Newport, Mon., until 1921, when he obtained an appointment with the Monmouthshire Branch of Messrs. Baldwins, Ltd. From 1924, until his death he was engaged with Messrs. Smith and RlcLesn, LtcL, Gartcosh Steel and Iron Works, Lanarkshire. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1894, and a Fellow is 1897. 272 ARCHIBALDKNOXdied at Dennistoun, Glasgow, on 4th December, 1931, in his 46th year. He was educated at a Higher Grade School, and at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, and from 1902-1907 was assistant to Dr.John Clark. From 1907 to 1910, he was assistant chemist to the Scottish Co-operative Society, Ltd., and Erom 1910 to 1912 chemist and works manager to Robert Young and Co., Glasgow. He was then for two years assistant chemist with Messrs. Williain Beardmore & Co., Ltd., and after a year as assistant chemist with the Research Laboratories Inc., New York, he returned to Messrs. Beardmore as night-supervisor in the bullet-proof armour department. In 1916, he was appointed shift chemist on plant supervision, with Messrs. Chance and Hunt, Ltd., at H.M. Ex-plosives Factory, Oldbury, where he remained until the end of the war. Shortly after he became chief chemist to the Chemical and Metallurgical Corporation, Ltd., at Harlesden, London, where he remained for over six years.In 1926 he became works manager to Messrs. Brands’ Pure Spelter Co., Ltd., and the Kyle Chemical Co., Ltd., at Irvine, Ayrshire, and from May, 1929, until his death, was Assistant Manager of the St. Rollox Works of the United Alkali Co. (I.C.I.). He was an Associate-Member of tho Institution of Chemical Engineers. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1928, and a Fellow in 1930. ROBERTLAW died at hlelbouirne, Australia, on 27th July, 1930, in his 6lst year. He studied chemistry and metallurgy at the Glasgow and West of Scotland-now the Royal-Technical College, where he continued for six years as assistant to Professor Humboldt Sexton, He also attended courses at the Royal School of Mines, London, and at the Konigliche Bergakademie at Freiberg, Saxony, and in 1890, after competitive examina- tion, was appointed assistant assayer under George Foord, Fellow, in the Melbourne Branch of the Royal Mint, where he became second assayer iii 1894 and assayer in 1919,-the appointment being later styled that of Chemist and Refiner.At tho time of his death he had nearly completed 40 years service in the Mint, except during the war, when, having held a corn-mission since 1906 and already attained tho rank of Major in the Australian Engineers in 1912, he was in command of the Lights and Communications at Port Phillip Heads, and for some Limo staff officer in charge of embarkation, from the outbreak of war until early in 1916.He formed and commanded the 3rd Pioneer Battalion of the A.l.F,, with whom he was on active service until November, 1917. He was in command at the Battle of Messines and at the third Battle of Ypros, after which he was invalided back to Australia. After the War, he commanded the 34th Fortress Company, Australian Engineers, with whom he continued until his retirement from the actire list. He was a member of the Australian Chemical Institute, and for four years (1926-1929) President of the Society of Chemical Industry of Victoria. He gave several interesting addresses to the Society and was the author of various papers, including a paper on metallography read before the Victoria Institute of Engineers, in October, 1912. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1894.Information has only lately been recoivcd that JAMESMACWHIRTER,of Landore, Swansea, died suddenly on the 12th April, 1931, in his 50th ycnr.Educated at Ayr Academy and at Allan Glen’s School, Glasgow, he hecamc a pupil with Messrs. Tatlock and Thomson, and attended classes at the Glasgow and West of Scotland-now the Royal-Technical College. After some exprience, during 1902, in the laboratory of Tho Steel Co., of Scotland, he joined the staff of Messrs. William Beardmore & Co., Ltd., 273 early in the following year. In 1908, he became chief of the research labora- tory. In tjhe following year he was appointed chief chemist in charge of the general and research laboratories, and later was also consulting chemist for the associated works of the firm, with whom he remained until t,he end of 192.5.In 1930, he joiiiod Mossrs. l<altlwins, Ltd., at Landore. