THE INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER, 1885. JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1932. PART V. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER, Registrar and Secretary. SQUARE,LONDON,30, RUSSELL W.C. I. Ocfober, 1932. Publications Committee, 1932-33. LEWIS EYNON (Chtairnzan), G. C. CLAYTON (President). 0. L. BRADY, J. C. A. BRIERLEY, R. BRUCE, W. F. BUIST, W. J. A. BUTTERFIELD, R. M. CAVEN, F. D. CHATTAWAY, A. COULTHARD, W. R. FEARON, P. F. GORDON, I. M. HEILBRON, H. H. HODGSON, J. R. JOHNSON, PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Hon. Treasurer), D. JORDAN LLOYD, H. M. MASON, W. D. ROGERS, E. RUSSELL. 291 Proceedings of the Council.SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER, 1932. Death of Mr. Alfred Chaston Chapman, F.R.S., Past President (1921-1924).-The President and Council deeply regret to record the death of Mr. A. Chaston Chapman, which occurred on 17th October. Mr. Chapman, who had been a Fellow of the Institute for nearly 40 years, served as a Member of Council for three periods- from 1903 to 1906, 1909 to 1911, and 1918 to 1921,-was an examiner in general chemistry from 1911 to 1915, and in bio- chemistry from 1914 to 1919, President from 1921 to 1924, a Vice-president from 1924 to 1927, and a Censor from 1919 until the time of his death. Throughout his career he was keenly interested in the work of the Institute, and at the completion of his term of office as President, his colleagues on the Council gratefully acknowledged the debt which they and the whole Institute owed to him for his able guidance of its affairs, and for his valuable services to the profession generally.His loss will be no less felt by many other learned and scientific societies, by a wide circle of friends, especially members of his own profession, by whom he was so highly esteemed. Industrial Administration.-In JOURNAL AND PROCEED-INGS, Part IV (pages 234 and 235), it was reported that the Council had requested the Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee to consider whether some modification might be made in the examinations for the Fellowship, in order to include a paper or questions on the subject of Industrial Admin- istration, on the lines suggested by Mr.Davidson Pratt, whorhad attended a conference of representatives of professional and technical institutions to discuss whether it was desirable that facilities should be provided for instruction in the principles of industrial management, in order to encourage professional and technical men to qualify themselves for administrative positions, It will be recalled that Dr. E. F. Armstrong had previously attended an informal conference, at the request of the President, 292 and that he and Mr. Davidson Pratt concurred in the view that professional scientific and technical men do not get their fair share of the senior positions, because they are thought to be deficient in knowledge of the essentials of management.Both representatives of the Institute deemed it desirable that chemists should be encouraged to have regard to the subjects suggested in a syllabus prepared by the Institute of Industrial Adminis- tration, and that the Council should consider the advisability of including a paper or questions on such subjects, in the examina- tions either for the Associateship or Fellowship, as an optional part of the examinations. The Nominations, Examinations and Institutions Committee felt, however, that the importance of the subject was such that the principle involved should be discussed by the Council, due notice having been given, before the Committee proceeded to consider the measures to be taken to give effect to the wishes of the Council.The “fundamental” syllabus suggested by the Institute of Industrial Administration may be referred to at some length, because it undoubtedly suggests a valuable course of study, from which those who are otherwise fitted to occupy managerial positions would derive benefit, if it were possible for them to incorporate such a course, or any part of it, in their professional education. The course may be summarised as follows:- BASIC. (i) Industrial History and Elementary Economics. Trade Expansion and the Mercantile System; the growth of the Factory System and development of Trade Unionism. Meaning of Economics. Population and Productivity. Consumption. (ii) Management Theory.The Rules of Management. Distinction between Art and Science of Management.The Five Primary Functions-Pro-duction, Distribution, Development, Accounts, and Finance, Legal and Secretarial-how they evolve in the development of an industrial concern. (iii) Indztstrial Organisation. The responsibilities of Foremen, Departmental Managers,General Manager and Managing Director. The delegation of responsibilities. Interlocking of duties, Methods of Payment. FUNCTIONAL (iv) Production I. Job, Batch and Mass Production. Variation of the production problem under these three classes. Relative advantages and disadvantages from the commercial point of view. 293 (v) Production II. Planning for production from the order to the despatch. Buying-the underlying principles.Inspection; why necessary and how carried out. (vi) Production III. Selection and training of personnel. Shop organisation. Problems of storage, transport and despatch. (vii) Distribution I. Sales Organisation and Distribution Methods. Sales quotas. Marketing, Sales Records and their use. (viii) Distribution II. Service and its value to both seller and buyer. Service principles. Publicity from a modern standpoint. (ix) Development and Research. Importance of Development Function. Necessity for opening new lines of manufacture and sale. Market Research work and its value. (x) Management Graphics. Presentation of facts more effective by charts than by statistics. Simple Bar and Line Charts. Scales. Simple Multiple Line Charts.(xi) Cost Accounts I. How a cost is made up. Time and Job Cards. Allocation of material, labour and overhead. Job and Process Costing. Costs in relation to Market Price. (sii) Cost Accounts II. Absorption of overhead. Methods of distributing overhead. Stock valuation records. Mechanical costing. (xiii) Financial Accounts. Trading and Profit and Loss Accounts and Balance Sheets- simple examples explaining how these are made up. (xiv) Budgetary and Higher Control. The Theory of Budgetting. Simple Examples. The Sales Pound. The “Statement of Accounts” on which Higher Control is built. What Higher Control means. (xv)Industrial Law. Legal responsibilities of Management. Industrial Disputes,Conciliation and Arbitration. Wages Legislation and National Insurance.Factory Legislation. (xvi) Ofke Organisation. The duties in the office. Modern office methods and machinery. Routine forms and their design. Correspondence and Piling. The Council of the Institute felt that it was its main duty to encourage the education of chemists, as such, and that it was inadvisable to add to the already very comprehensive curriculum for the examinations for the Associateship; but agreed that training and experience on the lines indicated by the syllabus were very desirable in the case of chemists whose ultimate aim was to secure managerial positions. 294 Professor Hilditch, Examiner in Industrial Chemistry to the Institute, in correspondence on the matter, said that he had never held the opinion that an industrial chemist’s training and outlook tended to unsuit him to occupy a position of higher administrative or executive control.Nevertheless, a man who had spent all his time in acquiring the status of a competent chemist could hardly be expected to develop, without further application, the qualities necessary for efficient management. He felt that it was desirable to introduce in the examination in Industrial Chemistry a slight bias in the direction of “Industrial Economics” and thus help to direct the attention of candidates to the desirability of acquiring such knowledge as had been sug-gested by the Institute of Industrial Administration. The full syllabus, however, seemed a formidable addition and, in some respects, he preferred a somewhat simpler syllabus which had been suggested by the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, if it could be modified to render it more applicable to chemists.It might be practicable in London to arrange courses on the lines suggested, but he thought that it would be difficult to duplicate them in many provincial centres. It might be possible to provide suitable instruction by supervised courses of reading. His view was that the examination for the Associateship should remain as it is,-a test of competency in chemical knowledge and practice; with regard to the Fellowship examination, he did not see that candidates in certain branches should be expected to undertake the subject, although for those who took industrial chemistry it was highly desirable.Even in this category an additional paper might throw out of perspective the importance of general chemical technology as compared with general industrial method. Professor Desch, who also wrote on the matter, presumed that the subject would, in any case, be an optional one, but said that he had little faith in the testing of such knowledge by means of examination, although if it were pressed for by leaders of industry he had no objection to its inclusion, provided that no pressure was brought to bear on candidates to submit the subject in place of any definite branch of chemistry. The syllabus for the Examination of the Institute in general industrial chemistry includes the following :-The candidate will be expected to have:- <‘ (i) A general knowledge of-the application of well-known chemical and physical laws to industrial operations ; the development, control and transmission of heat and power; fittings and stores; 295 properties of materials used in general construction of plant ; process costs ;working costs ;economicsof manufacture ;a working knowledge of the operation of plant in general use in industrial chemical works. (ii) A specialised knowledge of the application of the foregoing of the section of industry selected by the candidate including: the sources and characters of its raw materials; the uses of finished products; the treatment of any by-products or effluents; the technical methods of analysis employed. Papers will be set in general chemical technology, and on the selected industry. The candidates will also be tested practically and orally, and may be required to interpret drawings or models of plant and fittings.” The Council concluded that the present syllabus for the examination in industrial chemistry afforded indication to candidates taking that branch, of the desirability of acquiring experience on the lines suggested.However, it was advisable to inform the Fellows and Associates of the Institute regarding the deliberations of the Council on this matter, in view of its im- portant bearing upon the position of chemists in industry generally. The Council feels indebted to the Institute of Industrial Administration for promoting the discussion, and to Dr.Arm- strong and Mr. Davidson Pratt, for representing the Institute at the conference held jointly with delegates from other pro- fessional and technical bodies. Professional Interests.-The Council deplores that their attention should be directed so frequently to the endeavours made by institutions in receipt of state aid, public authorities, quasi-public bodies, and teaching institutions, to establish laboratories for the purpose of undertaking practice in competition with private consultants and analysts. Reference was made in Part IV to the activities of a depart- ment of an important corporation, which, however, has now given a further assurance that it will avoid encroaching upon the legitimate work of consulting chemists in the district.Lately, a technical college has been advertising publicly for consulting and analytical practice, and it has been necessary for the Council to make representations to the authorities con- cerned ; a “coaching” college encouraged by two trade journals, offers to conduct tests and to advise on technical matters relating to an important industry; private indi duals, sometimes not even chemists, under the guise of an “institution” or “school,” have issued circulars offering professional chemical services and 296 certificates; and in several cases public companies have en-deavoured to exploit their chemists by advertising that their laboratories are available (on a schedule of fees) for consultations and analyses, even of materials unconnected with the products of the companies.Believing that these activities constitute an abuse of the functions of the organisations referred to, the Council feels that Fellows and Associates should do all they can to co-operate with the Institute in bringing to light instances of such abuse, parti- cularly at a time when private practitioners are suffering from the prevailing economic depression. It appears to the Council that it is not the business of the Municipal Corporations and Local Authorities to encourage their departments to conduct practice in competition with private practitioners who are ratepayers; it is not the business of uni- versities, colleges and technical institutions, as such, to undertake practice, and it does not improve the prospects of students in training, that teaching institutions should be so engaged ; while it is discouraging that limited liability companies, established for manufacturing purposes, should endeavour to recoup the salaries paid to their chemists by entering into competition with the profession.The Appointments Register Committee has reported that the number of vacancies notified during the twelve months ending 30th September, was 569 compared with 490 during the previous corresponding period. The majority of vacancies were for men with somewhat specialised experience. The following table gives a rough analysis of the vacancies:- University and Technical College appointments : professors,lecturers and demonstrators ..,. .. .. .. 