574 BIBLIOGRAPHY ON CAROTENE ESTIMATION, WITH SPECIAL pol. 75 Bibliography on Carotene Estimation, with Special Reference to Green-Leaf Material PREPARED BY N. T. GRIDGEMAN FOR THE CAROTENE PANEL OF THE SUB- COMMITTEE ON VITAMIN ESTIMATIONS OF THE ANALYTICAL METHODS COMMITTEE OF THE SOCIETY THIS list does not pretend to be exhaustive, but it is hoped that there are no serious omissions. A few items may appear from their titles to be only remotely relevant; they will nevertheless be found to contain information pertinent to some aspect of the subject. As a rough guide to the several aspects, the following sub-division index may be helpful- Surveys and Reviews: Sampling and Preparation : Stability and Precautions : Special Apparatus : Phasic Partition : Chromatography : Instrument at ion : Carotene : 4, 5, 68, 69, 71.4, 29, 88. 14, 18, 53, 64, 55, 65. 13, 15, 34, 60. 1, 4, 7, 9, 15, 16, 21, 25, 29, 32, 35, 39, 46, 48, 52, 57, Magnesia-3, 4, 5, 19, 22, 26, 27, 33, 44, 51, 55, 56, 71, Magnesium carbonate-2, 27, 28; Dicalcium phosphate-1, 2, 12, 58, 59, 60, 69, 73, 76; Alumina-13, 14, 61, 73, 78, 85; Lime-11, 23, 41; Calcium carbonate-8 ; Bone-meal-50, 63, 97 ; Miscellaneous-20, 21, 37, 38, 40, 45, 91. 4, 16, 24, 86, 95. Characteristics-6, 7, 10, 42, 50, 64; Isomerisation-6, 7, 11, 17, 19, 30, 31, 36, 50, 79, 94; Distribution in plants-43, 44, 82. 66, 67, 70, 77, 81, 92, 93. 72, 73, 74, 79, 80, 84, 89, 90, 97; It should be noted that only the post-1945 reports of the Association of Official and Agricultural Chemists are itemised, the conclusions of all earlier work having been embodied in ref.1. This restriction does not of course apply to the ordinary contributed papers in the journal of the A.O.A.C. 1. Association of Official and Agricultural Chemists, “Methods of Analysis,” 6th Ed., Washington, 2. - , “Carotene” (tentative method adopted), J . Assoc. Off. Agric. Chem., 1947, 30, 84. 3. - , “Carotene” (change in method of analysis), Ibid., 1948, 31, 111. 4. Assoc. of Vitamin Chemists Inc., “Methods of Vitamin Assay” (Chap. 111, “Carotene”), Inter- science Publishers, Ltd., London, 1947. 6. Austin, C. R., and Shipton, J., “The Determination of Carotene: A Critical Examination,” J . Coun. Sci. Industr. Res. Aust., 1944, 17, 115. 6. Bauernfeind, J. C., Baumgarter, W., and Bo~uff, C. S., “Adsorption Phenomenon of ,!?-Carotene,” Science, 1944, 100, 316.7. Beadle, B. W., and Zscheile, F. P., “Studies on the Carotenoids. 11. The Isomerisation of j3- Carotene and its Relation to Carotene Analysis,” J . Bid. Chem., 1942, 144, 21. 8. Bencze, B., “Chromatographic Estimation of Vitamin-A-active Carotenoids,” Z . anal. Chenz., 1949, 129, 248. 9. Benne, E. J., Wolman, W., Hibbard, R. P., and Miller, E. J., “A Comparison of the Petering- Wolman - Hibbard Procedure for Determining Carotene, and Two Modifications thereof with the Peterson - Hughes - Freeman Technique,” J: Assoc. 08. Agric. Chem., 1940, 23, 709. 10. Bickoff, E. M., White, L. M., Bevenue, A., ant1 Williams, K. T., “Isolation and Spectrophotometric Characterisation of Four Carotene Isomers,” Ibid., 1948, 31, 633.11. Bickoff, E. M., “Chromatographic Separation of ,!?-Carotene Stereoisomers as a Function of Developing Solvent,” Anal. Chew., 1948, 20, 51. 12. Bolton, W., and Common, R. H., “Modification of Moon’s Method for the Estimation of Carotene in Silage.” J. SOC. Chem. Ind., 1942, 61, 80. 13. Booth, V. H., “Extraction and Estimation of Carotene from Foodstuffs,” Ibid., 1945, 63, 162. 14. - , “Extraction of Carotene from Green Leaves,” Anal. Chem., 1949, 21, 957. 16. Brooke, R. O., Tyler, S. W., and Baker, W. S., “Determination of ,!?