ANALYST, JANUARY 1991, VOL. 116 101 BOOK REVIEWS Ion Chromatography Hamish Small. Modern Analytical Chemistry. Pp. xii + 276. Plenum Press. 1990. Price $49.50. ISBN 0 306 4329 0. Hamish Small is regarded as the father of ion chromato- graphy, a technique first described in 1975. It is surprising that he has not already written a book on the subject. This is a book of theory for those ion chromatographers who do not have a background in high-performance liquid chromatography. All the basic theory of ion exchange and chromatography is discussed and treated mathematically. Similar treatment is given to the other types of separation now classed as ion chromatography such as ion-pair and ion-exclusion chromato- graphy. The nature of the column materials used in ion chromatography is described in some detail and a large section covers detection and detectors. This ranges from a discussion of signal to noise ratios to descriptions of detectors such as conductivity with chemically suppressed background, amper- ometry, and direct and reverse ultraviolet absorption.Many of the phenomena observed in ion chromatography are explained, e.g., the ‘water dip’ and the fact that sensitivity increases with concentration when suppressed conductivity is used with carbonate eluents. It is difficult to think of any aspect that is not discussed. All the chapters are well referenced although some pre- 1975 ion chromatography authors are missing, e.g., Dionex workers are given credit for pioneering conductivity detection in ion-exclusion chromatography whereas it had been pub- lished in Talanta in 1969 by Goodman, Lewis and Taylor and possibly by others.Another small criticism of the book is that the index is not as complete as it could be. The book concludes with a chapter on applications in which the range of species that can be separated is illustrated. Again, a theoretical approach is taken with detailed descriptions of the processes involved in effecting the separation and detect- ing the separated species. Although all the main classes of compounds are mentioned it is by no means a full enough guide to decide how to separate A from B in matrix C. Other books exist which are more helpful in the choice of methods for samples. This book provides the theoretical background and explanations missing in the ‘cookery books’ and some manufacturers’ application notes.D. Mealor Methods for Analysis of Musts and Wines. Second Edition C. S. Ough and M. A. Amerine. Pp. 377. Wiley- Interscience. 1988. Price f67.50. ISBN 0 471 62757 7. The scientific study of wine, oenology, is dominated by Continental European schools and by the University of California. The latter establishment is largely responsible for the modern revitalization of the subject, with the consequent overall improvements in wine quality, and Ough and Amerine are two of the University’s leading oenologists. The first edition of this book has become a standard work of reference for laboratories engaged in the analysis of grape- musts, wines and spirits. This second edition follows the format of its predecessor, consisting of chapters devoted to chemically related analytes or oenologically related proper- ties. Examples of the chapter headings include: ‘Soluble Solids’; ‘Acidity and Individual Acids’; ‘Alcohols’; ‘Carbonyl Compounds’; ‘Esters’; and a survey of analytical equipment.Each chapter is made up of monographs concerned with individual analytes or properties, each monograph giving a short account of the occurrence, biochemical origin and relative importance of the analyte to the character of a wine. The heart of the book is its description, in full detail, of the methods for determining the desired analyte or property. Several methods are given for the most important analytes, ranging from traditional chemical procedures to instrumental (often chromatographic) and enzymic where appropriate. The scope, sensitivity and selectivity of each is discussed, so that if confronted with the need to determine an unfamiliar analyte, this book is the place to start.It is the best single source of the methods available and is suitable for most laboratories and circumstances. The authors identify officially approved methods and quote the current legal maxima for controlled analytes. These should be treated with some caution and used only to indicate that controls exist, because of the rapid change in national and European Community regulations. Indeed, diethyleneglycol makes its appearance in this edition only because of the so-called ‘antifreeze’ scandal and its regulatory aftermath. Overall this is a well referenced, well indexed book and a worthy successor to its predecessor which can be recom- mended to everyone concerned with wine and spirits analysis.C. P. Richards Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (70th Edition) Edited by Robert C. Weast, David R. Lide, Melvin J. Astle and William H. Beyer. CRC Press. 1989. Price f73.00. ISBN 0 8493 0470 9. The 70th Edition of the CRC Press ‘Rubber Handbook’ contains all of the features that make this series so useful. These include brief descriptions of the elements, the table of Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds, the heats of fusion of inorganic compounds, the Table of the Isotopes, the physical constants of organic compounds and the structural formulae of organic compounds, among many, many other items. The book is well presented in the usual leather binding and will be an invaluable aid to all practising chemists.Roger Young Reviews on lmmunoassay Technology. Volume 3 Edited by S. B. Pal. Pp. viii + 173. Macmillan. 