27 Schools ' . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. a4 Appointments with Educational Authorities . . .. .. 10 Scholarships and Research Grants .. .. .. .. 15 Government appointments .. .. .. ,. .. 6 Appointments with other public bodies, including Public Analysts, Research Associations .. .. .. .. 35 Industrial chemists .. .. .. .. .. .. 250 Chemical engineers .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 Technical salesmen .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 .IJunior appointments .. .. .. .. *. 28 Appointments for women . . .. .. .. .. .. 70 Temporary appointments .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 -569 297 Of the above, 27 were abroad, compared with 33 in the previous corresponding period. The total number of members using the Appointments Register, which in October 1931 was 424, has since risen to 443.Unem$Zoyment.-The following table shows the number of members who have informed the Institute that they were un- employed at the stated times. Figures for the previous corre-sponding period are given in brackets:- F.I.C. A.I.C. Total. October, 1931 November . . .. .. .. .. 27 (15) 28 133 (76) 144 160 (91) 172 December . . .. .. 27 146 173 January, 1932 February . . March .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 (20)29 30 154 (90) 160 162 181 (110) 189 192 April .. May ,.June .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 31 (19) 33 34 164 (92) 164 160 195 (111)197 194 July . . .. August . . September .. 10th October .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 (23) 33 37 37 (27) 160 (112) 162 161 162 (133) 193 (135) 195 198 199 (160) It will be seen that the sharp rise in the number of unemployed, which was reported as having taken place in the summer and autumn of 1931, continued until about April of this year, but that since then the rise has not been appreciable. Of the total unemployed list of 199, including 10 women, 55 have apparently been unemployed for three months or less; 67 for from three months to one year; and 77 for over one year.It is regretted that the number who have been unemployed for a long period has shown an increase. The Ages of the Members at present unemployed and the corresponding numbers of each are here indicated :-21-25 .. .. .. .. 43 25-30 .. .. .. .. 52 30-35 .. .. .. .. 38 35-40 *... .. .. I7 40-45 --.. .. .. 24 45-50 * * .. .. .. I1 50 and over .. .. .. I4 The total membership of the Institute at the date of the last report of Council, January 1932, was 6,000. The percentage 298 of unemployed is therefore, about 3.3 per cent. as against 2.7 per cent. at this time last year. Register of Laboratory Assistants.--This list now contains IIZ names. The number of vacancies notified has been very few, only 33; but this shows a slight increase on last year's total. The Council hopes that Local Sections will assist the work of the Appointments Register, by informing the Officers of the Institute of vacancies notified in local newspapers and journals published in their respective districts, and that all Fellows and Associates will co-operate in making known the facilities afforded by the Appointments Register, and in bringing suitable vacancies to the notice of the Institute.Benevolent Fund.-In order to meet the requirements of the Board of Inland Revenue, the Benevolent Fund Committee has adopted a Declaration of Trust, which has been accepted by the President and Council of the Institute, under which it is definitely provided that all monies and investments belonging to the fund now or hereafter held by the Institute as trustee shall be held by the Institute under Seal as trustee upon irre- vocable trust in accordance with the rules of the trust for the purposes of the fund; and that the Institute shall at all times keep proper separate books, records and accounts showing all monies and investments from time held as aforesaid, so as to identify the same as distinct from all monies and investments held by the Institute in any other capacity, and such books, records and accounts shall be at all times available for inspection by the Council of the Institute and the Committee of the Fund.At the present time, the current account of the fund is about L60 overdrawn, largely due to an adverse balance of L138brought forward from the previous year, although the total receipts for the year show an increase of about LI~o,and the total payments are about E113 less. On the whole, the amount of distress is not great, but a number of cases require regular allowances which make a steady drain on the income, in addition to regular quarterly payments which are made to widows with children , and cases of a similar nature.Lectures.-% Frederick Gowland Hopkins , President of the Royal Society, has kindly undertaken to deliver the S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture on Friday, the 16th December. (Tickets will be issued in due course.) 299 Professor Gilbert T. Morgan, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.S., Director of the Chemical Research Laboratory, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, has kindly undertaken to give two lectures at the Institute towards the end of April, 1933,dealing with the trend of thought in modern inorganic chemistry. Further particulars will be announced in due course. Examinations.-The Council has received the Report of the Board of Examiners on the September Examinations, an abstract of which is given, together with Examination Papers, in this Part of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS(p.310). Frankland Essay and Prize.-The particular attention of Registered Students is directed to the arrangements made for the award of the Frankland Medal and Prize for 1932 (see p. 346). On the present occasion, the Council is leaving the choice of the subject for the essay to the students themselves. What is Probable Error ? "-The following correction should be noted on page 38 of Dr. J. F. Tocher's lecture on " What is Probable Error ":-t. P-odds. 7 -9548 21 to 1 11 a9711 34to 1 300 Local Sections. Belfast.-Dr. John Hawthorne presided at a meeting of the Section held in the Central Hall of the Municipal College, Belfast, on 4th October, when Mr.Austin Lowe gave a lecture on ‘‘Bakelite Synthetic Resin Materials, and their application in Industry and methods of use.” Mr. Lowe gave a brief historical survey of experimental work leading to the evolution of resin materials of commercial value. Beginning with Baeyer’s work in 1872, he then illustrated the bearing on this subject of the work of Michael, Kleiberg and Smith, Early in this century various patents were taken out, but it was Dr. Baekeland, in 1908, who discovered the key to the problem by using alkali as an accelerator, which enabled these products to be made in an intermediate stage commercially. By the application of heat and pressure they can readily be converted into the insoluble and infusible form of phenol formaldehyde condensation products.Mr. Lowe dealt principally with phenol formaldehyde resin materials known as Bakelite, and with the development of the industry during 20 years, and especially during the last five years. These materials can be divided into seven groups-resins, cements, varnishes, lacquers, moulding materials, laminated sheet, and enamels. Mr. Lowe demonstrated the properties of each, showing the variety of uses to which they can be put, and submitted a large selection of specimens for examination by the audience. At the conclusion of the paper a two-reel film, showing the manufacture and some of the uses of the material, was shown, and much appreciated. Mr.Lowe replied to a number of questions raised by members, and was accorded a vote of thanks, on the motion of Dr. Hawthorne, seconded by Mr. R. G. Baskett. Birmingham and Midlands.-The Eleventh Annual General Meeting took place on zIst March, when the following officers and Committee were elected:-Chairman, Mr. A. W. Knapp; Vice-chairman, Mr. H. H. Bagnall; Hon. Treasurer, 301 Mr. A. G. R. Whitehouse; Hon. Secretary, Dr. F. W. Norris. Committee: Dr. S. R. Carter, Prof. R. H. Hopkins, Messrs. J. R. Johnson, Geo. King and D. W. Parkes (Fellows); Mr. H. Berry, Dr. Hampton, Messrs. R. W. Payne and G. Thomas (Associates). In his Report for the Session, the Hon. Secretary deplored that the attendance at ordinary meetings of the Section had not been satisfactory.The social meetings had always proved popular ; interesting lectures and discussions had been held, to which members of other Chemical Societies in Birmingham had been invited. The support of other Societies greatly contributed to the success of such meetings. The Hon. Treasurer presented a satisfactory Financial State- ment. At the conclusion of the annual business a discussion of the activities of the Section followed. A number of members stressed the importance of social gatherings and their usefulness in enabling chemists to meet and discuss affairs to their mutual benefit. The Committee was urged to consider the possibility of increasing the number of such events in the programme.It was decided, as an experiment, to institute a country outing for members and friends in the early summer. After further discussion with reference to lecturers for the coming session, a vote of thanks was accorded to Dr. Wardlaw for his services as chairman during the previous three years, and the meeting then adjourned. The first summer outing, which took place in perfect weather on 18th June, proved an unqualified success. About 50 members and friends met at Bidford-on-Avon, where tea was served. An enjoyable evening was then spent in bathing, boating, and in motoring in the neighbouring Cotswold Hills. The party met again at Stratford-on-Avon, and the day’s proceedings concluded with supper. Bristol and South-Western Counties.-A conversazione was held on the 15th October at the residence of Dr.A. C. Fryer, in Clifton, who, after tea, showed and described an interesting selection of his collection of lantern slides. Mr. R. H. Ellis, Chairman of the Section, expressed the members’ thanks and appreciation to Dr. Fryer for his hospitality and kindness. The next meeting will be held on 28th November, at 5.15 p.m., in Bristol University, when Dr. F. D. Chattaway will give a 302 lecture at a joint meeting with the University Chemical Society on “Reactions of an Aldehyde.” Cape.-On 19th August, a visit of inspection was made by the members of the Section to the Castle Brewery, Cape Town. The party was received and conducted over the Brewery by Mr.B. P. West, who explained the changes occurring during the various processes. Mr. E. H. Croghan, Chairman of the Section, expressed the thanks of the members to Mr. West for his courtesy. In a recent letter, the Honorary Secretary of the Section, Dr. William Pugh, has asked to be advised when any member of the Institute proposes to visit South Africa, and reiterates the pleasure which members of the Section have expressed when they have been visited by members in the past. Huddersfie1d.