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. IEUAN OWEN died at Crymlyn, Skewen, on 3rd August, at theTHOMAS age of 30 years. Educated at Cardigan Secondary School and at University College, Aberystwyth, he graduated E.Sc. (Wales) with honours in chemist,ry in 1923, and shortly after joined the staff of National Oil Refineries, Ltd., at Skewen, where he was still employed at the time of his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1923. WILLIAM ROBSONPAWSON died at Kalka, India, on the 18th June in his 43rd year. Educated at the Normal College, Cape Town anti at Kingswood College, Grahamstown, he studied chemistry at the University of Cape Town where he graduated with honours in 1910, subsequently proceeding to M.A.; at the University of Halle, Germany, where he was awarded the degree of Ph.D., mapa cum Jaude, and thereafter at University college, London, where he was engaged on research under Professor Collie. While at the Cape, he wes for six months lecturer in chemistry in Victoria College, and during the war served as Lieutenant in the 3rd East Yorks Regiment, but in 1917 was transferred to the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey, where he continued until 1919, when he was appointed chemist at the Cordite Factory, Aruvankadu, India, later becoming Chief Inspec tor of Explosives. He was elected an Associate in 1919.ARTHURROSSdied at Upper Norwood, on 4th March, in his 67th year. He received his sciontific education under Meldola, Sylvanus Thompson, and John Perry at the City and Guilds of London Institute, Finsbury Technical College, from 1885-1 888, and soon after established a practice in the Old Kent Road, London, S.E., specialising in the examination and analysis of waters used for technical purposes, and in the analysis of scales and deposits produced in steam boilers. He founded the firm of Arthur Ross, Hotchkiss and Co., Ltd., boiler treatment consultants, of which he was an active director until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1894 and a Fellow in 1898. FRANCISGEORGECOAD STEPHENS died at Huddersfield on the 23rd July, 1930, at 50 years of age.Educated at the Stationers’ Company’s School, he studied at Finsbury Technical College from 1899 to 1906, during the last two years as research assistant to Professor Meldola, and at the University of Leeds, where he devoted special attention to tinctorial chemistry, being engaged in research with Professor A. G. Green. He then obtained an appointment with Messrs. Read Holliday & Sons (later British Dyes, Ltd.) and while in the employ of this firm did much valuable pioneer work towards resuscitating the dyestuffs industry in this country, working out and establishing manufacturing processes for soveral products never previously made in England. In September, 1920, he left British Dyes, Ltd., to become Manager and Chief Chemist to National Dyes,Ltd.He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1917. 274 SAMUEL died at Kirkcaldy, Fife, on 18th November, 1931, STEWART in his 70th year. Educated at Brisbane Academy, Largs, Ayrshire, he became a pupil with Messrs. Wallace, Tatlock & Clark in Glasgow, and also attended classes at Andorson’s College and at the Royal Infirmary Medical School, subsequently being assistant to Dr. John Clark for two years. In 1882, he was appointed chemist to the Caledonian Railway Co. at the St. Rollox Stores, which appointment he held until 1891, when he proceeded to Argentine, and was for several years chemist with the Highland Scot Canning Co. On his return to Scotland, he was appointed chemist with Messrs.Michael Nairn & Co., Ltd., Linoleum Manufacturers, Kirkcaldy, with whom he remained until his retirement early in 1924, when, having acquired a good knowledge of Spanish language and literature, he visited Spain and Portugal. He was for many years Secretary of the Kirkcaldy Naturalists’ Society and of the Kirkcaldy Photographic Society, and for some time filled the office of President of the latter. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. JOHN who died at Yeoville, Johannesburg, on the 29th April, WATSON, in his 71st year, was educated at the Icepier Grammar School, Houghton- le-Spring, Co. Durham, and at the University of Durham College of Physical Science-now Armstrong College-Newcastle-upon-Tyne, where he studied chemistry under Professors A.Freire Marreco and P. Phillips Bedson. From 1880 to 1883 he was assistant chemist in the laboratory of the Newcastle Chemical Co. (formerly C. Allhusen and Sons) at Gateshead-on- Tyne. In the latter year he was appointed chemist at Tigars Chemical Manure Works at Beverley, Yorks., but, towards the end of the same year,he returned to the Xewcastle Chemical Co., with whom he remained until 1896. In 1897 he proceeded to South Africa and was appointed assayer at the Langlaagte Estate, and later chemist to the African Saltpetre Co., near Griquatown, and thereafter held appointments with the Rand Central Ore Reduction Co., the Lancaster Gold Mining Co., Jumpers Deep, and with the Stanhope Gold Mining Co., to whom he was assayer and cyanide manager.In 1902, he spent nearly a year in New Zealand developing a mica property, but in November of that year returned to South Africa and was appointed chief assayer to the City and Suburban Gold Mining and Estate Co., which position he held until September, 1918, when he proceeded to India as chief chemist and works manager to the Magadi Soda Co., Calcutta, At the end of 1919, however, he again returned to Johannesburg, where he established a private practice, in which he continued until his death, except for a short period in 1923-1924 when he was engaged as chief assayer to Transvaal Platinum Limited. He was an early member of the Chemical, Metallurgical and Mining Society of South Africa and a frequent contributor to its proceedings.He passed the examination of the Institute and was elected a Fellow in 1887. 275 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part 111, 1932, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers. Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Chemical Encyclopzdia, A Digest of Chemistry and Its Indus-trial Applications.’’ C. T. Kingzett. 5th Edition, Pp. viii + 1014. (London: BailGre, Tindall and Cox.) 40s. net. Since the publication of the 4th Edition in 1024, the work has been brought up to date, many new substances have been introduced and the bibliographies1 references have been augmented. “Modern Chemistry, The Romance of Modern Chemical Dis- coveries.” Frederick Prescott.Pp. xiii + 370. (London Sampson Low, Marston & Co., Ltd.) 12s. 6d. net. The scope and development of chemistry; the atom and beyond; chemi- cal elements; story of radium; chemistry in the service of electricity;metals and alloys; fuels and illurninants ;nitrogen problem; explosives; cellulose products ; the chemical silkworm ;colour chemistry ;harnessing micro-organisms;chemistry versus disease. “Cubic Crystal Structure of Elements and Compounds, Tables of.” I. E. Knaggs, and B. Karlik, with a section on Alloys by C. F. Elam. Foreword by Sir William Bragg. Pp. 90. (London: Adam Hilger, Ltd.) 11s. 6d. net. “Liesegang Rings and Other Periodic Structures.” Ernest S.Hedges. Pp. viii + 122. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. net. Some properties of colloidal media ;Liesegang phenomena ;theories of the Liesegang phenomena ; periodic diffusion structures without chemical reaction ;periodic crystallisation and allied phenomena ;natural periodic structures; bibliography of priodic structures ; indexes. “Microchemical Laboratory Manual.” Friedrich Emich, with a section on Spot Analysis by Fritz Feigl, translated by Frank Schneider. Pp. xvi + 180. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 18s. 6d. net. Introduction; purposes of microchemistry ; apparatus and methods ; practice exercises; spot analysis. Appendices and Index. 276 “Organic Syntheses.” An Annual Publication of Satisfactory Methods for the Preparation of Organic Chemicals.Frank C. Whitmore, Editor-in-Chief. Volume XII. Pp. vii +96. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 10s. 6d. net. “Physical Chemistry.” John Eggert, translated by S. J. Gregg, with an Introduction by A. Caspari. Pp xii + 632 and Inset. (London: Constable & Co., Ltd.) 24s. net. (A translation of the Third Edition of Lehrbuch der Physilcalischeit Chemie revised in collaboration with Dr. Lothar Hock.) Problems and methods of physical chemistry ; atomics and energetics ; the nature of matter (atoms, molezules, states of aggregation);chemical reactions (chemical equilibrium and the law of mass action, thermo- chemistry, electrochemistry ; chemical kinetics; photochemistry) ; bibliography; index. ‘‘Physics.” Fundamental Laws and Principles with Problems and Worked Solutions.Edgar Booth and Phyllis M. Nicol. Pp. 648. (Glebe, N.S.W. : Australasian Medical Publishing Co., Ltd.) Mechanics; properties of mattor; heat ; electricity and magnetism ; progressive waves and sound; light; appendix; index. “Protective Films on Metals.” Ernest S. Hedges. Vol. V of a Series of Monographs on Applied Chemistry. Edited by E. Howard Tripp. Pp. xii + 276. (London: Chapman & Hall, Ltd.) 15s. net. Introduction; mechanism of corrosion; protective effect of oxygen 011 metals ;protective films formed during atmospheric corrosion ;protectivefilms formed in liquid media; anodic film; practical applications of oxide and similar films; coating by hot-dipping; electro-plating; sprayed metal films;cementation ;miscellaneous protective metallic films ;paints, lacquers, enamels; index.Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, 1926.-The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries and the Department of Agriculture for Scotland have made new regulations to replace the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Regulations, 1928. The new regulations are known as the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Regulations, 1932, (S.R. & O., 1932, No. 658.) (H.M. Stationery Office, Adastral House, Kingsway, W.C.2. rod. net.) The principal matters in the Regulations affected by the revision are (a)the method of sampling and analysis, and (b) alterations to the Schedules to the Act. The provisions relating to the manner of taking samples have been rearranged and amended in order to facilitate the work of 277 the officials concerned.The methods of analysis have been amended by the adoption of the British Standard Test Sieve, Mesh No. 100,in place of the present prescribed sieve for the determination of the fineness of grinding of basic slag, etc.; and also by the inclusion of a method of analysis for the determination of citric soluble phosphoric acid. The alterations to the Schedules to the Act include alterations of the Schedules which were contained in the Regulations of 1928, and fresh amendments, which, however, are confined to the First, Second and Fourth of the Schedules to the Act. The First and Second Schedules to the Act include the classes of articles in respect of which the seller is required under the Act to give to the purchaser a statutory statement, which has effect as a warranty, containing certain prescribed particulars.In the Fourth Schedule to the Act the names of the more com- monly used fertilisers and feeding stuffs are defined, and the use in a statutory statement of any of these names constitutes a warranty that the articles accord with the relative definitions. The new regulations come into operation on 1st September, 1932-Safety in Mines Research Board.-Tenth Annual Report, including a Report of Matters dealt with by the Health Advisory Committee, 1931. (H.M. Stationery Office. 2s. net.) General progress of work; safety instructions; progress of safety re-searches; health advisory committee ; appendices.The Sixty-Eighth Annual Report on Alkali, etc., Works by the Chief Inspectors, recording proceedings during the year 1931,has been published by H.M. Stationery Office, price @. net. The British Standards Institution published in June the following specifications :-No. 146-1932. Portland-Blast-furnace Cement (revised). 2s. net, and No. 458-1932. Xyloles (Pure Xylole, 3" Xylole, and 5" Xylole). 2s. net. The British Standards Institution has published a revised edition of the Indexed List of British Standard Specifications together with the Annual Report. (C.C., 7822, price IS.) 278 The Saghalien Central Experiment Station of Japan has forwarded to the Library of the Institute copies of Reports “The Economic Wild Plants in Southern Saghalien,” and “The Clover-Leaf Beetle. ” The Murex Welding Processes, Ltd., have issued a Hand-book for Electric Welders.IS. net. Fuel.-The British National Committee of the World Power Conference has announced the publication of the third edition of Technical Data of Fuel, edited by H. M. Spiers, 12s. 6d. net. Postage 6d. (Copies may be obtained through the Institute at a special price of 10s. 6d.). Africa.-Messrs Erlangers, Ltd., have published a series of volumes on the Manufacturing Industries of the British Empire Overseas. Part VI: Africa (West, East and Central), published in May, was the concluding volume. It contains a preface on the causes of the world crisis, and a comprehensive compilation of information regarding the manufactures, industries and products for all the countries in Africa, tariffs and comparative statistics, and a synopsis of the history and economic position of each British country.(Obtainable from Charles Barker & Sons, Ltd., 31,Budge Row, London, E.C.4. 