1989. Price f45.00. ISBN 0 333 49795 3. This multi-author volume consists of ten chapters contributed by authors from Europe, Japan, the USA and the USSR. The book covers a diverse range of topics on immunological assays and techniques. The first two chapters review methods for isolating antigen-specific B lymphocytes and the second sub-component of the first complement component, respect- ively. Both chapters give comprehensive and practical infor- mation on the procedures involved. There is an interesting contribution by two authors from the USSR describing how antibodies to respiratory pathogens can be evaluated and quantified for epidemiological as well as for more clinically orientated studies.Tests involving haemagglutination inhi- bition and the more recent ELISA techniques are described. There are three chapters in the book describing novel approaches to what is conventionally called immunoassays (as opposed to immunological techniques). The preparation and use of liposomes, either conjugated to antigens or antibodies102 ANALYST, JANUARY 1991, VOL. 116 or as carriers of reporter molecules in diagnostic immunoas- says, are described. Several different types of homogeneous enzyme immunoassays which utilize enzyme (P-galactosidase) sub-units prepared by recombinant DNA techniques are described in another chapter. The sub-units are only enzymic- ally active when aggregated together, a process inhibited if antibody binding to an antigen-labelled sub-unit intervenes. The use of enzyme channelling and immunochromatography to produce simple and rapid, competitive and sandwich immunoassays is illustrated in another contribution. The book also contains three useful reviews on the use of immunological reagents for staining antigens and antibodies in tissues and cells.Immunocytochemical techniques, including direct and indirect methods utilizing immunoperoxidase, immunoflu- orescence, avididbiotin and ferritin and immunogold labels for light and electron microscopy, are reviewed. The applica- tions described include double labelling of antigens, localiza- tion of peroxisomal enzymes and the visualization of viral antigens and antibodies.Finally, there is a chapter (which appears to be a little out of date) describing a procedure and computer program for the interpolation of immunoassay dose response curves. The volume under review is a well presented and illustrated book. However, it is unlikely that it would be of interest in its entirety to any one individual reader because of the wide range of topics it covers. Each chapter gives a relatively short but clear and concise insight into a subject and it is therefore the type of book that will be consulted, from time to time, by newcomers to a particular field of interest or by students during their course of study. Readers should, however, be aware that recent references to the literature (after 1985-86) were remarkably few and the information given in the various contributions should be supplemented by reference to the more recent scientific literature. G.Wynne Aherne Packings and Stationary Phases in Chromatographic Techniques Edited by Klaus K. Unger. Chromatographic Science Series Volume 47. Pp. viii + 836. Marcel Dekker. 1990. Price $150.00 (USA and Canada); $180.00 (Export). ISBN 0 8247 7940 1. Since the inception of the Marcel Dekker monograph series on Chromatographic Science, with the publication of Calvin Giddings’ excellent account of the dynamics of chromato- graphy, over 40 volumes have appeared covering virtually all aspects of chromatography. Hitherto, the stationary phase, which is an essential component of all chromatographic systems, has largely been neglected.Although somewhat belated this omission has now been rectified by the publication of a splendid review, written by internationally recognized experts under the editorial guidance of Klaus Unger, a scientist well known for his innovative work on liquid chromatographic packing materials. The book provides a comprehensive review and critical analysis of the role of stationary phases and packings in gas, thin-layer and column-liquid chromatography. Valuable information is given on the plethora of phases available for use by the analyst, including details of manufacture, structural properties and chromatographic behaviour, with special emphasis on factors affecting retention and selectivity. In the reviewer’s opinion the book provides the essential knowledge to enable analytical chemists to select, handle and evaluate stationary phases for the solution of the full spectrum of chemical and biomedical separation problems.The monograph consists of 13 chapters, the first of which presents a thorough historical review of the development of chromatography, essential reading for research degree candi- dates, which includes over 90 references enabling further research into the origins of the technique. This is followed by an overview of packing materials which concentrates upon the characterization of the physical and chemical structural properties of stationary phases and the role of these properties in determining the efficiency and selectivity of systems in both gas and liquid chromatography. Chapter 3 covers column packings for use in gas-solid and gas-liquid chromatography.This chapter contains a wealth of detail about the full range of commercially available sorbents, liquid phases and supports. Included is information on the manufacture, chemical structure and chromatographic properties along with guidelines for the selection of phases for a wide range of assays that should prove to be useful to the beginner and the established practitioner. There follows a brief account of column materials for liquid-liquid partition chromatography with solvent generated phase systems. Stationary phases for thin-layer chromatography are reviewed in Chapter 5. Here again a lot of practically useful data are given about the full spectrum of sorbents for normal- and reversed-phase TLC.Details are given about bulk sorbents and pre-coated layers and in each instance mobile phase systems are recommended for a wide range of applica- tions and typical separations illustrated. A comprehensive account of column packings for liquid chromatography is given in Chapter 6. Here inorganic and organic sorbents are considered along with the full range of chemically bonded phases. Details are given of the prepara- tion, physical and chemical characterization together with typical analytical applications and a discussion of elution mechanisms. As with the gas chromatographic phases, dis- cussed earlier in the text, valuable information is given on commercially available phases. The next three chapters deal with stationary phases for size exclusion, donor-acceptor complex and ligand-exchange chromatography.These chapters not only contain useful information about the respective column materials but also helpful accounts of the theory and applications of these less familiar techniques. A substantial account of ion-exchange chromatography is given in Chapter 10. In addition to a thorough treatment of ion exchangers, essential theoretical and practical aspects of the technique are discussed. Details are given of the majority of phases currently available, including polymer- and silica- based materials, and their analytical application is illustrated by typical examples. This chapter is followed by short, yet informative, accounts of phases for ion-pair, affinity and chiral-liquid chromatography. The book is highly recommended.M. B. Evans Standardization Within Analytical Chemistry P. Kivalo. Pp. 157. Akademiai Kiado. 