ii. 16 ABSTRACTS OF CITEMTCAT PAPERS. Inorganic C he mi s t r y. Isalation of Oxygen from Air. L. BeEaFEm (Brit. Pat. 2121 1 of 1913; from J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 1914 33 S31).-The vapour of nitric acid is passed over heated sulphuric acid t o form oxygen water and nitrosylsulpliuric acid. The last substance is treated with water to form sulphuric acid and nitrogen trioxide the latter being t'hen reconverted into nitric acid by means of water and atmospheric oxygen. The equations are (i) 4IIN0 = 4N0 + ZH,O + 0 ; (ii) 4H,SO + 4N0 = 4H(NO)SO +,2H,O + 0 ; (iii) ZH(NO)SO + H,O = 2H,XO + N,O,; (iv) N,O,+ O,+H,O = ZHNO,. The cycle of operations is completed continuously in a system of refractory and acid-proof tabes acting as heat interchangers on the counter-current' principle the tubes being preferably packed with quartz grains or the like which offer resistance t o the flow Preparation of Thionyl Chloride.FAEBENFABRIKEN YORM. FXIEDRICH BAYElt & Co. (Brit. Pat. 27830 of 1913 ; from J. Xoc. Chem. I n d . 1914 33 SSO).-Thionyl chloride is obtairted by the reaction of sulphur or sulphur chloride with chlorine and cliloro- of liquids and facilitate the iiitercliange of heat c. s.INORGANIC CHEMISTRY. ii. 17 sulphonic acid or of sulphur dichloride with clilorosulphonic acid with or without the addition of a catalyst such as antimony tri- chloride or mercuric chloride. c. s. Preparation of Thiony 1 Chloride. FARBEE FABRIKEN VORM. F. BAYER & Go. (D.R.-P. 275378; from J. Xoc. Chern. hd. 1914 33 831).-Thionyl chloride is produced by the interaction of sulphur trioxide and sulphur dichloride a t the ordinary temper- ature and pressure in presence of suitable catalysts such as antimony trichloride mercuric chloride or chlorides of other heavy metals.T. €1. P. Preparation of Hydrazoic Acid or Azides. H. STAUDINQER (D.R.-P. 273667; froui J. SOC. Chem. lnd. 1914 33 693).-When hydrazine hydrate or a hydrazine salt is treated witlh the nitroso- amine of a secondary amine such as diphenylamine in alcoholic solution and in presence of alkali hydroxide or carbonate the following reaction takes place slowly in the cold but more rapidly on heating NPh,*NO + N,H + NaOEC=NHPh2 + N,Na,+ 2H,O. T. H. P. Thermal Dehydration of Stilbite Thaumasite and the Hydrates of Magnesium Sulphate and of Copper Sulphate.H. E. MERWIN (J; IVaehingfon Acad. Xci. 1914 4 494-496).- Small quantities of the substances mentioned above were heated between the walls of thin glass tubes in an oil-bath a t a series of temperatures and the rate a t which the water was expelled a t the various points was determined. Copper sulphate is shown to lose first two molecules of water then two more and finally the last a t a much higher temperature. Stilbite loses 17.6% of water without any evidence being obtained of a break in the dehydration curve. Magnesium sulphate gives four maxima in the rate of epolution of water corresponding with the expulsion of 4H20 and three single molecules. Thaumasite CaSO,,CaCO Ca SiO 1 5H,O loses first of all 14 molecules of water the last one being held much more firmly.J. F. S. Hydrolysis of Zinc Chloride. ALFREDO SORDELLI ( A n d . Soc. Quito. Argentina 1914 2 97-112).-The addition oE water t o concentrated solutions of zinc chloride does not cause any separa- tion of the basic chloride 2ZnC12,11ZnO; the latter is formed when the solution contains an excess of zinc oxide. The pre- cipitation is exothermic. The hydrolysis constant as determined by means of methyl acetate or sucrose is small,,even a t looo. G. D. L. Complex and Barnic Lead Salts. Cause of the Solubility of Lead Sulphate in Ammonium Acetate. C. BLOMBERQ (Chem. Teekblud 1914 11 1030-1034).-From the results of determinations of the freezing point and electrical conductivity VOL. CVIIT. ii. 2ii. 18 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMTCAL PAPERS. of solutions of lead acetate the author draws the conclusion that the solubility of lead sulphate in such solutions is due t o the formation of either complex or basic salts.Supposed Crystalline Compound of Ferrous Chloride and Nitric Oxide. I. EELLUCCI (Qcczzetta 19 1 4 ii 384-389).-The experiment'al conditions employed by Thomas (A.? 1896 ii 26) give a yellow microcrystalline mixture! of ferric chloride with a small proportion of nitric acid and not the compound FeGl,,NO which has not yet been prepared. Manchot's ferronitricoxide phosphate (compare A. 1914 ii 567) is therefore the only corn- pound of the type [Fe(NO)]X2 as yetl known. Ternary Alloys of Nickel-Copper-Lead. N. PARRAVANO [with c. MAZZETTr] (G'azxetta 1914 44 ii 375-384).