7s. 6d. net.) The Cambridge University Press announces the publication at an early date of the second volume of Dr. J. L. Simonsen’s book “The Terpenes,” dealing with dicyclic terpenes and the sesquiterpenes. The work will contain a detailed account of the chemistry of the dicyclic hydrocarbons and ketones, special attention being given to structural problems. In dealing with the sesquiterpenes, the extensive researches of Ruzicka and his co- workers are discussed. The Cambridge University Press has published for the School of Agriculture, Cambridge, a new edition, revised by H.H. Nicholson, of “A Course of Practical Work in Agricultural Chemistry €or Senior Students,” by T. B. Wood. Pp. 56. 2s. 6d. net. Messrs. W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd., announce that on 30th Sep-tember the new ‘‘British Pharmacopoeia ” will be published. The volume will contain 758 pages, large demi-octavo, price 21s. net. 279 Water Pollution Research.-The Department of Scientific and Industrial Research has issued a ‘I Summary of Current Literature on Water Pollution Research,”-Vol. V, No. 9. September 193z,-Abstracts Nos. 1045-1146. (H.M. Stationery Office, 2s. net.) Messrs. Leonard Hill, Ltd., have published the eighth edition of “Chemical Engineering and Chemical Catalogue,” which has been compiled with the co-operation of leading British manu- facturers, and edited by Dr.D. M. Newitt. It is a catalogue of heavy and fine chemicals, raw materials, machinery, plant, and equipment, applicable to production industries, standardised, condensed, and cross-indexed, with a foreword. 10s. net. It contains a register of German and English technical equivalents; tables and data relating to materials for the con- struction of industrial plant, etc., and a comprehensive biblio- graphy of recent chemical and technical literature. 280 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 17th June, and 22nd July, 1932, 11 Associates were elected to the Fellowship, 29 new Associates were elected, and 17 Students were admitted.The Council regrets to report the death of 12 Fellows and 3 Associates. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Arnott, John, Laboratory Department, Messrs. G. & J. Weir, Ltd., Cathcart Glasgow.Cowpe, William, Shelling Hill, Cullybackey, Co. Antrim, N. Ireland, Derrett-Smith, Donald Alford, A.C.G.F.C., Rostherne, Lambeg, Co. Antrim, N. Ireland. Fermor, Herbert Frederick Francis Burdett, 32, Trossachs Road, London, S.E.22. Green, Arnold Trevor, Corbar, Dartmouth Avenue, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffs. Kerr, Carl Aloysius, B.Sc. (Q.U.B.), Ph.D. (Glas.), Preswylfa, Bryntirion Terrace, Llangollen, N. Wales. Kirkby, William Anthony, M.Sc., Ph.D.(Mane.), 26, Hartington Road, Millhouses, Sheffield. Knaggs, John, B.Sc., P1.i.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., c/o Messrs. Portals, Ltd., Laverstoke Mills, Whitchurch, Hants. Marson, Cecil Brittain, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Leeds), Northern Coke Research Laboratories, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Pitkethly, Robert, c/o Dr. A. E. Dunstan, F.I.C., Research Laboratory, Sunbury- on -Thames , Middlesex. Regan, Colston James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 14, Penerley Road, London, S.E.6. New Associates. Adams, Clifford Hubert, B.Sc. (Lond.), The Grove, Danbury, Essex. Chapman, Kenneth Thomas, B.Sc. (Lond.), 47, Kyrle Road, London, s.w.ll. Gill, John Lewis, B.Sc. (Lond.),27, Carless Avenue, Harborne, Birmingham. Greer, Eric Norman, B.Sc. (Lond.), Garden Reach, Stanmore, Middlesex.Hullett, Ernest William, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Agricultural College, Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand. Hunter, George John Ernest, M.Sc. (Otago), 3, Market Street, Musselburgh, Dunedin, N.Z. Krupeney, Max Mendel, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Leeds), 43, Reuben Street, Carlton Hill, beds. Kuriyan, Kuruvila Ittyeran, B.A. (Madras), M.Sc. (Agra), Puliyampallil, Kottayam, S. India. 281. Livingston, Charles Sinclair, B.Sc. (Glas.), 24, Mansfield Road, Prestwick, Ayrshire. Rlackness, John ILaimes, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., Southwood, Holland Avenue, Sutton, Surrey. Morrison, Angus Reid, B.Sc. (Glas.), 77, Ibrox Street, Glasgow, S.W.l. Muir, Geoffrey Dale, B.Sc. (Glas.), La Santarita, Lenzie, Glasgow. McFarlane, James Robert, B.Sc.