Purpose of reviewThe present review assesses recent publications, from 2001 until the present, which address the relationship between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease.Recent findingsInsights from the recently published basic science literature have helped to place findings from clinical studies into a new context, and thereby assist us to understand and further explore the complex relationship between haemoglobin level and survival in chronic kidney disease. The effects of erythropoietin molecules and the presence of receptors in vascular endothelium, mycoardium and other tissues are described. Both observational and interventional clinical studies are examined, and limitations in the methodology and statistical analysis of clinical studies are emphasized, but are given context within the body of literature preceding the past year's publications.SummaryData suggest that development of CVD in patients with kidney disease is multifactorial. Several factors associated with CVD are also associated with anaemia, thereby making causal arguments for the role of anaemia in CVD and survival difficult. Arguments are made for the importance of prevention of anaemia and of individualizing therapeutic goals for its treatment. Well designed prospective studies with both CVD events and mortality as outcomes, and with enrolment beginning before the start of dialysis, are essential if we are to determine the optimal therapeutic strategies.