1989. Price f23.00. ISBN 963 05 5604 9. Raising the topic of standardization usually guarantees that many analytical chemists will rapidly lose interest! However, there is growing awareness of the necessity for involvement as more practising analytical chemists realize the pit-falls of working across national and continental boundaries. Professor Kivalo’s book is certainly going to help in promoting understanding of the issues and challenges in- volved in harmonization and standardization of analytical methodology. I found the short historical perspective and the overview of the roles of IUPAC and I S 0 particularly helpful. Another useful feature of the work is that the appendices contain 5 key documents, brought together and containing much of the detail outlined in Chapter 5 on methods standardization.ANALYST, JANUARY 1991, VOL.116 103 These are: (i) ISO/IEC Guide 2-1986 (E/F/R). General terms and definitions concerning standardization and related activities; (ii) IS0 78/2-1982 (E). Layouts for standards. Part 2. Standards for chemical analysis; (iii) IS0 5725-1986 (E). Precision of test methods. Determination of repeatability and reproducibility for a standard test method by interlaboratory trials; (iv) AOAC Guidelines for interlaboratory collaborative study procedure to validate characteristics of a method of analysis; and ( v ) IS0/16C Guide 43-1984 (E). Development and operation of laboratories proficiency testing.I recommend this timely book to those involved not only in the international arena but also to those working within organizations involving disparate laboratory groups. C. Burgess Multivariate Calibration Harald Martens and Tormold Naes. Wiley-lnterscience. 1989. Pp. xvii + 419. Price f75.00. ISBN 0 471 90979 3. In their preface, the authors set out their objective to address a number of topics relating to multivariate calibration, namely: why multivariate calibration?; useful statistical tools; how to do it; how to make sure it really works; how to find extreme outliers or errors in the data set; how to get the right type of input data; and how to tailor your data for optimal calibration. Given such an ambitious target, the authors have done well to keep the size of the book to 8 chapters and just over 400 pages.Chapter 1 takes the reader reasonably gently through the rationale of multivariate calibration and the problems asso- ciated with calibration prediction and interference. The basic mathematical tools for vector and matrix manipulation together with geometric representations in linear algebra are covered in Chapter 2. Concepts of orthogonality and projec- tion provide the introduction to statistical considerations such as covariance and correlations leading to the matrix represen- tations of the least squares principle and calibration models. Both these chapters were well written and digestible to the non-specialist. Indeed it may be difficult for those more used to the formal presentation of linear algebra to be comfortable with the geometrical illustration of matrices and vectors.I found this approach to be most helpful. Chapter 3 forms the true meat of the book being in essence the mathematical basis for the Unscrambler computer pro- gram used throughout the book. The authors have attempted to write this at two levels and provide more statistical and mathematical rigour for the more advanced reader, achieved by the use of material in the form of statistical extensions which may be omitted. Laudable though this objective is, I felt that the chapter is probably the least satisfactory in the book. It is a highly indigestible 163 pages and takes the reader rapidly through univariate calibration and into data compres- sion followed by a discussion of principle component analysis and principle component regression.There then follows detailed algorithmic discussion of PLSl and PLS2 which was very heavy going in marked contrast to the deft light touch shown in Chapters 1 and 2. Large portions of this would only be of interest to the advanced reader and could be safely removed to an appendix. Newcomers to the field on the first reading would be well advised to skip large sections of this for the sake of their digestion and continued interest in the topic. Fortunately, matters rapidly improve when contact with the real work is regained in Chapter 4, on assessment, validation and choice of calibration method. Chapter 5 continues the good work by addressing the difficult question of errors and outliers. Chapter 6 tackles the problem, usually ignored, of designing the experiment so that the data are fit for the purpose of the later analysis. I find it strange that the authors left this to the end, rather than putting it at the beginning where it belongs, together with the section on pre-treatment of data and linearization (Chapter 7). The final chapter gives a worked example using the Unscrambler package. This is not as useful as it could have been, as the data set is omitted and the arguments are almost entirely pictorial, which is a pity because a feel for the numbers generated would have been an advantage. In conclusion, the authors have made a bold attempt to write a book for analytical scientists, who are not mathemat- ical specialists, to encourage the use of multivariate calibra- tion techniques. Notwithstanding my reservations about the readability of Chapter 3, I’m sure that this book marks a significant milestone in the progress of chemometrics and am happy to recommend it. C. Burgess