-Carotene in Alfalfa Meal,” 16. Buxton, L. O., and Dombrow, B. A., “The Carotenoids in Forage,” Ibid., 1938, 10, 262. D.C., 1945, pp. 144 and 602. Ind. Elag. Chem., Anal. Ed., 1939, 11, 104.Nov., 19501 REFERENCE TO GREEN-LEAF MATERIAL 576 17. 18.19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 36. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 63. 54. 55. Carter, G. P., and Gillam, A. E., “The Isomerisation of Carotene. 111. Reconsideration of the Charkey, L. W., and Wilgus, H. S., jun., “The Chromatographic Determination of Carotene in Cooley,, M. L., and Koehn, R. C., “Chromatographic Estimation of Carotene in Feeds and Feed Curtis, 0. F., jun., “A Simple Rapid Method for Determination of Leaf Carotene,” Plant Physiol., Deleano, N. T., and Dick, J., “Studies on Carotene,” Biochem. Z., 1933, 259, 110. Derby, J. V., jun., and DeWitt, J . B., “Comparison of Methods for the Determination of Carotene,” J . Assoc. Ofi. Agvic. Chem., 1948, 31, 704.Eekelen, M. v., Engel, C., and Bos, A., “The Determination of Carotene in Plant Materials and Faeces,” Rec. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas, 1942, 61, 713. Ferguson, W. S,, “Curves for Use in the Colorimetric Estimation of Carotene,” Analyst, 1935, 60, 680. Ferguson, W. S., and Bishop, G., “The Estimation of Carotene in Agricultural Products,” Ibid., 1936, 61, 515. Fraps, G. S., and Kemmerer, A. R., “Improved Method for Estimating Carotene in Feeds,” J . Assoc. 08. Agric. Chem., 1939, 22, 190. Fraps, G. S., Kemmerer, A. R., and Greenberg, S. M., “Factors Affecting Adsorptive Power of Magnesia for Carotene,” Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 1940, 12, 16. --- , “An Adsorption Method for the Determination of Pure Carotene,” J . Assoc. O i . Agric. Chem., 1940, 23, 659. Fraps, G.S., Meinke, W. W., and Kemmerer, A. R., “Determination of Pure Carotene in Green Vegetables and Green Feeds,” Ibid., 1941, 24, 739. Gillam, A. E., and El Ridi, M. S., “The Isomerisation of Carotenes by Chromatographic Adsorption. I. Pseudo-a-Carotene,” Biochem. J., 1936, 30, 1735. Gillam, A. E., El Ridi, M. S., and Kon, S. K., “The Isomerisation of Carotenes by Chromatographic Adsorption. Grass Driers’ Assoc., “Report on Carotene Estimation,’’ Analyst, 1941, 66, 334. Griffith, R, B., and Jeffrey, R. N., “Determining Chlorophyll, Carotene and Xanthophyll in Plants,’’ Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 1944, 16, 438. -- , “Apparatus for the Rapid Determination of Chlorophyll and Carotene,” Ibid., 1945, lf, 448. Guilbert, H. R., “Determination of Carotene as a Means of Estimating the Vitamin-A Value of Forage,” Ibid., 1934, 6, 452.Haagen-Smit, A. J., Jeffreys, C. E. P., and Kirchner, J. G.,“ Separation of Carotenes from Xanthophylls,” Ibid., 1943, 15, 179. Ham, W. E., and Tysdal, H. M., “The Carotene Content of Alfalfa Strains and Hybrids with Different Degrees of Resistance to Leaf-Hopper Injury,” J . Amer. SOC. Agyon., 1946, 38, 68. Haskin, H. H., “A Spectrophotometric Method for the Analysis of Chloroplast Pigments,” J . Bzol. Chem., 1947, 144, 149. Hegsted, D. M., Porter, J. W., and Peterson, W. H., “Determination of Carotene in Silage,” Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 1939, 11, 256. Hromatka, O., and Kerl, R., “Rapid Method for the Determination of Carotene,” Monatsh., 1948, 78, 139; through Chem. Abs., 1948, 47, 6878. Huzita, A., Narita, T., and Azisaka, M., “Determination of Carotene,” Biochem.Z., 1941, 308, 420; through Chem. Abs., 1944, 38, 2678. Karrer, P., and Jucker, E., “Carotinoide,” Verlag Birkhauser, Basle, 1948. Karrer, P., and Schlientz, W., “The Occurrence of a- and ,%Carotene in Various Natural Products,” Helv. chim. Acta, 1934, 17, 7 . Kemmerer, A. R., and Fraps, G. S., “Constituents of Carotene