TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY. 97T e c h n i c a1 C h e m i s t r y.Antiseptic Properties of Carbon Bisulphide. By CKIAND~-B EY(Compt. rend., 99, 509--511).-Carbon bisulphide is soluble inwater to the extent of from 2 to 3 parts per million at 18-20". Byagitat,ing carbon bisulphide with water in a flask completely filled, asolution can be obtained containing approximately as much as0.5 gram of carbon bisulphide per litre. Carbon bisulphide alone andin aqueous solution arrests all fermentations, kills microbes, and isone of the most energetic of antiseptics. It moreover possesses con-siderable penetrating power. A solution of carbon bisulphide inalcohol of 96" decomposes slowly and gives rise to various products,notably hydrogen sulphide.During 20 years' experience amongst work men continually exposedto the vapours of carbon bisulphide, the author has never observedany paralysis of lower or upper limbs, nor any destructlion ofmasculine faculties.When breathed in certain proportions, thevapour of carbon bisulphide produces effects similar to those ofetherisation, the only disagreeable after-effect being heaviness of thehead, which soon passes off. When applied to the skin, carbon bisul-phide acts almost instantly as an energetic revulsive, the pain pro-duced being similar to that caused by boiling water. The pain,however, ceases as soon as the carbon bisulphide is volatilised, andno ulceration is produced.The author recommends the use of carbon bisulphide both externallyand internally, in aqueous solution and in the form of spray, in casesof cholera, typhoid, and other diseases resulting from the action ofmicrobes.It may also be used to disinfect the evacuations, clothes,&c., of cholera patients and others, and an aqueous solution may beemployed to water the streets and to wash out rooms in cases ofepidemics. Dr. Dujardin-Baumetz finds that the internal administra-tion of an aqueous solution in cases of typhus arrests the diarrhoea,and disinfects the breath and the excretions of the patient.When the aqueous solution is swallowed, it has a sweet, warm taste,VOL. XLVIII. 98 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPESS.nnd.produces a sensation of warmth in the stomach, followed aftersome time by irritation of the nose similar to that produced by snl-phurous anhydride.These sensations are followed by slight heavinessof the head, which soon passes away.For medicinal use, the carbon bisulphide must be carefully purifiedby agitating i t with mercury until no further formation of mercuricsulphide takes place. C. H. B.Preparation of Potassium Magnesium Sulphate. (Din$.polyi. J., 254, 48.)-The Cornsolidirten Alkaliwerke of Westeregelnfirst prepare the criide salt as artificial carnallite, which is thendecomposed by t.reatment with schonite mother-liquor. By thistreatment, the amount of potassium chloride is doubled, whilst themother-liquor becomes praportionally richer in magnesium chloride.The product is then warmed with a corresponding amount of magne-sium sulphate solution. On cooling, schonite, amounting to 65-70per cent.of the potassium chloride employed, separates out, the restremaining in solution, which is applied as above, to decompose thewtificial carnallite. The solution can be evaporated so that artificialcarnallite crystallises out, or it may be employed as solvent forcrude salt. J. T.Manufacture of Aluminium. (Dinql. polyt. J., 253, 426. j-(+adsden (Ger. Pat. 27,572, August, 1883) proposes to preparealuminium by subjecting aluminium chloride to the vapour of sodiumevolved from retorts in which a mixture of sodium carbonate withcharcoal is intensely heated.For the manufactdre of aluminium-bronze, Webster (Ger. Pat.28,117, January, 1884) prepares (1) an alloy consisting of 15 partsaluminium and 85 parts tin, and (2) an alloy composed of 17 partsnickel, 17 parts copper, and 66 parts tin.He then fuses equal partsof these alloys witlh copper, the best result being obtained with84 parts copper to 8 parts of ea8ch alloy. The resulting bronze issuitable for the preparation of castings of various kinds, tubes, guns,plates, wires, hydraulic apparatus, boiler-plates, domestic utensils, &c.