(Liv.), Usine Ste. Madeleine, San Fernando, Trinidad, B.W.I. McNeill, David Harold Baxter, B.Sc. (Glas.), 23, Bank Street, Greenock, Renf rewshire . Nandi, Birendra Lal, M.Sc. (Calcutta), 21, Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7. Niyogi, Manmathanath, M.Sc. (Calcutta), 8, Duke Street, Bevis Marks, London, E.C.3. Nunn, Gordon, B.Sc. (Liv.), 28, St. Martin’s Street, Castleton, Rochdale, Lancs. Pedder, John Saxon, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Lond.), Mortimer House, Eskdale Avenue, Chesham, Bucks. Pleaden, Ronald Francis, B.Sc. (Lond.), 31, Hall Street, Hockley, Birm- ingham.Rankine, John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Blythswood Drive, Paisley. Roy, Mriganka Bhusan, B.Sc. (Patna), Assistant Chemical Examiner to Government of U.P. 85 C.P., Chhipitola, Agra, India.Simpson, Thomas Wake, B.Sc. (Dun.), Villa St. Clair, Skegness, Lincs. Southgate, Bernard Alfred, Ph.D., B.A. (Cantab.), Marine Biological Association, Cleveland Shipyard, Middlesborough. Suri, Harnam Das, M.Sc. (Punjab), Central Board of Revenue, Control Laboratory, Government College, Lahore, India. Taylor, Ernest, M.Se. (Leeds), Clifton, Station Road, New Longton, nr. Preston. Thompson, Horace Henry, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C, 66, Burlington Avenue, Romford, Essex. Williams, Arthur Franklyn, B.Sc. (Wales),5, Whitehall Road, Handsworth, Birmingham.Worrell, Stanley Wilson, B.Sc. (Lond.), Hillside, Carisbrooke Road, Harpenden, Herts. Wright, James Matson, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., 381, Spring Bank West, Hull. New Students.Bentley, Lionel Victor, 55, Burlington Avenue, Kew Gardens, Surrey. Burman, Arthur Duncan, Dunaverty, Provanmill, Millerston, Glasgow. Campbell-Gamble, Derek John, 7, Welby Gardens, Grantham, Lincs. Fish, Hubert James, 37, Eastcote Road, Harrow, Middlesex. Holmes, Kenneth Edwin, 47,The Crescent, Letchworth, Herts. Jupp, Raymond Herbert, 1,Annandale Road, Addiscombe, Surrey. Lawrence, Edwin Charles Higgins, 32, Glover’s Hill Road, Kingsteignton, nr. Newton Abbot, Devon. Medhurst, Edward Frederick, 67, Glenfarg Road, Catford, London, S.E.6. Millidge, Alfred Frank, 48, Medina Avenue, Newport, Isle of Wight. Parker, Robert Thomas, 19, Whitworth Road, London, S.E.18. Paxon, Leslie Arthur, 30, St. George’s Road, London, N.13.Pickstone, Richard Esdaile, 64, Alexandra Road, London, N.W.8. Roe, Miss Edna Margaret Frances, 66, Drury Road, Harrow, Middlesex. Senior, Sydney, Woodroyd, Grafton Road, Gloucester. Strudwick, John William, 44, Marten Road, London, E.17. Tone, Gerard Monteith, 286, Bath Road, Hounslow, Middlesex. Vicary, George Thomas, 26, Stanley Street, Bristol. 282 DEATHS. Fellows. Richard Halihurton Adie, M.A. (Cantab.), B.Sc. (Lond.).Frank Brownsword, M.Sc. (Mane.).Cecil Howard Cribb, B.Sc. (Lond.).Ernest Roadley Dovey, A.R.C.S. William Mogford Hamlet. John Adams Hatfield. Archibald Knox, A.M. I.Chem.E. Robert Law. James MacWhirter. Arthur Ross. Samuel Stewart. John Watson. Associates. Ieuan Thomas Owen, B.Sc. (Wales).William Pawson Robson, M.A.(Cape), Ph.D. (Halle). Francis George Coad Stephens. CHANGE OF NAMES. Frederick Clarkson HaroId, Associate, to Frederick Clarkson-Harold- by Deed Poll. Sophy M. Harrison, Associate, to Sophy M. Ireland,-on her marriage. 283 General Notices. Lectures.-Professor A. J. Allmand, D.Sc., F.R.S., will deliver Two Lectures at the Institute, on Friday, zIst, and Friday, 28th October, at 8 pm., on “The Nature of Simple Molecules and of Elementary Processes. The Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 1932.-Mr. W. A. Williams, Fellow, Works Manager, North British Rubber Co., Ltd., has consented to give the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture for 1932, at the Institute, on Friday, 18th November, at 8 p.m. Subject: Rubber.’’‘I The S.M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, 1932, will be given in December. Further particulars will be announced in due course. All Lectures are open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute, and the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will be open to former Students of Finsbury Technical College. Tickets of admission may also be obtained by persons other than Members and Students of the Institute on application to the Registrar. Annual Chemical Dinner, 1932.-The Annual Chemical Dinner will be held on Thursday, the 8th December, at the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, London, W.C.2, at 7 for 7.30 p.m. This will be a social event in which members of the various societies and institutions interested in chemistry are invited to participate. The dinner will be followed by music and dancing.Tickets, price 15s. each-for lady or gentleman-including gratuities, but not wine-will be obtainable in October and November, from Mr. F. A. Greene, The Chemical Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.I. Further particulars will be announced in due course. 