-Mr. H. Webster Moss presided at the opening meeting of the Section for the session 1932-33, held on 11th October, at Field’s Cafb, Huddersfield, when Professor R. V. Wheeler, Department of Fuel Technology, Sheffield University, gave a lecture entitled 46 Flame.” In introducing his subject, Professor Wheeler said that the particular phase of flame with which he proposed to deal was the so-called “uniform movement.” This uniform movement was in several respects the most important phase, notably because it characterised the initial stages of an explosion.The great French chemist Le Chatelier, nearly fifty years ago, discovered that when a mixture of an inflammable gas and air was fired at the open end of a horizontal tube, the other end being closed, the flame as it travelled along the tube moved for some distance at a uniform speed. He regarded this uniform movement as the “normal speed of propagation of flame by conduction of heat.” Although this hypothesis was no longer tenable, measurement of the speed of the uniform move- ment under standard experimental conditions helped to gauge the general behaviour of different inflammable gases when burn- ing; for each inflammable gas had its own speed of uniform move- ment of flame.The lecturer then described how the fundamental speed of flame could be deduced from measurements of the uniform movement. By the “fundamental” speed was meant that 303 due solely to the transmission of the zone of chemical reaction from layer to layer of the mixture, irrespective of any mass movement of the mixture itself. This speed was an important constant for use in any intimate analysis of the physico-chemical processes of flame. It would be understood that a direct observation of this fundamental speed must be difficult, if not impossible, because during the whole period of inflammation the products of combustion created currents by their expansion during formation and by convection after formation. Early experiments had shown that the speed of the uniform movement in a given inflammable mixture increased progres- sively with the diameter of the tube along which the flame travelled.For example, with a 9.5 per cent. methane-air mixture the speed was about go cm. per sec. when the tube was 5 cm. in diameter and about 250 cm. per sec. when the tube was 96.5 cm. in diameter. The speed did not, however, increase linearly with the diameter of the tube, but there was an inflection in the curve relating speed of uniform movement to diameter of tube in the region 10 to 20 cm.diameter. A study of such curves for a number of mixtures of methane and air suggested that, in any one mixture, the speed of the uniform movement would be the same in all tubes wider than 20 cm., were it not for some factor the influence of which became increasingly prominent in tubes of more than 15 cm. diameter. The nature of this factor was indicated by an obvious contrast between photographs on a revolving drum of the uniform move- ment in narrow and in wide tubes. Whereas the flame-front in the narrow tube showed a straight line, that in the wide tube was marked by undulations, and the cross-section at each instant of passage of the flame displayed a complex geometrical pattern lof luminous matter.Snapshot photographs yielded further information. With the narrow tube, the flame-front, though nearly hemispherical at the outset, became tilted almost at once at an angle which remained constant so long as the flame travelled in uniform move- ment. With the wide tube, the flame-front, initially smooth and hemispherical, at once became “nodular” and tilted at a steep angle. The shape of the flame-front could thus be altered in two ways by convection: it might be tilted forward, the upper part advancing more rapidly than it would otherwise; and it might .be distorted. Both alterations involved an enlargement of the 304 flame surface, and thus an increase in the amount of gas burnt in unit time with, in consequence, an increased speed of travel of the flame.The rapid increase in the speed of the uniform move- ment with increase in the diameter of the tube above 20 cm. could thus be explained by the disproportionately large increase in flame-surface corresponding with the appearance of the nodular” flame. An explanation of the increase of speed of uniform movement with increase in the diameter of the tube between 2-5 and about 15 cm., which was not accompanied by a definite change in the shape of the flame-front, but only in its inclination, was still needed. For example, with a given mixture of methane and air, the flames were inclined at angles of 3g0, 26&” and 23i0in tubes of 2.5, 5 and 10cm. diameter respectively. It was possible to calcu- late the areas of the flame-surfaces, on the assumption that they were semi-ellipsoids. It was then found that the ratio of the volume of mixture burnt per second to the area of the flame- surface was constant for a given mixture.(Table I gives some examples for a 10per cent. methane-air mixture.) TABLEI. THE FUNDAMENTALSPEEDOF FLAME. 10 PER CENT. METHANE-AIR. Ratio : VOl. Axial burnt speed per sec. Direction of flame. Area of _____ Diameter of tube. of travel of flame. Stage in propagation. em. per see. flame. sq. cm. Area of flame. 10 em. Horizontal. Uniform movement. 111 300 29 10 cm. 5 cm. Horizontal. Horizontal. Initial stage. Uniform movement. 71 92 189 66 29 27 5 em. 2.5 em. Horizontal.Horizontal. Initial stage. Uniform movement. 61-5 71-5 48-5 12.6 25 28 2.5 cm. 5 cm. 5 em. 5 em. 5 cm. 2-5 em. Horizontal. Upward.Upward.Downward. Downward. Horizontal. Initial stage (ii). Symmetrical.Unsymmetrical.Symmetrical.Unsymmetrical. Initial stage (i). 59 68 92.5 61 85 63 10.4 48 66.5 46 63.5 11.0 28 28 27 26 26 28 The ratio, volume of mixture burnt per second to area of the Aame-surface, was the linear speed of flame, in a direction normal to its surface, through a gaseous mixture at rest and at constant temperature and pressure just ahead of the flame. This could be described as the “fundamental speed of flame.” Measurements 305 of this fundamental speed had been made for a series of mixtures of methane and air lying between the limits of inflammability. It ranged from about 6 cm.per sec. at the limits to about 27 cm. per sec. at the maximum over the range 9-5 to 10.0per cent. methane. These measurements could be compared with those obtained by the method, due to Gouy, in which calculation was made from the speed of flow of the mixture and the dimensions of the inner cone of a Bunsen burner ; they corresponded reasonably well, bearing in mind the limitations of Gouy’s method. The uniform movement of flame, therefore, was characterised by constant dimensions of the flame-front. These constant dimensions were maintained by a balance between the effects of a constant speed of propagation of flame normal to the flame-front and a steady operation of convection.The flame was rarely, if ever, a flat disc at right-angles to the axis of the tube, so that the axial speed of propagation was usually much greater than the speed, normal to the flame-front, of a plane flame-front in a stationary mixture. Professor Wheeler described the effect of an applied electro field on flame movement, and concluded by indicating the lines upon which work was proceeding in an attempt to inhibit the spreading of flame in mines, particularly as the result of shot firing. A discussion followed, indicating the great interest which the lecture had evoked. The meeting concluded with a vote of thanks to the lecturer, proposed by Mr. T. A. Simmons, seconded by Mr. H. S. Pink. Irish Free State.-On 2nd November, at 4.30 p.m., in the Chemistry Department of University College, Dublin, Mr.W. E. V. Abraham, Geologist to the Burmah Oil Company, will read a paper before the Section on “Oil Winning in Burma.” The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held on the 23rd November, at 4.30 p-m., in the Chemistry Department of University College, Dublin. After the usual annual business, Dr. G. Van B. Gilmour, formerly Chief Chemist to English Margarine Works, Ltd., will read a paper on “Margarine.” Leeds Area.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held on 14th November, to elect four members of Com-mittee and two auditors. 306 After the annual business, Dr. F. L. Pyman, F.R.S., will deliver a lecture on “The Variation of Germicidal Action in Homologous Series.” Liverpool and North-Western.-The opening meeting of the session was held in the new quarters of the Section,-The Constitutional Club,--on 13th October.Prof. T. P. Hilditch, who occupied the Chair for the formal opening of the meeting, expressed his great pleasure in introducing Mr. F. Robertson Dodd as his successor in the office of chairman for the coming year. He added that it was almost unnecessary to introduce Mr. Dodd to a Section where he was so well known. After the formal business, Mr. Dodd gave an address on Publicity and other things.” He recalled many interesting stories of old Liverpool, showing exhibits from early Victorian times, e.g., an ancient pistol carried by a member of the Liverpool Exchange as a protection against footpads and rioters; a rattle used to summon the Watch when burglars attempted to enter a house; and a piece of the first Atlantic cable which had sentimental associations for the city, because the Great Eastern sailed thence, and it recalled the memory of Lord Kelvin or Sir William Thomson as he then was, who was one of the first to hold an honorary degree of Liverpool University.Dealing with the subject of Publicity, Mr. Dodd said that every young chemist looked forward to fame and to a place in the limelight; but, he warned his audience, that publicity for chemists did not mean posters with ten-foot letters, nor columns in newspapers attempting to prove their ancient lineage. Such methods belonged to trade; chemistry was a profession.Publicity, for chemists meant creating an abiding impression on their fellow men-and, to attain that object a chemist had to be prepared to submerge his own interest and work for the advancement of mankind. Too many chemists wrecked their chances of success by attempting to emulate the “smart ” business man; human mentality would seldom tolerate the dual personality. He who would be a great chemist had, in large measure, to let his business instincts atrophy. The profession demanded education and culture, not the mere limits of its science, combined with a working knowledge of French and German. The older Universities swayed opinion in this and other countries and their imposed standard of culture was 307 founded on the classics.Chemists had, therefore, to conform to this standard if they were to be respected as a cultured pro- fession. The chemist’s duty was to elucidate a mystery and explain it in plain words, and he could not do this effectively without a knowledge of cultured English. The aim of the profession was not publicity alone, but enduring publicity. Thirty-five years ago it was frequently said “on Change” that a chemist would give any certificate dictated to him for a big enough fee. It had taken years of honest work by honest chemists to efface that impression and gain enduring publicity. If to the character which this struggle had gained for chemists they had the traditional classic culture they would attain enduring professional publicity which would command universal respect.The chemist in industry or other practice had to be prepared to do his best to advance the interests of his employers if he would win recognition. In conclusion, Mr. Dodd expressed the hope that his remarks would evoke a thoughtful consideration of the whole subject. Mr. E. Gabriel Jones proposed a hearty vote of thanks to the chair which was warmly supported by Professor Roberts. The success of the system introduced in the Section last year, whereby members wear plain badges bearing their surnames, has been so pronounced, that it is to be continued. The badge system has already done much to reduce the formality attached to meetings. Visitors and new members quickly realise that formal introductions are unnecessary, and find themselves at once in an atmosphere of comradeship and goodwill.London and South Eastern Counties.-On 26th October, at the Institute, Major D. M. Wilson exhibited cinematograph films comprising b6 Modern Asphalt Pavements ” (by courtesy of Highways Construction, Ltd.), b6 The Story of Beautiful Colours ” (by courtesy of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd.),~ “The Story of a Sheet of Paper” (by courtesy of Wiggins, Teape & Co. (1919),Ltd.). 308 The Annual General Meeting of the Section will be held at the Institute on 23rd November for the election of Officers and Committee and the usual annual business. Malaya.-Mr. F. L. Okell presided at a meeting of the Section held in the College of Medicine, Singapore, on 31st May, when Mr.A. W. Burtt read a paper on ‘‘The Purification of Domestic Water Supplies.” Mr. Burtt outlined, in some detail, the principal methods of purification on a large scale, including-storage, aeration, coagulation, filtration, st erilisat ion, and corrosion prevention. He described different types of mechanism devised for these pro- cesses, and the physical and chemical conditions necessary for efficiency. In the discussion, Mr. Cowap commented on the unexpected importance of an optimum pH for aluminium precipitation. He asked about the rate of nitration of ammonia in rapid pressure filters, and why excess lime treatment for sterilisation should not have become more general.Mr. Clark alluded to the occurrence of a resistant white deposit in a new chlorine injection apparatus. Mr. Southall asked if the sand in pressure filters lost its efficacy. Mr. Reason referred to a new chlorine injection apparatus of vacuum type, which eliminated largely the need for extensive metal junctions, and to the distinction between corrosion and incrustation. Mr. Okell enquired whether any purification of water occurred in permutit plants. Mr. Burtt, in reply, said that lime as a sterilising agent was not so rapid as chlorine and might take 24 hours instead of half an hour. There was also the complication of excess removal by carbon dioxide. The oxidation of ammonia to nitrate in pressure filters was very rapid, 0.04 part of ammonia would be quanti- tatively transformed in such a filter (after the grains had been adequately biologically coated) passing I gallon per minute per square foot.Sand in pressure filters did not readily lose its filtration effect. The white deposit in the new chlorine apparatus might be a chlorine hydrate. It was possible that a permutit apparatus would develop some small filtration powers-but these would be negligible. For the sake of brevity he had not, in the paper, referred to the distinction 309 between (a) true incrustation due to, say, iron bacteria (where the pipe surface was unaffected) and (b) corrosion producing bulky basic carbonates, etc., appearing like incrustations. A vote of thanks, proposed by Mr.Okell, to the lecturer and to the Principal of the College, for the use of the lecture room, was carried with acclamation. Printed copies of the lecture were circulated to members of the Section. Manchester and District.