(Diqzgl. polyt. J.,254, 89-90.)-The mining and smelting directors of Konigshuttepropose to roast burnt pyrites containing zinc with sodium chloride,and then to extract with water acidified with hydrochloric acid. Thesolution is freed from copper when necessary, and freed from sodiumsulphate by concentration and cooling. The zinc solution is thentreated for metallic zinc or for zinc preparations, by known methods.J.T.D. B.Utilisation of Zinciferous Burnt Pyrites.The Siemens-Martin Process. By M. JUNGCE (Difigl. polyt. J.,253, 509-514).-The author gives a detailed account of the mode ofworking this process at the Phenix Iron Works in Ruhrort. The gasgenerator consists of eight chambers, which are charged at intervalsof three hours with about 600 kilos. of coal having the followingcomposition :TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY. 99OxygenCarbon. Hydrogen. and nitrogen. Ash.7 1-10 4.24 11.92 12i4The g a s from two chambers is sufficient for the working of one rever-bwatorg furnace. Each furnace is provided with four regeneratingchambers. The charge consists of about 400 kilos. grey pig iron,150 kilos.spiegeleisen, 1500 kilos. steel scrap, and 25 to 50 kilos.wrought-iron scrap, from 20-43 kilos. spiegeleisen being addedtowards the end of the heating. A charge is worked off in from8-9 hours. The author has investigated the working of a chargeconsisting of spiegeleisen, English grey pig iron (Mnryport), andBessemer pig iron, which was produced at the Phoenix Works. Thepig iron used had the follmving composition :-CombinedGraphite. carbon. Mn. Si. P.Bessemer pig iron . . 3.09 0.97 2-55 1.59 0.116English pig iron . . , . 3.45 0.71 0.12 2-37 0.059Bessemer pig iron.. .. 0.249 0.018 91.417English pig iron .... trace trace 93.291After fusing this mixture, - some ends of Ressemer steel railswere added, and finally spiegeleisen. The steel when tested wasfound to fulfil the requirements of good Martin steel.It gave byanalysis-CU. 5. Fe.Mn. C. Si. P. S. Fe.0-304 0536 0.035 0.160 0.006 99.159The slag had the following composition :-SiO,. P20s, S. FeO. Al,03. MnO. CaO. MgO.50.18 0.02 0,014 25.75 2.61 20.44 0.62 0.17The aathor then describes a second process, in which the fumasewas worked too cold. The steel produced was too soft, and had t o bereworked with an additional quantity of spiegeleisen until the desireddegree of hardness was obtained.The following analysis gives the compauitiuu of the gas from thegenerator, tested in accordance wikh Stockmaan's method :--Pet. cent. Per cetlt.by volume. by weight.Nitrogen ................ 61.49 64-83Carbonic oxide ............23.24 24.50Carbonic anhydride. ....... 4.45 7-36Hydrocarbons ............ 2.07 1-24Hydrogen ................ 6.49 0.55Steam.. .................. 2-26 1.52The gas contained 13.61 per cent. (by weight) of lamp-black an100 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.ash, and 0.9 per cent. tar. Since, in addition to the 15-61 per cent. ofsoot and ash, only aboxt 27 per cent. of calorific substances were con-tained in the gas, the decrease of the temperature in the furnace iseasily explained. D. B.Analysis of some Indian Bronzes and their Patina. Bg A.ARCHE and C. HASSACK (Biizgl. poZyt. J., 253, 514--519).-The inves-tigation which forms the subject of the present paper refers to twoIndo-Chinese ceremonial drums, placed at the disposal of the authorsby Count Hans Wilczek.One of these was recently bought for theNatural History Museum of Vienna, whilst the other belongs t o CountWilczek, and was shown at, the Bronze Exhibition in Austria in 1883.The first drum (marked A) is perfectly sound, but the second drum(marked B) has lost its pedestal, an3 has been repaired witch bronzeplates in one or two defectire places, otherwise both instruments aresimilar in form, size, and design. It was found that the pieces usedfor repairing the drum B did not belong to the missing pedestal, astheir composition differed considerably from that of the metal B.The authors therefore subjected this patchwork to a separate exami-nation, so that three Indian bronzes and their patina were analysed.Analysis of the three alloys :-Cu.Pb. Sn. Sb. As. Fe. CaO. SiO,.A . . . . . . . . 