284 Examinations, 1933.-The arrangements for examinations during 1933 will be as follows:-FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Dates of Examinations. Entries close. 9th to 14th January. Monday, 7th November, 1932. (Notebooks: 16th December.) 24th to 29th April. Monday 6th February, 1933. (Notebooks: 17th March.) 18th to 23rd September, Monday, 10th July, 1933. in London and Glasgow. } (Notebooks: 8th September.) FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. 1st to 6th May.Monday, 6th February, 1.933. 25th to 30th September. Monday, 10th July, 1933. For Candidates wishing to be examined in Branch "G"-Industrial Chemistry, the list will close on 9th June, 1933. The Meldola Medal (the gift of the Society of MaccabEans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise, and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award. The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award willbe made in January, 1933. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1932, to work of the character indicated.285 including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy. Awards will be made not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will meet in the latter part of June, and will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated. Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, not later than 1st June, 1933.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prizefor Registered Students.-A Medal and Prize (LIO 10s.) for an essay not exceed- ing 3,000 words will be awarded in January, 1933,and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to Registered Students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional as opposed to technical or purely chemical impor- tance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared, for the present year, to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, from the professional or personal point of view, provided that it does not deal with any purely technical, chemical, or historical subject. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship, and to impress upon them the importance of proceeding to the higher grade as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. 286 Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute.For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists, Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the. Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register.Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Library.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m.and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail-able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m. to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 287 Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted at present to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books.Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions. Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (on com- pleting a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of other periodi- cals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere.Boots Booklovers’ Library.-With Part I of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,published in February, a circular was issued, by direction of the Council, giving particulars of the special terms to be allowed to Fellows and Associates desiring to use Boots Booklovers’ Library. Over 260 members are now partici- pating in the scheme. Covers €or Journal.-Members who desire covers (buck- ram: IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required.Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd. , 17-19,Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, gd. ;in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for. Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute and is available to members who wish to illustrate lectures. Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. 288 As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.Institute of Chemistry Benevolent Fund. Founded in 1920 as a memorial to Fellows, Associates and Students who died in the service of their country, 1914-18. Contributions may be forwarded to The Hon. Treasurer, FUND,INSTITUTEBENEVOLENT OF CHEMISTRY, 30, RUSSELL SQUARE, W.C.I.LONDON,