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Pattern of Attack on Spruce Budworm Egg Masses byTrichogramma minutum(Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Released in Forest Stands

 

作者: S. M. Smith,  

 

期刊: Environmental Entomology  (OUP Available online 1988)
卷期: Volume 17, issue 6  

页码: 1009-1015

 

ISSN:0046-225X

 

年代: 1988

 

DOI:10.1093/ee/17.6.1009

 

出版商: Oxford University Press

 

关键词: Insecta;dispersal;parasitism;Choristoneura

 

数据来源: OUP

 

摘要:

FemaleTrichogramma minutumRiley released from a central point in a white spruce,Picea glauca(Moench) Voss, plantation attacked eggs of the spruce budworm,Choristoneura fumiferana(Clemens), locally around the point of release. Dispersion parameters showed an aggregated pattern of attack—mean ($\bar m$), 1.6 parasitized egg masses per station; mean index of crowding (m*), 20.5; Lloyd's index of patchiness (IP), 7.3. Parasitoids dispersed a total distance of 18.5 m over 5 d, with a mean horizontal distance(d)of 4.3 ± 0.2 m and an average dispersal rate of 7.2 cm/h. Movement byT. minutumwithin trees was not affected by wind; however, dispersal between trees during the first 2 d after release tended to be downwind. Average vertical distance of dispersal within trees from a point 0.25 m above ground was 2.4 m (±0.05 m). WhenT. minutumwas released at this height in 1984, parasitism of egg masses was significantly higher at 3.25 m above ground than at 2.25 or 1.25 m above ground. The reverse was true when parasitoids were released at ground level. Greater parasitoid movement was seen on jack pine,Pinus banksianaLamb., than on white spruce. Dispersal by femaleT. minutumwas influenced by stand complexity and volume.

 

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