60.82 13-68 10.88 1.16' traces 0.91 0.38 1-13EL.. . . . . . '70.79 14-25 4.90 3.21 0.79 0.30 0.12 1.26Fatchrrork 68.i8 17-55 6.88' - - 0-85 traces 0.29S. C. HSO. 0.A.. , . . . .. .. 1.37 1.05 2-92 3.13 = 99.43Patchwork,. 1.49 0.70 1-89 0'66 = 99.09B.. . . , . . . . . 2.20 0.94 0.89 - = 99.65The patchwork had been fastened with iron rivets. Small pieces ofsolder were detected also. The iron rivets gave by analysis iron 97.43,carbon 2.20, and traces of sulphur and phosphorus. The solder wascomposed of-Cu. Pb. Sn. Zn. Fe. SiOP As, S,Co,Ni. H,O, C02, loss.66.70 3.78 0.55 23.97 0.82 0.12 traces 4.06Analysis of the patina :-CuO. PbO. SnO,. Fe20,+Al,0,. CaO. MgO. SiOPA , .. . . . . . 28.08 4.95 0.45 2.82 1.19 traces 45.29I3 . . . . . . . 11.00 0.59 0.05 1.11 0.31 traces 77.51Patchwork 26-11 12-96 10.52 4.46 5.66 0.27 15.24WaterSO3. COz. C. of hydration. Water.A , . .. .. .. traces 6.33 2.16 4.2 7 3 9 2 = 99.46B.. .. . . .. traces 1.60 0.75 1-90 3.18 = 98%0Patchwork 0.97 5.14 3.88 6.15 7.04 = 98.4TECHNICAL GHEMlYTRY. 101Patina A. The numbers obtained by analysis agree with theformula CuCOs,2Cu02H2 and 2PbCO3,PbO2H2 :-28-08 CuO require for CuCO3,2CuO2H, .... 535 GO2.4.95 PbO ,, 2PbC03,PbOJfj .... 0.65 ,,Total. ..... 6.00 .. Found .... 6.33 ..Patina €3 contain8 a copper cai-bonate poorer in carbonic anhydrideand the same lead carbonate as patina A :-11.00 CuO require for CuC03,3Cu02H, .... 1.53 CO,.0.59 PbO ..2PbC03,Pb02H, .... 0.03 ..Total. ..... 1-61 .. Found .... 1.60 ..The patina of the patchwork contains the same carbonates as B :--26.11 CuO require for CuCO3,3CuO2H2 .... 3-63 CO,.12.98 PbO .. 2PbCO,PbO2LE, .... l * i O ..Total. ..... 5-33 ,,Found .... 5.14 ,,By taking the essential constituents of each patina, ie., the stannichydroxide and basic carbonates, and calculating them on 100, thecomposition of the pure patina without admixture with foreignimpurities is obtained, thus :-Patina ofPatina 8. Patina B. patchwork.CuC03,2Cu0,H2. . 85.83 CUC~~,~CUO,H,. . 95.1 1 56-08BPbCO,,PbOZH,. . 13.01 2PbCO3,PbO,H,. 4.49 24.62Sn03H2 ........ 1.16 SnO,lla ........ 0.40 19.30I). B.Process for Bleaching Ozskerite. By C. 0.CHEXIN (Diqzgl.polyt. J., 253, 413-415). The object of this process is to preventthe darkening of ozokerite during bleaching. The author proposesto melt the material in water kept at a temperature of 70". Afterallowing the impurities to settle, the melted matter is decanted into aretort, treated with 5-15 per cent. flowers of sulphur, and distilledby tbe aid of superheated steam. The distillation, which is not frac-tional, gives m yellow crystalliue product. The action of the sulphuris partly mechanical and partly chemical. The product of the distil-lation may be treated in either of two ways (1) by subjecting cakes ofthe distillate to pressure, the plates of the press being a t a temperatureof 35" to 50', thus expressing the oils and hydroca>rbons melting atlow temperatures ; (2) by reducing the distillate to powder, and sub-jecting it to a spray of water at a temperature of 45" to GO", so as towash away the oils and readily fusible hydrocarbons.Instead of water,amyl alcohol or other solvent of hydrocarbon oils may be employed a tIl 102 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.the ordinary temperature. The product obtained according to eitherof these modes of treatment is melted on a water-bath a t 35-70',and 20 per cent. amyl alcohol added. It is then mixed intimately,and cast into moulds. The resulting cakes after being subjected topressure are melted, digested for four hours in agitation with bone-black, and filtered through animal charcoal. On cooling, the product,amounting to 79-80 per cent.of the crude material treated, is white,hard, and sonorous. The residue resulting from the last treatment isdistilled so as to recover the solvents employed. It is then mixedwith the crude material to be subsequently treated. From 25 to40 per cent. of residue from treatment of petroleum or naphtha maybe mixed with the ozokerite, which is said to facilitate the working ofthis process. D. B.Dari as a Source of Alcohol. By J. HOLZAPFEL (Bied. Centr.,1884, 569-570).