-The annual conjoint meeting of Manchester Chemical and Scientific Societies will be held, under the aegis of the Local Section of the Institute, on 10th November, when a lecture will be given by Professor A. Findlay, on ‘‘ Science and the Community.” The Annual Dinner and Dance, which has always been a very popular social function in Manchester scientific circles, will be held at “The Manchester ” Limited, on 8th December. It is hoped that the President will be present on this occasion. Students’ Sectiort.-On zznd October members of the Students’ Section visited the Sunnyside Works of Messrs.Tootal Broad- hurst Lee & Co., Ltd., where they were shown the treatment of cotton through every stage of its manufacture, beginning at the bale breaker, passing on through the spinning mill, dyehouse and weaving shed, to the finished cloth. The party spent a most enjoyable and instructive visit, which will be remembered for a long time to come by the members who participated. 310 September Examinations, 1932. Abstract of the Report of the Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned below. The numbers of candidates examined and of those who passed were :- No. No. For the Associateship- Examined. Passed.General Chemistry : at the 17th September . . Institute,-l2th-.. .. .. 28 17 For the Fellowship- Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry: at the Insti- tuteY-l9th-23rd September .. .. 1 1 Brunch A, with special reference to Metal-lurgy and Metallography of Iron, Steel and Alloy Steels: at the Institute and at the Royal School of Mines, London,--SGth-30th September ., .. .. .. 1 1 Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats and Waxes: at the Institute,-lSth-23rd September .. .. 2 2 Brunch D. Biochemistry, with special reference to Proteins, Vitamins and Hormones: at the Institute and at University College, London,-lSth-S3rd September ,. .. 1 1 Branch E. The Chemistry, including Micro- scopy, of Food and Drugs and of Water: at the Institute,-lSth-24th September ..8 7 Branch P. Agricultural Chemistry: at the Institute, and at the University, Reading, -19th-23rd September .. .. .. 2 1 Branch a. Industrial Chemistry: at the Insti- tute,-1 9th-23rd September : (i) with special reference to Coal Tar Manufacture. . .. .. .. 1 0 (ii) with special reference to Oils and Fats 1 1 *(iii) with special reference to Petroleum . . 1 -0 I 46 31 *and in the Laboratories of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Sunbury. In the examination for the Associateship, five candidates completed their examination by passing in the translation of German technical literature ; two candidates completed their 311 examination by passing in the practical work ; one candidate failed only in the translation of German, and one failed only in the practical work.In the examination for the Fellowship, one candidate in Branch F. failed to satisfy the Examiners only in the paper dealing with foodstuffs, animal nutrition, and dairy products. EXAMINATIONTHE ASSOCIATESHIPIN GENERALFOR CHEMISTRY. INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY.-The results Of this examination were rather disappointing. Many of the candidates knew little of the history of chemistry, even of such recent and important history as the discovery of the inert gases, and failed to give a clear account of the influence of these elements on the development of chemical theory. A number of fairly good answers were written on the rare earths, but only a few of the candidates knew much of the metallurgy of antimony and of the nature of substances such as stannic chloride, chromyl chloride and ammonium thiocyanate.Few candidates attempted the question on the quantitative recovery of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and chlorine in a mixture of these gases (p. 315). The standard reached in answer to the second paper was better, although here again weakness was shown on the history of chemistry. In general, candidates dealt satisfactorily with partition, allotropy and the theory of the balance. Several good essays were written on radio-activity and also on chemical investigations undertaken by the candidates themselves. Weakness was shown in answer to the question, which called for some originality of thought, on the distinction between a compound and a solution.The qualitative work was well done in some cases and fairly well done in most, but many quantitative results were very poor. The determination of chloride, chlorate, sulphate and phosphate, in a mixture, was found difficult even by candidates who had been engaged for some time in analytical work. Failure to detect cadmium in cadmium molybdate was noticeable. The general standard of the practical work was not so high as that attained in recent examinations. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY.-The paper in theoretical organic chemistry allowed considerable latitude in the choice of questions, but certain of the alternatives proved to be unpopular. Only a few candidates attempted one of the three essays on theoretical 312 topics and, even among these, only one moderately satisfactory attempt was submitted.Surprisingly, the question on cellulose derivatives was attacked by two or three candidates only, and thus the extremes of theory and practice were poorly treated; on the other hand, fairly good knowledge of the body of the subject was displayed. Usually the practical examination in organic chemistry is within the capabilities of most candidates for the Associateship, but on this occasion some simple exercises were not at all well carried out and there was evidence of a lack of common sense in planning the work. For example, a large number of candidates proposed to estimate ethylene glycol, in what they rightly took to be a mixture of the substance with water, by oxidation to oxalic acid by means of nitric acid, followed by titration with perman- ganate.It occurred to no candidate that a direct oxidation by acid-permanganate might be applicable, Again, simple organic identifications were sometimes bungled by men whose theoretical knowledge was evidently sound. The language tests, especially German, indicated that there was still room for improvement. The necessity for translation into English possessing meaning must again be emphasised. & EXAMINATIONSTHE FELLOWSHIP.FOR BRANCHE.-The technique was very good, and the candidates showed that they understood how to tackle their problems methodically. The analysis of the medicine showed that the candidates had retained their knowledge of inorganic chemistry.It might be mentioned that the method of dealing with the analysis of the sausage was the subject of a paper in the number of The Analyst published immediately before the examination. Candidates who had kept themselves up-to-date in their reading naturally reaped an advantage. The reports on the sample of abnormal milk were satisfactory. The microscopical work was up to the usual standard, but there was still room for improve- ment in the framing of official certificates. ANDTHERAPEUTICS,PHARMACOLOGYMrcRoscoPY.-The papers were well done by the majority, and the oral examination showed that all the candidates had a good working knowledge of drugs and their uses.In fact, the quality of the answers in this section of the examination was very gratifying. Several candidates seemed to be uncertain as to what reducing substances were most likely to be present in urine, and, therefore, 313 wasted time looking for uncommon substances before proving the absence of those most likely to be met. The isolation of aspirin and salicylic acid was difficult, but the exercise was a valuable one, as it was possible to judge, from the way the work was tackled, whether a candidate understood the principles of toxicological analysis, The exercise on the sample of blood was, on the whole, well done. BRANCHG. INDUSTRIALCHEMISTRY.-The candidates not unnaturally gave the best and fullest answers to questions involving processes and plant in their own branches of industry.Good answers were also usually returned to the questions of a more general nature, but in these cases it was evident that more difficulty was encountered. A question on the location of chemi-cal works in relation to access to raw and other materials, was attempted only by one candidate, who gave only a partial reply; and another, on heat interchangers, elicited answers confined to the usual cases of boiler practice and distillation, but the utilisation of exothermal heat developed in chemical reactions (other than fuel combustion) was completely overlooked. Candidates are reminded that they may be required to answer questions on some topic of generaE industrial chemistry outside the special field of work chosen by them.Although the know- ledge of the technology of the special fields of work reached a high standard, there was some evidence that candidates taking this Branch are apt to neglect their strictly chemical reading, as some weakness was evinced in the fundamental chemistry underlying the various technical applications. The Pass List is attached. PASS LIST. Examination in General Chemistry for the Associateship. Barton, Leonard Henry Greenwood, The Polytechnic, Regent Street. Burke, Thomas Eric, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Bussell, Leonard Herbert, Birkbeck College, London; and West Ham Municipal College. Currie, Henry Thomas, Municipal College of Technology, Belfast. Edwards, Cyril, B.Sc.(Lond.), University College, Nottingham. Gore, David Neville, Technical College, Cardiff. Johnston, William, Heriot-Watt College, Edinburgh. Jones, Robert Emrys, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. Macdonald, George Edward, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Matthews, Robert Karran, Central Technical School, Liverpool. Moses, Geoffrey, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester. 314 Reeve, Miss Evelyn Caroline, B.Sc.(Lond.), Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Stooken, Lloyd Arthur, University College, Nottingham. Trower, Geoffrey John, A.R.C.S., Royal College of Science; and Sir John Cass Technical Institute, London. Turner, Hubert Laurence, Central Technical College, Birmingham. Walker, William Bernard, A.M.C.T., College of Technology, Manchester.Whittle, Ernest George, B.Sc.(Lond.), Portsmouth Municipal College. Examinations for the Fellowship. In Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry : Jones, Ronald Henry. In Branch A : Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to Metallurgy and Metallography of Steel, etc. : Ward, Robert, B.Sc.(Lond.). In Branch C : Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats, etc. : Thompson, John Samuel, B.Sc. (Lond). Williams, Thomas Pearl, B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch D : Biochemistry, with special reference to Proteins, Vitamins and Hormones : Howitt, Frederick Oliver, M.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch E : The Chemistry, including Microscopy, of Food and Drugs, and of Water : Abbott, William James.Cocuzzi, Leonidio, B.Sc. (Lond.). Coppock, Philip Dalton, M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.). Edwards, Frederick William. Greeves, William Francis. Simpson, Ian Alexander, Ph.D. (Liv.). Reynolds, Cedric Victor, Ph.D. (Lond.). In Branch F : Agricultural Chemistry : Pizer, Norman Henry, B.Sc. (Reading). In Branch G : Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils,Pats, etc. : Gileon, George Richard. The following papers and exercises were set:-Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY, 12th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only. Answer briefly and to the point. Give formulae and equations where possible.) 1. Outline the history of the discovery of the inert gases and show 2. Give an account of the interhalogen compounds and the oxy-how our knowledge of them has advanced the theory of chemistry.compounds of the halogens, with special reference to the peculiarities of . iodine and the relative stability of the several types of oxy-acids. 3. What are the chief characteristics of the rare earths and how are they explained ? Describe the industrial treatment of monazite to extract thorium and the commoner “rare earths.” 4. Give an account of the sources, methods of extraction and chief 5. Discuss the chief advances in chemistry associated with the named uses of (a) antimony, and (b) nickel. 315 of Graham, Davy, Stas and Moissan. 6. Describe the preparation, properties and uses of FIVE of the following substances :-chloroplatinic acid, chromyl chloride, anhydrous stannic chloride, nitrosyl sulphuric acid, boron nitride, ammonium thio; cyanate, magnesium silicide, phosphonium iodide.7. Given a mixture of equal volumes of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and chlorine contained in a glass globe with inlet and outlet tubes closed by stopcocks, describe with precise experimental details how you would obtain the whole of each constituent in a pure state. 2 to 5 p.m. Attempt FIVE questions only. Anwer briefly and to the point, Give formulae and equations where possible. 1, Discuss the chief advances in chemistry which have arisen from the study of gaseous densities. 2. What is meant by “partition,” and how are “partition coeffih cients” determined ? Give TRREE examples of the application of partitionmeasurements to the solution of chemical problems.3. Outline the theory of the balance, showing the conditions necessary for rapidity and precision in weighing, and describe precisely the calibration of a set of weights and a set of volumetric apparatus. 