Extracts of Plants,” Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 1943, 15, 714. Kernohan, G., “Determination of Carotene,” Science, 1939, 90, 623. Kon, S. K., and Thompson, S.Y., “Factors Affecting the Stability and Estimation of Carotene in Artificially Dried Grass and Hays,” J . Agric. Sci., 1940, 30, 622. Kuhn, R., and Brockmann, H., “Determination of Carotenoids,” 2. physiol. Chem., 1932, 206, 41.Lease, E. J., and Mitchell, J. H., “Effect of Certain Carbohydrates on the Determination of Carotene,” Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 1940, 12, 337. Mackinney, G., Aronoff, S., and Bornstein, B. T., “Some Assays of Pro-vitamin-A Carotenoids,” Ibid., 1942, 14, 391. Mann, T. B., “The Separation of 8-Carotene, Neo-,$Carotene and Xanthophyll of Dried Grass, Pasture Grass and Silage,” Analyst, 1944, 69, 34. Mikhin, A. M., and Tupikova, A. A., “A Simplified Method of Determining Carotene in Grass,” Biokhimiya, 1941, 6, 373; through Chem. Abs., 1942, 36, 6564. Miller, E. S., “A Rapid and Accurate Quantitative Method for the Determination of the Common Carotenoids ; Analyses of ,%Carotene and Leaf Xanthophyll in Thirteen Plant Tissues,” J . A mer. Chem. Soc., 1935, 57, 347.Mitchell, H. L., and Hauge, S. M., “Enzymic Nature of the Carotene-Destroying System of Alfalfa,” J. B i d . Chem., 1946, 163, 7. Mitchell, H. L., and King, H. H., “Effect of Dehydration on Enzymic Destruction of Carotene in Alfalfa,” Ibid., 1946, 166, 477. -- , “Determination of Carotene in Alfalfa and Cereal Grasses,” A n d . Chem., 1948, 20, 6i7. Change 8-Carotene to pseudo-a-Carotene,” Biochem. J., 1939, 33, 1325. Alfalfa,” Ifid. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 1944, 16, 184. Ingredients,” Anal. Chem., 1950, 22, 322. 1942, 17. 133. 11. Neo-#-Carotene,” Ibid., 1937, 31, 1605.576 56. 67. 68. 69. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 66. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 76. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON CAROTENE ESTIMATION [Vol.75 Mitchell, H. L., and Parrish, D. B., “Determination of Carotene in Silage,” J . Dairy Sci., 1949, Moon, F. E., “The Quantitative Extraction of Carotene from Grass,” J . Agric. Sci., 1939, 29, 295. Moore, L. A., “Activation of Dicalcium Phosphate for the Chromatographic Determination of -, “Determination of Carotene in Plant Material,’’ Ibid., 1940, 12, 726. Moore, L. A., and Ely, R., “Extraction of Carotene from Plant Material,’’ Ibid., 1941, 13, 600. Muuri, I. K., “A Rapid Method for the Determination of Carotene,” Biokhimiya, 1937, 2, 831; through Nutr. Abs. & Revs., 1937-38, 7, 905. Natadze, G. M., “Simplified Carotene Estimation in Green Plants,” Gigiena i Sanit., 1947, 12, 46; through Chem. Abs., 1948, 42, 1384. Nelson, W.A. G., “The Determination of Carotene in Dried Grass,” Analyst, 1947, 72, 200. O’Connor, R. T., Heinzelman, D. C., and Jefferson, M. E., “Determination of Total fl-Carotene in Sweet Potatoes and Sweet Potato Products,’’ Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 1946, 18, 657. Pepkowitz, L. P., “The Stability of Carotene in Acetone and Petroleum Ether Extracts of Green Vegetables,” J . Biol. Chem., 1943, 149, 465. Petering, H. G., Benne, E. J., and Morgal, P. W., “Simplification of the Petering - Wolman - Hibbard Method for Determination of Chlorophyll and Carotene,” Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 1941, 13, 236. Petering, H. G., Wolman, W., and Hibbard, R. P., “Determination of Chlorophyll and Carotene in Plant Tissue,” Ibid., 1940, 12, 148. Peterson, W. J., “Recent Developments in Methods for Determining Carotene,” Ibid., 1941, 13, 212.