--Dari is the commercial name of the seeds ofSorghum nigrum, cafrorzim, and saccharaturn, containing on an average64 to 72 per cent. of starch. The author recommends the use of thisseed in brewing and distilling. Steamed under a pressure graduallyincreasing to 3 atmospheres, it yields a clear brown fluid mash.Usedin the proportion of 2351 grams to 52 kilos. malt, the results are highin spirit of good flavour, tasting better than maize spirit; at thepresent prices of dari and maize, there is also an economy in its use.Degeneration of Yeast. By J. C. JACOBSEN (Bied. Centr., 1884,638-640) .-Brewers' yeast deteriorates and grows wild if no change ismade ; the beer made loses quality and assumes an unpleasant taste.To prevent this, fresh yeast must be introduced from elsewhere, orelse cultivated by the manuf:wturers.By WIETERSHEIMand others (Bied. C'ent?.., 1884, 565--566).-When sugar-beets arestored they lose, between October and January, up to 1& per cent. inpolarisation, which it is calculated amounts to an annual loss of84 millions of marks on the beetroot production of Germany.It isfound that the loss is greater in proportion as the outside temperatureis high, and much more so when the temperature of the interior ofthe heap is high. A common mode of storing is in large pits, inwhich the roots are heaped up and covered with earth ; it is advisedthat they should not be stored underground, but on the ground, andlightly covered with peat fibre, damp being almost as injurious aswarmth. The loss of sugar is also influenced by the quality of thebeet, its mode of culture, manuring, and other causes.By E. V. LIPPMANNand others (Bied. Centr., 1884, 635-638) .-The composition of limesaccharate precipitatled by alcohol is C12H22011,Ca0 + 2H,O, the crys-talline water being lost at 100". If lime be added to the solution ofthe saccharate, the anhydrous dicalcium salt is precipitated ; and ifthe precipitation occurs at a high temperature, 2-3 mols.HzO arefound in combination. The tricalcium salt with 3Hz0 is produced ifJ. F.E. W. P.Loss of Sugar in Beetroots when Stored.J. F.Preparation of Sugar from MolassesTECHNICAL CHEXISTRY. 103well dried finely powdered lime is stirred up for a long time with thesaccharate ; this compound is soluble in 200 parts of cold water. Thetricalcium salt loses 2 mols. CnO when mixed with sugar solution,part of the lime being then precipitated ; the sugar crystals obtained byprecipitation of the lime by carbonic anhydride are somewhat differentin form from the normal crystals, being proportionally somewhatlonger, although the angles remain the same.Harperath’s patent con-sists in the employment of dolomite in place of strontium, &c. ; whenthe burnt mineral is introduced into the sugar solution, monocalciumand magnesium saccharates are first formed, also some soluble “ bisac-charate,” the i.mpurities are thus carried down by the lime andmagnesia, and a further addition of the ignited dolomite results inthe formation of insoluble tricalcium and magnesium saccharates ; thetricalcium and magnesium saccharate is absolutely insoluble in water,thus a gain over the calcium salt is obtained, which latter salt is thesource of loss in sugar to the extent of 6 per cent. Moreover a hightemperature is unnecessary, neither does the compound spontaneouslydecompose so readily as the pure calcium saccharate ; the composi-tion is said to be X[=~’?H,,O~~(C~O)~,(H,C))~ + yCl,H,,Oll(MgO),H,O,.Boivin’s and Loiseau’s patent for the separation of grape-sugar con-sists of the following processes : 700 grams of slaked lime is mixedwith 1 kilo.molasses which has previously been diluted to 12-15”BaumC! ; this mixture is cooled, saturated with carbonic anhydride,and the resulting mass is then pressed through a perforated cylinderinto threads 3-5 mm. thick ; afterwards the impurities are removedby stirring up with lime-water, and the washed calcium compoundis then decomposed by carbonic anhydride, the carbonate removed,and the sugar solut,ion evaporated.Scholvien publishes a patent tr,modify the osmotic process; by this method the molasses is to beheated to looo, and the sugar precipitated as the tricalcium corn-pound ; the filtrate, heated to 60°, is then submitted to osmosis.E. W. P.Purification of Molasses. By J. GANS (Bied. Centr., 1884, 645).