Steroid hydroxylation specificities were determined for the wild-type and the two allelic variants of the polymorphic human cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) that were associated with amino acid exchanges near the active site of the enzyme. All three variants were expressed in insect cells using recombinant baculoviruses. Each variant protein was spectrally and enzymatically active, as judged by the ability of the prepared microsomes to catalyseO-dealkylation of ethoxyresorufin and pentoxyresorufin in cumene hydroperoxide-mediated reactions. With progesterone and testosterone as substrate, all variants of CYP1A1 exhibited high, but different steroid hydroxylation activities (8–40 pmol hydroxysteroid/min/pmol CYP1A1, i.e. approximately 800–4000 pmol/min/mg microsomal protein). All three variants exclusively catalysed 6β-hydroxylation of both steroids. In addition, towards progesterone as substrate, all variants also catalysed 16α-hydroxylations with approximately half of the rate of 6β-hydroxylation activity. With progesterone as substrate for hydroxylation in 6β position, CYP1A1 T461N had the lowest catalytic efficiency (Vmax/Km) followed by the CYP1A1 I462V variant and the wild-type enzyme. For 16α-hydroxylation of progesterone, the catalytic efficiencies of the three variants are not statistically significantly different. With testosterone as substrate the CYP1A1 I462V variant catalysed 6β-hydroxylation with an efficiency considered not significantly different compared to the wild-type, although both the apparentKmandVmaxwere significantly decreased. In contrast, the CYP1A1 T461N variant exhibited significantly decreased catalytic efficiencies compared to both the I462V variant and the wild-type enzyme. These results indicate that all three naturally occurring allelic variants of human CYP1A1 hydroxylate steroid hormones with varying efficiencies in a stereo- and regioselective manner, whereby the CYP1A1 T461N variant exhibited the lowest catalytic efficiency.