-The author has traced the fusion diagram of these alloys which exhibit partial miscibility in the liquid state.Nickel-copper alloys form a con- tinuous series of mixed crystals with melting points falling con- tdnuously from that of nickel to that of lead. With lead-nickel alloys the melting-point curve falls from 1451° at which nickel melts t o 1338O the temperature of the invariant equilibrium between a solid and two liquids one containing about 30% and the ot,her about 85% of lead; subsequently the curve falls rapidly to a eutectic which consists of practically pure lead and solidifies at 3 2 7 O . Similar behaviour is exhibited by copper-lead alloys the limits of miscibility being about 36-85% of lead. Given the existence of two miscibility gaps in the binary alloys two simple hypotheses present themselves with reference to the manner in which these gaps are continued into the! triangular diagram of the ternary alloys (1) the two gaps may undergo restriction each exhibiting a critical point; (2) the two gaps may be continued one into the otlher giving rise to a whole zone of liquid gap which interrupts the continuity of the fusion surface and divides the latter into two clearly distinct parts.Experiment shows that case (2) is verified with nickel-copper-lead alloys this result' being in accord with that furnished micrographically. The results indicate the following method of removing nickel and copper from lead. The ternary eutectic virtually coincides with the lead vertex of the triangular diagram so that mixtures in the neighbourhood of lead at temperatures intermediate to those corresponding with the beginning and end of solidification con- sist of a solid part containing the greater part of the nickel and copper in the form of mixed crystals and of almost pure liquid lead; the mixed copper-nickel crystals are lighter than the liquid and can be readily removed.Since the quantity of crystals gradually increases as the te'mperature is lowered from that corre- sponding with the commencement of the crystallisation t o that of the eutlectic plane the temperature of the bath should be as low as possible. The rapid fall of the surface of fusion in the neighbourhood of the lead point ensures the success of the opera- tion sins i t allows of moderately wide variations in the temper- A. J. W. T. 11. P.ISORGANIC CHEMISTRY.ii. 19 ature of the bath without rendering possible the failure of the separation. T. H. P. Artificial Macles of Tin. P. GAUBERT (Compt. rend. 1914 159 680-682. Compare Ewing and Rosenhain Phil. Trans. 1900 193 [A] 353; 1901 195 [ A ] 279).-A study of the conditions governing the formation of bands of twin crystals in tin. The sheets of tin are prepared of the required thickness by melting and casting them between two smooth well-polished plates of glass. On suddenly piercing such a sheet of tin with a needle thelre are produced (1) on the side remote from where the needle entered a cross in relief the branches being very broad and equal or unequal according to t#he crystalline orientation of the sheet of tin; (2) two or three series of brilliant parallel bands about 0.5 mm.broad and extending from the point of penetration to the edges of the crystal. Their exterior face at first in the plane of the sheet makes an angle of several degrees with it. The crystals of tin do not always arrange themselves in the same manner with respect to the sheet of glass and the angle which the two or three series of bands make between them is variable. Some sheets of tin give bands making an angle of 8 7 O others give two kinds of bands making an angle of 71° whilst others give three series of bands of which the angles are 4 5 O 71° and 6 4 O . The folding or twisting of a sheet of tin results in the forma- tion of twinned bands. The “cracking” of tin is probably due to the formation of these macles. W. G. Electrolysis of Antimony Chloride in Presence of Colloids.ARRIGO MAZZUCCHELLI (Gaxzetta 1914 44 ii 404-419).-The presence of antimony chloride in electrolytic antimony cannot be prevented by carrying out the electrolysis of the chloride in a solution containing a colloid. Many colloids including resorcinol tannin molybdic acid starch and gum have no influence on the aspect and properties of the metallic deposit but the presence of proteins especially of gelatin results in the separation of antimony which exhibits increased lustre and fragility and is explosive towards heat but only slightly so towards shock. Quinine’ with which antimony chloride forms a double chloride sparingly soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid has an effect similar t o that of the proteins; the cationic function of the alkaloid appears to favour its absorption by the met’al. Lowering of the temperature at which the electrolysis takes place renders the metallic deposit pitted and less adherent owing to increase in the cathodic evolution of hydrogen. From these results the conclusion is drawn that in explosive electrolytic antimony the metal and the chloride form a true not a colloidal solution. Such a solution is formed by antimony with its chloride bromide or iodide but not with the fluoride. T. H. P. 2- 2