-Gans has patented a process in which he employs aluminium hydr-oxide and dialyses at 60” ; to prevent the gelatinous separation of thealumina, a small quantity (0.001 per cent.) of tartaric acid is added.E. w. P.Extracting Sugar from Molasses. (DingZ. poZt~t. J., 253, 421-426 and 519--529.)-In extracting the sugar from molasses and syrups,according t o Scheibler’s strontia process, the formation of stroutixmbisnccharate may be prevented by introducing fresh quantities ofmolasses and strontium hydroxide into the mother-liquor resultingfrom the filtration of t h e monosaccharate originally produced.Thistreatment is repeated several times until the consistency of themother-liquor renders the process impracticable in consequence ofthe accumulation of non-saccharine matter. After repeating thisoperation 6 or 8 times, the residue contained only 3 per cent. of thesugar present in the molasses when attacked.Dureas gives a description of the ammonium chloride osmose pro-cess, as worked at the Haussy sugar refinery in France. The syrupobtained from product I is treated with about 1 per cent. ammoniu106 ABSTRACTS OF OHEMICAL PAPERS.ehloride, and heated to boiling. It is then run into collecting tanks,heated to loo", and purified by osmose with 10 to 12 parts of waterat 70-75".The resulting syrup is added to fresh juice.According to Stutzer, the recovery of sugar from molasses by theprecipitation process depends on the separation of calcium sacchamtefrom an alcoholic solutioa of molasses. It has been ascertained byexperiment that the precipitation of the sugar is best effected in analcoholic solution of molasses by previously slaking the lime withalcohol. The separation of calcium saccharate by the addition ofground lime to an alcoholic solution of molasses is not only slow butalso uncertain, a circumstance which proves that calcium hydroxidecombines more readily with sugar than the oxide, especially in alka-line saccharine solution (molasses).Barium and strontium hydrox-ides behave in a similar manner.Referring to Steffen's defecation process, the following methodshave been patented by the Brunswick Engineering Works :-Onmixing an aqueous solution of sugar with a compound of calciumfiaccharate containing more lime than the quantity required to formmonosaccharate, in such proportions that the total amount of sugarpresent in the mixture contains more than 15 parts calcium oxide to100 parts sugar in the solution, i t is possible to separate the sugar bytreating the solution with lime a t a temperature not exceeding 25"'the resulting compound of calcium saccharate being sparingly solublein water at that temperature. On adding to a solution of calciumsaccharate, a t a temperature not exceeding 35", a compound of calciumsaccharate of a higher degree of saturation than the quantity of limenecessary to form the monobasic salt, almost the whole of the sugarcontained in the mixture is separated in the form of a calcium sac-charate compound, insoluble in water at a temperature below 35".Biirthlein has worked the defecation process a,t the Sarstedt SugarRefinery with molasses of different composition, and obtained satisfac-tory results even with Indian molasses.He found that a solutioncontaining 7 per cent. sugar gave the best yield.Frost has recovered the sugar from 300 tons molasses according tothe defecation process. This quantity was worked up in four weekswith a yield of 52-52.5 per cent.of filling substance.Scholvien recommends the purification of calcium saccharate solu-tion by osmosis. For this purpoae the hot solution of molasses istreated with lime so that 1 mol. sugar equals 3 mols. lime. Themixture is then filtered, and the filtrate purified by osmosis at 60" andadded to freah juice.Hiittgen iises two osmose apparatus. He places one apparatus35 cm. above the other. The liquor from the former passes throughheating apparatus interposed between both apparatus, and isbrought to a temperature of 97" before it is purified by passingthrough the second osmose apparatus. It is said that a saving in fuelis effected, as only half the usual quantity of wash-water has to beevaporated. D. B.By H. ENDEMANN(Bied. Centy., 1884, 568-569) .