4, Write a short essay on ONE of t,he following subjects:- (a) Radioactivity. (b) Selenium and tellurium. (c) The constitution of the silicates. (d) Any chemical investigation in which you have taken part, 5. Describe and explain the various phenomena of allotropy, with special reference to the allotropy of carbon and phosphorus. 6. Detail and explain the methods by which you would ascertaih experimentally whether a given homogeneous substance were a compound or a solution.7. Give an account of some applications of electrical measurements in analytical chemistry. TUESDAY, 13th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Attempt FIVE questions only,) 1. An acidic benzene derivative has the empirical formula C,H,O,. What experiments would you suggest should be made in order to provide further evidence in regard to the molecular structure of the acid? 2. Compare and contrast the properties of ethylene with those of acetylene and mention the general methods for the preparation of sub- stances containing double and triple unsaturated bonds. Illustrate your answer by reference to cinnamic acid and an acetylenic acid. 3. Describe with careful detail the preparation of phenylhydrazine ~from aniline, and also the preparation of PU formic acid.4. Write an essay on EITHER (a)the ionisation theory of tautomeric change, OR (b) the present position of the theory of intra-molecular re-arrangements, OR (c) the evidence for the existence of the co-ordinate link. 5. Give an account of the derivatives of cellulose of industrial importance. 316 6. Describe the synthesis of glycerol from its elements and also give the synthesis of any ONE of the following: nicotine, camphor, dipen- tene, atropine, gentiobiose, luteolin, chelidonic acid, pelargonidin chloride, uric acid, dihydrocinchotoxine (dihydrocinchonicine). 7. Give the constitutional formulae for FIVE of the following sub- stances and write notes to correspond with the indications in parentheses and with these indications ONLY : p-hydroxybutyric acid (physiological importance), fructofuranose (occurrence in polysaccharides), alanine (systematic name), mesotartaric acid (configuration), phloroglucinol (natural product containing the nucleus), caffeine (occurrence in nature), R-acid OR H-acid (formula of dyestuff derived from case selected),a-methylindole (method of synthesis).8. Give an account of the chemistry of ethyl cyanoacetate. 2 to 3.30 p.m. Tramlation from French and German technical Literature. WEDNESDAY, 14th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Examine the specimen of ethylene glycol (A) provided, and report upon its degree of purity. (A = Ethylene glycol, 90 per cent.; water 10 per cent.) Prepare two crystalline derivatives of the substance and leave the specimens for inspection. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY, 15th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m.to 4.30 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify the unknown organic substance in the bottle labelled (B). (One of the Nitroacetotoluidides.) PRIDAY, 16th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. The solution (C) contains the four acids HCl, HClO,, H,SO,,H,PO,. Estimate each, returning the result aa grams of the anhydrous acid per litre of (C). The estimation should be as direct as possible, and may be either volumetric or gravimetric or both. (This exercise my be completed to-morrow.) 2. Analyse qualitatively the Mixture (D),which contains six radicals.(Mercuric bromide, aluminium phosphate, and sodium chloride ; or lead nitrate, ferric phosphate, and potassium bromide.) SATURDAY, 17th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m, 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise 1. 2. Identify the pure substances (E) and (F). (E = Cadmium molyb- date; F = potassium cobalticyanide.) Examinations for the Fellowship. Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to I p.m. (SIX questions to be attempted.) 1. Write an essay on ONE of the following subjects:- (a) The influence of light on chemical change. (b) Combustion. (c) Catalytic action. 2. Describe, with an explanation of the theoretical principles in- 317 volved, the process of obtaining oxygen on the industrial scale by liquefying atmospheric air.3. How would you prepare an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide ? How can the percentage of hydrogen peroxide in such a solution be de- termined ? On what evidence is the formula H,Oz for hydrogen peroxide based 4 4. What do you understand by the terms polymorphism, allotropy, and isomerism ? Describe the properties of two principal allotropic modifications of phosphorus and of sulphur; explain in each case how the modifications can be changed, one into the other, and compare the condi- tions of transformation in the two elements. 5. Write an account of the phase rule and indicate clearly some useful applications of this generalisation.6. Discuss some methods which have been employed for the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen and give a description of any ONE of the more successful processes. 7. Describe the processes employed in the quantitative analysis of (a) chalcopyrite, (b) dolomite and (c) zinc blende. 8. Compare the general chemical character of copper, silver and gold, and explain why these three elements are placed in the same group in the periodic classification. Give a brief account of the extraction of EITHER silver from argenti- ferous galena OR gold by the cyanide process, explaining the general chemical and physical principles involved. 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than FIVE qwtions to be attempted. The an.swer8 mwt inclwle (1) or (2) or both of the qwtim.) 1.Describe some recent investigations on the constitution and physical properties of hydrogen. 2. Give an account of the discovery of rhenium, and describe some of its compounds. Discuss its position in the periodic table in relation to its neighbouring elements. 3. State in detail what you understand by the “co-ordination number” of an element, illustrating your answer by typical examples of different co-ordination numbers. In what manner has X-ray analysis contributed to the elucidation of the spatial arrangement of compounds of co-ordination number SIX ? 4. Describe the formation, reactions and constitution of hydrazoic acid and its salts. What is the nature of the reaction between hydrazoic acid and carbon disulphide ? 5. Write an essay on EITHER (a) the complex silicates, with special reference to the structure of the zeolites, natural and artificial, OR (b) the oxyacids of selenium and tellurium.6. What methods have been used for the preparation of pure anhy- drous halides of tervalent elements ? Give some account of the solubility of these halides in various organic solvents, and of their behaviour with amines. 7. Describe briefly methods for the preparation of the polythionio acids from di-to hexathionic acid. State what you know of the constitu- tion of these acids. 318 TUESDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. 1. Identify the Mixture (A); the results to be handed in by MID-DAY. Determine the composition of the mixture. (Lead borate; lead dioxide; lead sulphate.) (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY, 21at SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. 1. Complete the analysis of (A). 2. Identify the constituents of (B). (Lanthanum oxide and lan- thanum sulphate.) 3. Report on (C). (Cobalt chromate and nickel chromate.) THURSDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the Coy Ni and chromate in (C), returning the resulb as percentages OF cloy Ni and CrO,. (This exercbe may be completed to-morrvw, but two of the determ~ndions must be given in to-day.) FRIDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday’s exercise. 2. Identify the metal (D) and determine its purity quantitatively. (Metallic thallium.) Prepare two crystalline salts from the metal.Branch A. Inorganic Chemistry, with special reference to the Metallurgy and Metallography of Iron, Steel and Alloy Steels. MONDAY, 26hh SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (SIXqzcestiona to be attempted.) As for previous examination (see p. 316.) 2 to 5 p.m. (Srx qzcestions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe, with the aid of sketches, a modern blast furnace with a capacity of 500 tons of pig iron per day. Your answer should include full particulars of the arrangements for charging the ore, flux and coke. 2. Make a sketch of a 70-ton fixed acid open-hearth furnace and indicate the chief dimensions. Describe briefly the working of a chargeand give details of the materials used and the reactions involved.3. What is an alby steel ? Enumerate the chief elements employed in the manufacture of alloy steels, and describe the effects of these elements in the more important alloy steels. 4. Give a brief description of two methods suitable for the determina- tion of phosphorus in steel. In what way would you vary the methods in the presence of interfering elements ? 5. How would you carry out the determination of tungsten and 6. Give an account of the present state of knowledge as regards7. Describe the effect of the following treatments on the micro- vanadium in an alloy steel ? the causes of the hardness produced by suitably quenching carbon steels. structure of a carbon steel containing 0.5 per cent. of carbon (diameter 319 of speoimen, 4 of an inch).In each case the specimen is soaked for 30 minutes before cooling in the manner specified:- (a) Cooled very slowly from 1,200"C. (b) Air-cooled from 820" C. (c) Oil-quenched from 820" C. (d) Water-quenched from 820' C. (e) Water-quenched from 820" C. and tempered at 650" C. Arrange the above heat-treatments in order of merit, as measured by the Ieod Impact test. 8. Describe a method for taking the cooling curve of a special steel from 1,000"C., where it is required to investigate thermal changes occurring in the solid state. Illustrate by a sketch the working of the apparatus. TUESDAY, 27th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the percentages of the chief constituents in the sample of alloy steel.(This exercise may be completed tomorrow.) WEDNESDAY, 28th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday's exercise. 2. Make an analysis of the sample of basic slag. (This exercise may be completed to-marrow.) THURSDAY, 29th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Complete yesterday's exercise. 2. Determine the percentages of the coastituents of the whitemetal. (This exercise mag be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY, 30th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5; p.m. 1. Complete yesterday's exercise. 2. Identify the four specimens (ferrous and non-ferrous alloys). 3. Find accurately, by metallographic methods, the composition and heat-treatment of two specimens of steel. Sketches of the micro-structures are required with your report.Branch C. Organic Chemistry, with special reference to Oils,Fats, etc. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FIVEquestions are to be attempted.) 1. Indicate the relationship between stearic, oleic and ricinoleic acids, and describe how the structures of these substances have been determined. 2. What products may be obtained by the action of the following acids upon glycerol: (a) sulphuric, (b) hydrochloric, (c) nitric, (d) phos-phoric, and (e) oxalic. Indicate the conditions in each case. 3. Describe typical methods employed for the synthesis of the a-aminoacids resulting from the cleavage of proteins. 4. How would you convert an aldose (CH,O)n (a)into a ketose of the same empirical formula, and (b) into an aldose of the formula (CHPO) n+l 9 Point out the stereo-chemical consequences in each CW~.320 5. Write out all the possible stmctural formulae for a derivative of benzene having the molecular formula C,H,OCl, and state how you would try to discover the mode of combination of the oxygen atom and of the chlorine atom. 6. For what purposes are the following reagents employed in organic preparative work ? (a) hydriodic acid ; (b) phosphorus pentachloride; (c) nitrous acid; (d) hydroxylumine. Give full experimental details in each case. 7. Describe the synthesis (from carbon) of any one alkaloid OR terpene. 2 to 5 p.m. (FIVEquestions only to be answered.) 1. Describe, with all essential practical details, two methods for the determination of the iodine value of a fat.Indicate the considerations which would guide your selection of the best method to employ in different cases. 2. Describe the modern developments in the cultivation of the oil palm, the associated improvements in the met,hods of extraction of the fats from the fruit, and the bearing of such methods on the market quality of the crude fats. 3. What are the present views as to the chemical nature of vitamin A and vitamin D ? 4. “The chief components of fats and oils are tristearin and tripal- mitin, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, and a liquid glyceride, triolein, which is formed by the interaction of glycerol and oleic acid. When a fat contains a relatively large proportion of tristearin and tripal- mitin it is solid and comparatively hard (tallow) at ordinary temperatures; when, however, it contains a relatively large proportion of triolein, it is soft and pasty (lard), or liquid (olive oil).” Discuss this statement fully, showing whether and how you think it might be modified or amplified at the present time.5. What do you understand by “selective hydrogenation” and by “iso-oleic acids of hydrogenation”? How do these factors influence the uses of hydrogenated fats ? 