-, “Physico-chemical Assay of Carotene,” Biological Symposia, 1947, 12, 38. Peterson, W. J., Hughes, J. W., and Freeman, H. F., “Determination of Carotene in Forage,” Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 1937, 9, 71. Quackenbush, F. W. (Assoc. Referee), “Report on Carotene,’’ J . Assoc. Ofl. Agric. Chem., 1948, 31, 459. - , “Report on Carotene,” Ibid., 1949, 32, 481. Ramasarma, G. B., Hakim, D. N., and Rao, S. D., “A Chromatographic Adsorption Method for the Estimation of Pro-vitamin A Content of Foodstuffs,” Analyst, 1947, 72, 194. Rozenberg, G., “A New Method for the Determination of Carotene,’’ Bull. biol. med. exptl. U.R.S.S., 1938, 5, 363; through Chem. Abs., 1939, 33, 2930. Sapozhnikov, D. I., “A New Method for Carotene Determination,” Doklady Akad.NauR., S.S.S.R., 1948, 60, 1013; through Chem. Abs., 1949, 43, 711. Sarkar, B. C. R., and Sen, K. C., “A Study of the Vitamin-A Activity of Carotene in Green Fodder,” J . Agric. Sci.. 1946, 36, 95. Seaber, W. M., “The Commercial Determination of Carotene and Allied Pigments with Special Reference to Dried Grass and Other Leafy Materials,” Analyst, 1940, 65, 266. -, “Alumina for the Estimation of Carotene,” Ibid., 1940, 65, 645, Shinn, L. A., Kane, E. A., Wiseman, H. G., and Cary, C. A., “The Accuracy of Routine Carotene Determinations as a Measure of Vitamin-A Potency,’’ J . Biol. Chem., 1937, 119, proc. lxxxix. Silker, R. E., Schrenk, W. G., and King, H. H., “Determination of Carotene in Dehydrated Alfalfa,” Ind.Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 1944, 16, 513. Sircar, B. C. R., “Estimation of Carotene in Green Vegetables by the Hilger Sector Photometer,” J . Indian Chem. Soc., 1940, 17, 412. Smith, J. H. C., and Milner, H. W., “Physical Properties of Carotene from Different Plant Sources,” J . Biol. Chem., 1934, 104, 437. Sreenivasan, A., and Vaidya, R. M., “Determination of Carotene in Plant Materials,” Anal. Chem., 1948, 20, 720. Strain, H. H., “Separation of Carotenoids by Adsorption,” J . Biol. Chem., 1934, 105, 623. Svanhof, K., and Dam, H., “Determination of Carotene in Plants,” Vztaminforsch., 1941, 11, TayIor, R. J ., “Abridged Spectrophotometry with Special Reference to Carotene-containing Vastagh, G., “Determining Carotenes, especially in Carotene Preparations,” 2. Lebensm.- Vickery, H.B., Leavenworth, C. S., and Bliss, C. I., “The Problem of Selecting Uniform Samples Wall, M. E., and Kelley, E. G., “Determination of Pure Carotene in Plant Tissue,’’ Ind. Eng. Wilkes, J. B., “High-speed Filter Aid for Chromatographic Analysis,” Ibid., 1946, 18, 329. -, “Chromatographic Determination of Carotene. Kieselguhr as a Chromatographic Adsor- Willstatter, R., and Stoll, A., “Untersuchungen iiber Chlorophyll,” Springer, Berlin, 1913. Wiseman, H. G., Kane, E. A., Shinn, L. A., and Cary, C. A., “The Carotene Content of Market Zechmeister, L., and Tuzson, P., “Isomerisation of Carotenoids,” Biochem. J., 1938, 32, 1305. Zscheile, F. P., and Beadle, B. W., “Determination of p-Carotene and Neo-,%Carotene with the Zscheile, F. P., Beadle, B. W., and Kraybill, H. R., “Carotene Content of Fresh and Frozen Green Duodecirn viri, “The Determination of Carotene in Dried Grass Meal,” Grass Driers’ Association 32, 33. Carotene,” Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 1942, 14, 707. 361; through Chem. Abs., 1942, 36, 6561. Materials,” Analyst, 1946, 71, 666. Untersuch. u-Forsch., 1943, 86, 393; through Chem. Abs., 1947, 41, 7656. of Leaves,” Plant Physiol., 1949, 24, 335. Chem., Anal. Ed., 1943, 15, 18. bent,” Ibid., 1946, 18, 702. Hays and Corn Silage,” J . Agric. Res., 1938, 57, 635. Visual Spectrophotometer,” Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 1942, 14, 633. Vegetables,” Food Res., 1943, 8, 299. booklet, 1950.