-Endemann employs phosphoric in-Formation of Grape-sugar from StarchTECHNICAL CHEMISTRY. 105stead of sulphuric acid in the process of inversion.1000 kilos. air-dried starch, 2000 kilos. water, and 50 kilos. of phosphoric acid afreheated in a closed vessel at 140" ; the addition of a small quantity ofnitric acid assists the reaction. The acid is removed by addition of ah s e forming insoluble combinations, preferably lime ; the presenceof gypsum in the glucose is thereby avoided. J. F.Preparation of Concentrated Acetic Acid. By T. G ~ R ~ N G(Diwgl. poZyt. J., 254, 90--01j.-The author proposes to treat solu-tions of acetic acid with ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, amjl alcohol, orother similar liquid, insoluble or only slightly soluble in water ; saltsmay or may not be added at the same time.By systematic treatment,tthe whole of the acetic acid is concentrated in the liquid so added.The extract may be treated with a suitable base, as lime, by whichacetate is formed, and the extracting medium is ready for application:\fresh. If concentrated acetic acid be required, an ether of lowboiling point is employed, which is separated from the extracted acidby distillation. For very concentrated acid, the extract is firsttreated with Borne substance capable of removing the small quantityof water taken up, such as magnesium or calcium chloride, $c. Ifpure acid is required, the extract is subjected to an inverse process,the acid is washed out with water in a second apparatus, whilst theextracting medium retains certain impurities taken up along with theacetic acid.J. T.C. Thiel's Pasteurising Apparatus for Milk. By W. FLEISCH-MANN ( B i e d . Centr., 1884, 632-633) .-T hiel's apparatus consists of ahollow double-walled cylinder, the division between the two wallsbeing filled with water at 74-80" ; the inner division is covered by aperforated lid which admits of the milk flowing in streams down theoutside of the inner and heated wall ; from there the milk passes to aLaurence's refrigerator. Milk may thus be heated from 6" to 25-60'to the amount of 750 kilos. per hour. E. W. P.Bitter Milk. By LIEBSCHER ( B i d Centr., 1884, 561--562).-1na well-managed farm in Thiiringia, the butter which had hithertofound a ready sale became repulsively bitter, and consequently uu-saleable ; this led to strict examination, and it was eventually foundthat a number of the cows in the earliest portion of their milkingyielded a bitter milk, and that when this was taken in a separatevessel the remainder was sweet.It was therefore suspected that the stalls had in some mannerbecome infected with bacteria, which had commenced their progressinto the udders of the cows without having made much advance.Both stalls and cattle were thoroughly disinfected.Carbolic acid wassprinkled about frequently, and the cow's udders washed twice dailywith lukewarm water and then with dilute carbolic acid ; in three daysthe bitterness had disappeared, and the milk and butter tasted sweet.Quality of Butter made by different Processes.By &I.SCHRODT ( B i d Centr., 1584, 562-565).-1t has been said that butterJ. 3'106 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.made by the centrifugal process is deficient in keeping properties, andnot of so good quality as hand-made butter; the aut,hor thereforecollected numerous samples of both descriptions from different locali-ties, and submitted them to the judgment of experts who classifiedthem into seven classes; the resnlts are tabulated, and show thatall processes when carefully conducted give equally good butters, andthat the centrifugal method can produce butters which are quiteas good as hand made, both in respect of their quality and keepingproperties. J. F.Preparation of Quinaldine. (Dingl.pdyt. J., 254, 91-92.)