6. Give an account of the manufacture of soaps by the “cold pro-7. With what developments in the chemistry of the fats do you 8. Discuss the catalytic action of enzymes EITHER {a)as applied in cess.” connect the following names : Chevreul, Twitchell, Bolton, McBain ? technical hydrolysis of fats, OR (b)in its bearing on rancidity.TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 20th to 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Determine the ordinary chemical characteristics of the fatty oil (A), and proceed to identify it. Prepare, in as pure a condition as possible, specimens of two of the component fatty acids of the oil. Prepare, by aqueous saponification with caustic soda, a sample of neutral soap from the oil; and concurrently isolate a specimen of glycerine from it. (Cottonseed oil.) 2. Report upon the genuineness of the sample of raw linseed oil (B) and ascertain the nature and approximate amount of any adulterant present. (80 per cent. raw linseed + 20 per cent.cod liver oil.) 321 3. Report upon the nature and possible use or uses of the material (C). (Hydrogenated sperm oil.) 4. If time permits, make an analysis of the detergent solution (D).(“Clensel.”) Branch D. Biochemistry, with special reference to Proteins,Vitamins and Hormones. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 pm. (Not more than FOUR questions should be attempted.) 1. What important changes have taken place during the past few years in theories concerning the chemical reactions associated with muscu- lar activity ? 2. Give an account of the phosphatases and discuss their biological significance. 3. Write a general account of the nitrogen metabolism of green plants. 4. Review and discuss the evidence for dehydrogenation as an im-portant step in biological oxidations.5. Discuss the part played by compounds containing three carbon atoms in the metabolism of carbohydrates. 6. What opinions are held regarding the penetration of narcotics into the cell? How are these views related to theories of intracellular oxidations? 2 to 5 p.m. (Not more than FOUR questions should be attempted.) 1. Give an account of recent work on the nature and functions of the ovarian hormones. 2. Discuss the chemical and biological relationships between carotene and vitamin A. 3. What is the present position of knowledge regarding the occur- rence of sulphur in proteins and its significance ? 4. Give a critical account of the evidence in favour of the view that insulin accelerates the conversion of glucose to glycogen.5. Define and explain fully the term “biological value” as applied 6. What is understood by a “protective” synthesis in the animal to the proteins. organism? Illustrate your answer as fully as you can. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 20th lo 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Prepare a specimen of glutamic acid from the sample of gluten 2. Determine the concentration of reducing sugar in the specimens flour (A). of Blood (B.1-6), which were taken during the course of a physiologicalexperiment. Immediately after withdrawing sample (B.1.) from the animal a dose of 25 gm. of glucose was given by the mouth. Sample(B.2.) was taken 30 minutes after administering the sugar and the other samples after the following times, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, 120 minutes and 180 minutes.Suggest an interpretation of your results. 322 3. Report fully on the nature of the sample of fat (C),including an examination of the constituents of the unsaponifiable fraction. 4. Identify the three substances of physiological interest (D), (E)and (F). (Ergosterol; caseinogen; inositol.) Branah E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs, and of Water. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. State briefly the provisions of the Dried Milk Regulations so far 88 they concern the composition and labelling of the product. 2. Describe with the aid of rough sketches, the structures defined by the following terms :-Laticiferous vessel ; glandular hair; medullary ray; bast fibre; stone cell; aleurone grain; callus plate.From what material and by what procedure would you preparetemporary microscopical mounts of typical specimens of each structure ? 3. Explain precisely what is meant by the term pH value and describe one method of determining the pH value of a solution. (Answerin a separate notebook.) 4. Enumerate those preparations of the British Pharmacopoeia of 1914 which contain cocaine. Give their composition and dose. What are the restrictions regarding the sale of cocaine ? 5. Discuss the chemical nature of the saponins. What are the chief uses of these substances? What toxic effects may these substances produce when administered by the mouth or intravenously? 6.What do you understand by the following:- Expectorant Anthelmintic Diuretic HaemolyticAstringent Demulcent Antipyretic ? 2 to 5 p.m. 1. Write out a scheme which you consider adequate for the routine examination of samples of water for drinking purpose8, indicating briefly the signifhance of each determination you include in your scheme. 2. Discuss briefly ONE of the following:- (a) The desirability of standards for foods; (b) The desirability of standardised analytical methods. 3. What are the provisions of the Preservatives Regulations with regard to the following foods : sausage meat; dried apricots; non-alcoholic wines; beer; and grape juice. What are the provisions of the same Regulations regarding the presence in foods of the following: gamboge; lactic acid; glycerine; potassium nitrate; sugar.4. Describe in detail how you would examine bacteriologically a sample of Grade A. Milk. 5. Describe how you would estimate TWO of the following:- (a) Citric acid (or citrates) in dried milk; (b) Formaldehyde in a sample of milk; (c) Salicylic acid in a sample of lemonade; (d) Sucrose in a sample of honey. 6. Give a short account of the pentosans and describe one method 323 for their determination. TUESDAY, 20th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the sample of Cream (A) submitted under the Food and Drugs (Adulteration) Act, 1928. Report on the certificate provided.(A1 = cream with borio acid; A2 = synthetic cream (foreign fat+ boric acid.) WEDNESDAY, 2lst SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 6 pm. 1. Analyse the medicine (B) and ascertain if it has been correctly dispensed according to the following prescriptions :-Hydrarg Iodid. Rub. .. .. grs. 36 Potass. Iodid. .. .. .. 9, 36 Aq. ad. .. .. .. .. 3viii Fiat. lotio. To be used as directed. (Deficiency in KI.) 2. Identify the colouring agent in the sample of Custard Powder (C).(Maize Starch coloured with turmeric.) THURSDAY, 22nd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Make as complete an examination as possible of the sample of sausage (D) and from your results write a brief report as to its probable composition. (Sausage meat, rusks and SO,.) 2.Examine microscopically the vegetable powder (E) and from the structures you observe form an opinion as to what alkaloid may be present. Verify its presence by chemical tests. (Stramonium leaf.) .FRIDAY, 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. The sample of Milk (F)gives the following results on analysis:- Total Solids 12.22 per cent.; Milk fat 4.47 per cent.; Solids-not-fat 7-76 per cent. Make as complete an examination of the milk as you are able in order to determine whether these figures indicate the presence of added water. 2. The powder (G) has been recommended as an acidic constituent of baking powder. Identify it. (Adipic acid.) SATURDAY, 24th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Assume that the specimen A is a sample of the contents of the stomach from a person who was found dead, and who is believed to have died from the effects of poisoning. Examine the material for the presence of poison, discuss the nature of the poison taken, and indicate what would be in your opinion a fatal dose. (To save time a search for inorganic poison may be omitted.) (An artificial mixture containing essentially aspirin about 1 part and salicylic acid 6 parts.) 2.Specimen B is a sample of blood. Prepare a permanent pre- paration to show the essential microscopic structure of blood, and make drawings in your notebook. Prepare also a microscope slide showing haemin crystals, and a test tube containing a solution of haemochomogen.Leave all three preparations on your bench labelled.3. Determine the nature of the reducing substance in the sample of urine. (Lactose.) 324 Branch F. Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Answer FIVE questions only.) 1. Describe and discuss some of the principal schemes of soil classifi- cation. 2. Write a description of the official method for the mechanical analysis of soils, giving in detail the reason for each stage of the procedure. What difficulties arise in the cases of organic and chlk soils, and what value do you consider the results to be in these cases? 3. What is meant by the availability of the phosphate and potash compounds of the soil ? Describe at least one chemical and one biological method for the determination of the availability of these substances and discuss the merits and demerits of the methods.4. In addition to supplying plant food, many fertilisers are known to cause important secondary effects in the soil. Quote instances of these and state the explanation which has been given in each case. 5. Discuss the formation of chemical pans in the soil and compare the composition of the pan material with that of the surface layers of the soil. 6. Write an account of the difierences shm by various crops in their demands on (a)the phosphate and (b)the potash, of the soil. 7. Describe the process of partial soil sterilisation and give an ex- planation of the benefits derived from it. 8. Describe the preparation, properties and use in agriculture and horticulture of lead arsenate, paraffi emulsions, tar oil washes and nicotine washes.2 to 5 p.m. (Awer FIVE questions only.) 1. Discuss the accuracy and value of the conventional methods of feeding-stuff analysis. 2. Discuss the principal chemical changes which occur in the diges- 3. Describe in some detail the chemical changes which occur in the 4. How can the net energy value of a feeding-stuff be determined, and 6. What is understood by the maintenance ration of an animal? tion of a feeding-stuff by a ruminant. germination of a seed and the ripening of a fruit. how is this related to the starch equivalent of the same material? How do the maintenence requirements of an animal vary, qualitatively and quantitatively, with (a) the age of the animal, (b)the weight of the animal, and (c) tho external temperature ? 6.A sample of c-heese is submitted to you for analysis. Describe in detail how you would carry out the process. 7. Describe the origin, composition and use of the following feeding- stuffs: fish meal, maize gluten feed, molasses, sugar beet pulp, separated milk, silage and bran. 8. Write a short essay on the colouririg matters of plants. 325 T UESDAY and WEDNESDAY, 20th and 21at SEPTEMBER ; 10 a.m. to 5 pm. each day. 1. Examine, and write a report on, substance A, which was sold as burnt lime. (Lime partially hydiated and carbonated.) (The results of lhis exercise must be handed in on Tuesday.) 2. Make a complete analysis of substance B and write a report on it.(Fish meal suitable for a fertiliser, but unfit for feeding.) (This anaiysis must be handed in on Wednesday.) THURSDAY and FRIDAY, 22nd and 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Estimate the sucrose and reducing sugar in the sample of sugarbeet provided. (This exercise mybe completed to-morrow.) 2. Substance C was sold as a potato manure. Estimate the import- ant constituents. (Mixture of ammonium sulphate, potassium sulphate and superphosphat e .) Branch G. Industrial Chemistry. Taken by all Candidates in this Branch. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 1pm. (FOURquestions only to be answered.) 1. Show how the location of a works for the production of a chemical product may be determined by (a)the region in which one or other of the raw materials involved is available, (b) the region in which a particular accessory chemical (or reagent) is available, (c)considerationsof transportof either raw materials, accessory chemicals or finished products.Illus-trate your reply by reference to specific cases. 2. What are the chief fire risks involved in the industry with which you are most familiar, and what precautions can be taken to guard against them P 3. Describe briefly the theoretical principles concerned in, and the operation of suitable plant for, a selected example of a process which involves EITHER (a) distillation in a current of steam under reduced pressure, OR (b)separation of a mixture of liquids by fractional distillation.4. Describe the construction of heat interchangers and cite examples of chemical processes in which their employment contributes to the efficiency of the operations concerned. 