Future research may see scientists developing synthetic estrogen analogues that have the cardioprotective action of endogenous estrogen, but a reduced potential for estrogen-associated adverse effects. Such therapy could prove beneficial in both men and women. At present, the race is on to determine exactly how estrogen exerts its protective effect. The latest findings in this field were presented at the 69th Scientific Sessions of the American Heart Association (AHA) [New Orleans, US; November 1996]. Other findings relating to cardiovascular differences between men and women, such as the effects of aggressive lipid-lowering therapy, were also reported at the conference.