-According to the Actierzgesellschaft fiir Anilinfabrikation of Berlin, if3 mols. of aldehyde be allowed t o act on an aqueous or alcoholicsolution of 2 mols. aniline hydrochloride at the ordinary temperature,there is produced not the salt of the liquid quinaldine, CloH9N, butthe salt of a new fixed base, C18H20N2. The mixture must be keptcool with ice, and the reaction requires two or three days for its com-pletion. By evaporation, the hydrochloride of the new base is ob-tained as a brownish-red mass easily soluble in water. Alkalis pre-cipihate the base from a solution of the salt, in white flakes which,when dried, form a white amorphous powder insoluble in water, onlydightly soluble in boiling alcohol, but easily ih hot benzene or amylalcohol.On heating the hydrochloride of this base alone or in pre-sence of metallic chlorides, e.g., ferric chloride, quinaldine hydrochlo-ride is produced. By fusing it with zinc chloride, the double chlorideof zinc and quinaldine is produced. Instead of ordinary aldehyde,corresponding quantities of paraldehyde, aldol, or acetal can be em-ployed, and other aniline salts in place of aniline hydrochloride. Bp the action of aldehyde, &c., on the salts of other primary aromaticbases, such as orthotoluidine or naphthylamine, compounds are ob-tained analogous to the base CleHzoN2, and similarly convertible intoquinaldine. J. T.Dyeing with Alizarin Colours on Indigo-blue Cloth. (DinqZ.polyt. J., 253, 474.)-According to Delory of Rouen, calico dyedwith indigo is mordanted with aluminium acetate or sodium aluminate,and dyed with alizarin in the presence of Turkey-red oil.A smallamount of alizarin suffices to produce the desired effect of impartingto the blue a slight purple cast, and adding considerably to thestrength of the colour and its power to withstand the action of alkalis.The mordant used for darker blues is iron acetate or a mixture of thelatter with aluminium acetate. The alizarin employed is always ofthe purest blue shade.By A. SCHEUHER (Dirtgl. polyt. J.,253, %97-299).-1n September, 1875, Schaeffer drew the attentionof the Conzite' de Chemie t o an observation made by Strobel, that onexposing goods dyed red with alizarin to the fumes of nitrous anhy-d r d e an orange colour was obtained, which is not attacked by soapsolution. Rosenstiehl recognised this new chemical compound asmononitroalizarin, and its mannfactnre on a large scale was soonD.B.History of Alizarin-blueTECHNICAL CHEMISTRY. 1Q7commenced. Two years later he was engaged in the formation of anew dye, viz., alizarin-blue.On the 27th June, 1871, Prudhomme, in a communication laidbefore the Socie'tk Ihdustrielle de Mzclhouse, described the simul-taneous discovery of two colouring-matters, a blue and a brown dye,obtained by heating mononitroalizarin (alizvrin-orange) with glyceroland sulphuric acid. These colours were prepared on a large scalewithin a few months of their discovery.Brunk, of the BadidLen Aniliiz Fabrik, recognised the brown dyeas amidoaliza.rin, formed as a bye-product of the reaction. He isolatedtjhe blue colouring matter and studied its properties.In December,1877, the Baden Aniline Works brought this colour into commercein the form of a 10 per cent. paste. Its insolubility in water andacetic acid, however, prevented it from being used extensively.Dollfus proposed to dye alizarin-blue on cloth mordanted withnickel, the result being the production of permanent and brightshades. Kochlin and Prudhomme recommended to fix the blue oncotton with chromium acetate. The colour was found to resist theaction of chlorine and similar substances, but assumed a grey tingeon exposure to the light. Brunk then made a further improvemenbby bringing the blue into the market in a soluble form.For thispurpose alizarin-blue is treated with hydrogen sodium sulphite. Theresulting compound is soluble in water, and is fixed with chromiumacetate, a pure blue colour being obtained, which is said to resist theinfluence of light even better than indigo.Graebe assigned to alizarin-blue the formula C1,H9N04, and itmust therefore be regarded as the quinoline of alizarin. The bluemarked S, sold by the Radischen Fabrik, contains 2 mols. hydrogensodium sulphite to 1 mol. alizarin-blue, thus : C1,H,NO4,2NaHSO3.D. B.Preparation of Persulphocyanogen by Electrolysis. By F.GOPPELSROEDER (Dingl. poZyt. J., 254, 83).