5. Show how the composition of samples of flue gases, drawn at different points, is indicative of the efficient working of a steam-raising plant. Give a brief account of the methods used in the analysis of a flue gas and state the limiting percentages of the main components which should be present when the boiler is correctly fired. 6. Without direct weighing, what means are available for ascertainingthe weight of (a)a stock of solid material in granules of varying sizes, and (b) a liquid with solid matter in suspension stored in cylindrical tanks? Describe how you would obtain for analysis an average sample from each of these two classes of material. 326 Branch G.Industrial Chemistry, with special reference to Oils, Fats, etc. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 2 to 5 p.mb TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 20th to 23rd SEPTEMBER: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each dag. As for candidates in Branch C (p. 320). Branch G. Induetrial Chemistry, with special reference to Coal Tar Technology. MONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 2 to 5 p,m. (SIXquestion8only should be attempted, but these mu& include No. 1 or No. 2.) 1. Make a diagrammatic lay-out of what you consider to be the most suitable distillation plant for treating 600 tons of crude tar per 24 hours. Give reasons why you favour your particular arrangement.2. Describe the principles of fractional distillation, explaining how these are applied in the design of distillation plant. Explain the action of steam in the process. 3. What is understood by catalytic hydrogenation of coal tar? How would you expect low temperature tar, vertical retort tar, and horizontal retort tar, to behave? 4. Describe, with sketches of the plant, how naphthalene and anthracene are prepared in a pure form from coal tar. Give two examples of the chemical uses of one of these, giving in each case the formulae and equations involved. 5. Describe the sequence of changes occasioned in coal tar by varia- tion of the temperature of carbonisation of the coal. 6. Give details of a method for the analysis of coal tar.Explain what is the practical value of the data obtained by yourmethod. 7. What sulphur compounds are present in coal tar, and what is their relative importance to the tar distiller? Describe how two of these are isolated, and give their important uses in industry. 8. What influence has the origin of the coal tar upon the type of creosote produced from it? Describe one technical use of creosote, giving the standard specification, and reasons for its main provisions. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 20th to 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the sample of tar and deduce the type of carbonisation 2. Examine the sample of road tar and report on its suitability for 3. Determine the amounts of phenol, m-cresol and naphthalene in process by which it was prepared, and the type of coal used.roads. How would you suggest improving it ? the sample of creosote. 4. Identify the components of the mixture (A), all of which Occur in appreciable quantities in coal tar. 327 Branoh G. Industrial Chemistry, with speoial referenoe to Petroleum. NONDAY, 19th SEPTEMBER, 1932: 2 to 6 p.m. (SIXque&bna only to be &wted.) 1. What methods have been used in recent years, excluding the use of “dopes,” for enhancing the anti-knock value of motor fuels? Men-tion any disadvantages which may attend such methods. 2. Give an account of the classes of sulphur compounds liable to exist in an unrefined benzine and describe briefly three methods in general use for refhing such a material.3. Write a short essay (about 600 words) on the different types of crude oils which are found in Europe and Asia. 4. If you were supplied with two samples of oil, one from a surface seepage and one from a deep well, describe how you would attempt to ascertain if they were of the same or of different origins. 6. How are the following substances prepared and for what purposes are they used:- (a) Lead tetra-ethyl. (b) 2.2‘.4 trimethylpentane.(c) Vaseline. (d) Activated clay. 6. What tests would you apply to a sample of (a)unused lubricating oil and (b) used lubricating oil, to ascertain if it were suitable for uae in a motor car engine? 7. Give a short description of a modern type of plant for (a) Topping a crude oil for benzine, kerosine and residue fuel; (b) Stabilising a wild gasoline; (c) Producing a white paraffm wax from crude soale.8. Explain the terms:- (a) H.U.C.R.; (b) Octane number; (c) Delay Angle; (d) Potential Gum; and describe how any ONE of these may be determined quantitatively. TUESDAY to FRIDAY, 20th to 23rd SEPTEMBER, 1932: 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine the petrol (A) and report as to its suitability m a motor 2. Analyse the crude petroleum (B) to ascertain the amount of fuel. (Cracked petrol with abnormally high gum-content.) No. 1 Grade benzine it will yield. Prepare a specimen of refined No. 1 Grade benzine from this crude and report the distillation test and aromatic content.3. Examine the lubricating oil (C), reporting its Conradson test and the percentage, nature and purpose of the added component. (Lubricatingoil containing 10 per cent. of light kerosene.) 4. The material (D) has been sold as anti-knock dope for petrol. Report on its composition and probable efficienoy. (Mixture of ether, butanol and aniline.) 328 Notes. Harrison Memorial Prize.-The Selection Committee for the Harrison Memorial Prize (the Presidents of the Chemical Society, the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry and the Pharmaceutical Society) will proceed to make an award in December next. The Prize, of the value of about Er~o,may be awarded to the chemist of either sex, being a natural born British subject and not at the time over thirty years of age, who, in the opinion of the Selection Committee, has conducted, during the previous five years, the most meritorious and promising original investigations in any branch of pure or applied chemistry and published the results of those investigations in a scientific periodical or periodicals. Applications, five copies of which must be submitted, should contain the following information: (a) Name (in full), (b) Age (birth certificate to accompany application), (c) Degrees (name of University where obtained), (d) Other qualifications, (e) Experi-ence, (f)Titles of published papers, with authors’ names, including full references to publication, (g) Where research was carried out, (h)Testimonials or references, (i)Any other information bearing on the application.Applications, nominations or information as to the candidates eligible for the Prize, should be addressed to the President, The Chemical Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London, W.I, not later than Thursday, the 1st December, 1932. Industrial Psychology.-In view of the consideration which has been given by the Council to the subject of Industrial Administration, Mr. Harry Ward, Fellow, has directed attention to the work of the National Institute of Industrial Psychology, of which Viscount D’Abernon is President, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, P.R.S., Lord Rutherford, and Sir Charles Sherrington are among the Vice-presidents, and many men and women well-known in medicine and science are Members of the Council, 329 The study of psychology, the science of the mind, finds increasing application in medicine, education, and in industry and commerce. The National Institute, established in 1921, seeks to eliminate unnecessary expenditure of human energy throughout industry, by employing experienced investigators to study working conditions and methods in factories, mills, mines, stores, and offices.Changes have been introduced which have resulted in increased output, reduction of costs, improved conditions of work, and, in many cases, increased earnings. The National Institute has already conducted these investigations on behalf of a great variety of industrial concerns, and deals with such subjects as lighting, ventilation, organisation and lay-out, arrangement of material, posture of the worker, methods of work, as well as means for eliminating anxiety, friction, monotony, unsatisfactory morale, and lack of incentive.The National Institute, moreover, has devised means of studying and determining individual difference in the general and special abilities of candidates for applications in various occupations, in which it has received the co-operation of several Government departments. Its financial support has been re-ceived up to the present largely from the Carnegie United Kingdom Trust and from the Rockefeller Trust. The Human Factor, the Journal of the National Institute, is published to members, who are allowed other privileges by way of assistance from the Institute on the lines above suggested.School of Librarianship, University College, London-The regulations for the diploma in librarianship have been modified by the Senate of the University of London, and a course of training is now being provided for the benefit of Special Librarians, and other workers in Research Departments and Information Bureaux who are graduates in other faculties than that of Arts. The course for the present session, which began on the 5th October, and is specially intended for librarians and assistants who are engaged in the Research Departments of large industrial corporations, Government works, University and State libraries, covers English composition, languages, bibliography, cataloguing, and indexing, literary history and book-selection, classification, history of science, pakography and archives, library economy, and special library services.The fee for the full course is thirty guineas (for a part-time 330 student taking two sessions, eighteen guineas each session; or taking three sessions, fourteen guineas each session). The British Association for the Advancement of Science has elected Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, P.R.S., as President for the ensuing year. Dr. G. C. Clayton, C.B.E., M.P., has been elected Chairman of the Liverpool Gas Company. Mr. David Lever, Associate, has been appointed lecturer in sugar manufacture, at the Royal Technical College, Glasgow, on the resignation from that position of Mr.T. H. P. Heriot, Fellow. Mr. Harold Lowe, Fellow, has been appointed Official Agri- cultural Analyst for the County of Denbighshire in succession to his father, the late Mr. W. Foulkes Lowe, Fellow. Dr. Harold Moore, C.B.E., Fellow, has been appointed Director of the British Non-Ferrous Metals Research Association, in succession to Dr. R. S. Hutton, who has been elected Goldsmiths Professor of Metallurgy in the University of Cambridge. Professor Percy Philip Phillips, Fellow, has retired from the Principalship of the Thomason Civil Engineering College, Roorkee, United Provinces, India. Sir C. V. Raman, F.R.S., has been appointed by the Council of the Indian Institute of Science to succeed Dr.M. 0. Forster, F.R.S., Fellow, as Director of the Institute, from April, 1933, Dr. Alan West Stewart, Associate, has been appointed Public Analyst for the Metropolitan Borough of Paddington, in suc-cession to the late Sir William R. Smith. Dr. James Thompson, Fellow, has been appointed Public Analyst for the county of Berkshire, in succession to the late Sir William R. Smith. Dr. J. Augustus Voelcker, C.I.E., Fellow, has been appointed Official Agricultural Analyst for the County Borough of Oxford, in succession to the late Sir William R. Smith. 331 Books and their Contents. Since the publication of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS, Part IV, 1932, the following books have been presented by the authors or publishers.Copies may be seen in the Library of the Institute. “Anatomy of Modern Science, The.’’ An Introduction to the Scientific Philosophy of To-day, Bernhard Bavink. Trans-lated from the 4th German Edition by H. Stafford Hatfield. Pp. xiii + 683. (London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd.) 21s. net. Part I. Force and Matter; Part 11.Cosmos and Earth; Part 111. Matter and Life; Part IV. Nature and Man. “Vitamins, Recent Researches on the Nature and Function of .” J. C. Drummond. Cantor Lectures delivered before the Royal Society of Arts. Pp. 32. (London: Royal Society of Arts.) 2s. net. “Atomic Reactions.” Michael Polanyi. Pp. 63. (London: Williams & Norgate, Ltd.). 6s. net. Section I. Recent Developments in the Theory of Chemical Reactions ; Section 11.On Atomic Reactions without appreciable inertia; Section 111.On Atomic Reactions possessing Energy of Activation. “B.D.H. Guide to the B.P. 1932, The.” Pp. xiv + 122. (Lon-don: British Drug Houses, Ltd.) 2s. 6d. Introduction: purpose of the Guide : scope of the British Pharmacopceia, 1932 : deleted articles : added preparations : alterations in strength and nomenclature : crude vegetable drugs : chemical tests for purity : bio-logical tests and assays :alcohol :sterile solutions : storage and labelling : doses : weights and measures. Notes upon official monographs. Laboratory Methods of Organic Chemistry.” L. Gattermann, completely revised by Heinrich Wieland, and translated from the Twenty-Second German Edition by W.McCartney. Pp. 416. (London: Macmillan & Co. Limited.) 17s. Presented by the Translator. Some general laboratory rules ; organic analytical methods and technique; replacement of hydroxyl and hydrogen by halogen;alcohols and olefines; carboxylic acids and their simple derivatives; nitro-compounds and their reduction products ; sulphonic acids ; alde-hydes; phenols and enols ; keto-enol tautomerism; diazo-compounds ; quinonoid compounds ; Grignard and Friedel-Craft’s syntheses; organic radicles;heterocyclic compounds ;hydrogenation and reduction; natural products. Hints for using the literature. Index. 