Advances in ureteroscopy have made its applications effective and safe even in children and pregnant women. Endourological techniques, such as balloon dilatation, end-ureterotomy and free urothelial grafts, have been applied to treat long and complete ureteral obstruction. Better clinical results for ureteral stone have been achieved by ureteroscopic treatment than by extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy, because of recent advances in ureteroscopy.