-On passing a galvaniccurrent through an aqueous soluiion of potassium thiocyanate, ayellow amorphous body appears a t the positive electrode, whichbehaves exactly like persulphocynnogen.I n the cold there isscarcely any reaction, but on heating the conversion is rapidlyeffected, and the orange-yellow flocculent precipitate merely requiresto be collect'ed and washed with cold water. The liquid at thepositive electrode is strongly acid, and a t the negative one stronglyalkaliue. Much gas is evolved a t tlhe negative electrode, the natureof which has not yet been investigated. The author will also furtherinvestigate the yellow product, which so far appears to be the dye men-tioned by Schutzenberger in his work Traite' de Chemie ge'ndral, ii, 620.Schutzenberger gives the probable formula afi C3N3HS,. The authorhas also produced the dye and fixed it on vegetable and animal fibresby the same process.The author cites Prochoroff's method of produc-ing the yellow dye kanarim, and ascribes the application of it to calico-printing to H. Schmidt. In an appendix, the author acknowledgesthat A. Lidow formed the same compound from ammonium thio-cyanate by electrolysis. J. T108 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS.Prepsration of a Dye-stuff from Cotton-seed Oil. By J.LORGSIORE: (DingZ. polyt. J., 253, 535).--The author proposes to meltthe precipitate thrown down in the refining of cotton-seed oil, andsaponify it with pulverised caustic soda or a solution of soda. Thesolut,ion which contains the colouring matter of cotton-seed oil isallowed to settle, and the resulting soap dissolved in water and saltedout with canstic soda or soda-lev.This treatment is rmeated severaltimes until the soap has attaimd at sufficient degree of ;urity.D. B.Manufacture of Santonin in Turkestan. By C. 0. CECH(DingZ. poZyt. J., 253, 474--476).-The author mentions that inTschemkeut, a town in the province of Syr-Daria, in Turkestan, itlarge factory is in course of erection, for the purpose of extractingsantonin from worm-seed (Artenaisia satonica and maritima). Thisplant is cnltivated in some parts of South America, and in the valleyof the River Arissi, in the Tschemkeut district. It contains from1% to 2.3 per cent. of santonin, and is called “Darmena” by thenatives. About 1600 tons of seeds are collected annually by theKirghiz-Kazaks during the month of August, and sent on caravansinto the interior of Russia, whence the product is forwarded toMoscow. In medicine, worm-seed is either employed per se, or istreated by chemical means, to extract the santonin therefrom, whichis used as a remedy for ascarides. Santonin is considered a valuablepreparation, 1 kilo. being sold at from 40 to 60 shillings. D. B.‘(Red Spots” in Light Rose Dye. By E. LAUBER (Din$.poZyt. J., 254, 41-42).-The author finds that these “ rcd spots ’’cannot be prevented, however finely the alizarin may be powdered,neither are they prevented if the thickeniiig paste is stirred into thealizarin paste, as recommended by the Badischen Aniline und Sodafirm. He finds the cause of this defect to be the employment of anunnecessary excess of mordant. The measured amount of mordantshould be first mixed with a small amount of thickening, to this therest of the thickening is then added by degrees, and finally thealizarin. J. T.Bleaching Indigo-blue and Turkey-red by ElectrochemicalMeans. By P. GOPPELSROEDER (DingZ. poZyt. J., 253,430) .-Scheurerhas recently laid before the Gomite’ de Chimie of the Xociete’ Industri-eZZe de Jfdhoztse, an interesting communication on the bleaching ofindigo and Turkey-red by the aid of gaseous chlorine. He showedthat on printing a thickened solution of caustic alkali on cerlainparts of indigo-blue or Turkey-red cloth, the printed places could bebleached with chlorine gas very readily. The author therefore madea series of hials, the object being to ascertain whether this processcould be applied to the bleaching of indigo or Turkey-red by elec-trolysis. He found that on saturating indigo-blue or Turkey-redcloth wibh a solution of potassium nitrate or sodium chloride, pre-viously treated with caustic alkali, and placing the cloth betweenplatinum plates, forming bhe two elecbrodes, it was possible to destroyboth colours. D. B