332 “Molecules, The Structure of.” Edited by P. Debye. Trans-lated by Winifred M. Deans. Pp. 190. (Glasgow: Blackie & Son, Ltd.) 15s.Preface : Problems of free rotation about single and double carbon bonds : Experimontal results obtained from band spectroscopy of polyatomic molecules: Raman effect and the structure of molecules and crystals : Raman effect and molecula,r structure : band spectra and dissociation : experimental basis of the theory of predissociation of molecules: on predissociation : valency and the electronic structure of molecules : author index : subject index. Society of Public Analysts.-Dr. Bernard Dyer and Dr. C. Ainsworth Mitchell have produced an interesting volume, to which Dr. Dyer has contributed his reminiscences of the “First Fifty Years of the Society of Public Analysts, (1875-1925)”,and Dr. Mitchell, a review of the scientific activities of the Society during the same period.In the preface Dr. Dyer relates how, having completed fifty years membership of the Society in 1925,and having (to that year) attended every Annual Gcneral Meeting since the foundation, a dinner was held to celebrate his jubilee in the Society, on which occasion he had yielded to the suggestion of Mr. George Rudd Thompson, then President, to write some account of the history of the Society. The foundation of the Society had been decided upon, in August 1874,at a meeting of public analysts, appointed under the Adulteration Acts of 1860 and 1872,to consider the report of a Parliamentary Committee on the unsatisfactory working of the Acts. Within a few months the Council of the new Society formulated and published definitions and standards for foods and drugs, which were adopted by the members and issued to the authorities concerned.The First General Meeting was held in February, 1875,when Dr. Dyer, then assistant to Dr. Augustus Voelcker, was elected an Associate. At this meeting, papers were read by Professor J. A. Wanklyn, Professor Theophilus Redwood, Dr.-later Sir-Thomas Stevenson, and Dr. Auguste Duprb, thus initiating the long and valuable series of contributions to the literature of food chemistry, which has been maintained to the present time. It is difficult for a chemist of the present day to realise the position of the profession in 1875, and the difficulties with 333 which practitioners had to contend, while methods were so little determined and the literature of the subject was so limited, Dr. Dyer proceeds with the history of the Society under successive Presidents, reviewing in turn the work of many members whose names are now famous in connection with the history and development of analytical chemistry, He relates the early vicissitudes of the Society, its differences with ‘‘ Somerset House,” and the part it has taken in the gradual evolution of improved legislation, in which work the Institute has frequently co-operated.Dr. Ainsworth Mitchell, Editor of The Analyst, the journal of the Society, provides a valuable record of its activities in promoting the advance of analytical chemistry, and in devising new methods and apparatus, largely for the detection of adult-eration of food and drugs, but, particularly in recent years, extended to include a wider range of analytical chemistry.(Published for the Society by W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd., Cambridge. Printed on Croxley Antique Laid Paper, bound in green buckram. Pp. vii + 278. 12s. 6d. net. 13s. post free.) Education and Supply of Biologists.-The Economic Advisory Council has published the Report of the Committee appointed to consider the obstacles which stand in the way of the education and supply of Biologists for work in this country and overseas, and to submit recommendations for the removal of such obstacles. The Prime Minister, in a Poreword, states that while it is true that, recruitment for the classes of appointment in the Colonial Service which require an initial training in the biological sciences has so far not been affected so severely as recruitment for other classes, as the result of the existing financial stringency, yet certain schemes of development which previously had been sanctioned have been temporarily suspended, and little expansion of the Colonial scientific service can be looked for in the existing financial conditions.The Report deals with the main divisions of biology :-The dimensions of the problem and the need for certainty; the teaching of biology, in the schools and the problem of the supply of teachers; the teaching of biology in the universities ; post-graduate training in biology; methods of obtaining an adequate supply of the various classes of biologist ; recommendations ; summary of conclusions and recommendations.Appendices deal with I, Evidence received; 11, Statistical Notes ; and 111, Facilities for the teaching of biology at the universities. The Prime Minister’s statement suggests that students who contemplate taking courses of training, with a view to obtaining appointments in any rather narrowly specialised service, should 334 bear in mind that a broad scientific training is in all cases advisable, in order that, in the event of appointments in any particular service being restricted, other opportunities of a successful career may be available. Analytical Reagents.-The second edition of The B.D.H. Book of A. R. Standards, published recently, contains specifica- tions for over zoo reagents.(Obtainable from the British Drug Houses, Ltd., Graham Street, London, N.I. 2s. 6d. net; 3s. by post.) British Standards Institution.-British Standard Speci- fication (No. 470-1932) for Manhole Openings for Chemical Plant-Fixed and Mobile, has been published by the British Standards Institution. (2s. net, post free 2s. ad.) This Specification is for the size and position of manhole openings, and is not applicable for pressures over 175 lb. per square inch. The requirements have been grouped under (I) Process Vessels, (2)Mobile Tanks, and (3) Storage Tanks,- except Tanks for liquified gases. “Sands, Clays and Minerals .”-The second number of this magazine was published in September, and includes articles on Osmiridium; Setting- Refractory Bricks in Marine Boiler Fur- naces; the Analysis of Clay; Ontario as a Metal Producer; Fuller’s Earth ; Rock Sections ; Mineral Resources ; Some little- known uses of Clay; Nimol, a new high Alloy Cast Iron; the Modern Roadstone Quarry; and a Coloured Supplement illus- trating trade marks of British Fire Bricks.(A. L. Curtis, Chatteris, Cambs.). Silicosis and Asbestosis.-The Home Office published in July a Memorandum on the Industrial Diseases of Silicosis and Asbestosis. (H.M. Stationery Office. 3d. net .) The Memorandum deals with the origin and development of silicosis;industries and processes in which silicosis occurs; means of prevention; (i) dust suppression; (ii) exhaust ventilation; (iii) other methods ; (iv) initial and periodic medical examinations ; provisionfor compensation ; medical arrangements for examination and certi- fication of cases; note on asbestosis. Appendices include bibliography ; list of compensation schemes and processes to which they apply; list of panels of silicosis and asbestosis medical board ;fees payable for examinations and certificates by medical board.335 Mr. C. L. Claremont, Fellow, has forwarded a copy of a brochure prepared by himself and Mr. Ian M. Burnet on Some Common Domestic Pests,-Their Life History and How to control them,” in which they deal with practical methods for the destruction of rats and mice, insects, etc. (Published by the Rodent and Insect Pest Destruction Co., Ltd., 69-71a, Sancroft Street, London, s.E.11.6d. net.) Mr. John Evans, Examiner in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs, has kindly presented the Institute with a copy of “Official and Tentative Methods of Analysis,” of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, published at Washington, D.C. , 1930. Plastics.-On the 12th October, at the Chemical Society, London, Dr. E. F. Amstrong, F.R.S., presided at a meeting held to inaugurate the Plastics Group of the Society of Chemical Industry, when Mr. H. V. Potter, Fellow, was elected Chairman of the Group, and delivered an address on organic plastic materials, particularly synthetic organic products. Royal Sanitary Institute.-The forty-fourth Congress of the Royal Sanitary Institute will be held from 17th-qth June, 1933, at Blackpool.336 Obituary. ALFREDCHASTON died at Hampstead on 17th October, in CHAPMAN his 64th year. He was educated at Leeds Grammar School and at Uni- versity College, London, where he studied chemistry under A. W. William-son and Charles Graham, and physics under Carey Foster. He was senior demonstrator in applied chemistry for a year before he established his practice as a consulting and analytical chemist in London, in 1888, in which he continued until his death. From that time onwards he con- tributed numerous papers to the Transactions of the Chemical Society, the Analyst, the Journal of the Institute of Brewing, and various technical journals dealing with subjects covering a wide range of pure and applied chemistry, his work being recognised by his election in 1920 as a Fellow of the Royal Society.In the same y:ar he delivered the Cantor Lectures before the Royal Society of Arts on Micro-organisms and Some of their Industrial Uses. ” He entered wholeheartedly into many branches of scientific and public work, and held many offices with distinction and dignity. He was a mem- ber of the Royal Institution, visitor in 1926, a manager since 1930, and a vice-president in 1931; a member of the Board of Studies in Chemistry of the University of London, of the Court of the University of Leeds, of the scientific panel of the Board of Trade under the Safeguarding of Industries Act, of the Advisory Committee on plant and animal products of the Imperial Institute, and of the Medico-Legal Society of London.He was Honorary Secretary of the Society of Public Analysts from 1899 to 1914, and President for the two years following. He was President of the Institute of Brewing from 1911 to 1913, and President of the Royal Microscopical Society from 1924 to 1926. In 1921 Mr. Chapman was appointed a member of the Royal Com- mission on Awards to Inventors, and from that year until 1926 was a, member of the Forest Products Research Board to the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and from 1931 a member of the Chemistry Research Board. In 1928 to 1930 he served on the Government Committee on Ethyl Petrol. He was an honorary member of the Soci6t6 de Zymologie Pure et Applique0 of Belgium, a Vice-president of the Juryat the International Exhibition at Brussels in 1910, and honorary Professor, &ole Superieur de Brasserie, Ghent.He was a British delegate to the conference in Paris in 1910 on uniform methods for expressing the results of the analysis of food products, and represented British societies at various international and other congresses. He passed the examination of the Institute in 1892, and was elected to the Fellowship in the following year. The valuable services which he rendered to the Institute, as a Member of Council, Examiner, President, and Censor, have already been mentioned in this Part; but reference should also be made to his work on Committees, -especially on the Public Appointments Committee, of which he was Chairman for several years, and on the Joint Committee of the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts, which was entrusted with the prepara- tion of the List of Reagents for Analytical Purposes in the early days of the war.He was on many occasions an official delegate of the Institute at public functions and conferences, as well as on deputations to Government Departments. In addition to his Presidential Addresses, he read befo:? the Institute, in 1927, the Jubilee Year of the Institute, a review on The Growth of the Profession of Chemistry during the Past Half-Century.’’ At Golders Green, on 20th October, the Institute was represented byMr. Edward Hinks, Vice-president, Mr.George Stubbs and Professor 337 Jocelyn F. Thorpe, Members of Council, the Registrar, and the Assistant Secret ary . A floral tribute was sent from the Institute to the honoured memory of a distinguished and greatly esteemed Past President. JOHNGRAY died at Colwyn Bay, North Wales, on the 25th September, in his 70th year. He was educated at Edinburgh Royal High School, and was subsequently the pupil and assistant of J. Falconer King, Fellow, and attended courses at the School of Medicine, and at the University of Edinburgh under Crum Brown. In 1884 he became engaged in the manufacture of mineral oils from shale, as technical chemist to Clippens Oil Co., Ltd., at first at their Pentland Works, and from 1886 at the Clippens Works, where he became general works manager. In 1898 he joined the chemistry department of Lever Bros., where, in the course of time, hg--became general works manager.In 1906 he was appointed a director and, in 1918, Vice-chairman of the Company, which by that time, in a great measure due to his endeavours, had become the largest industrial undertaking of the kind in the world. Throughout his association with the company he was intimately concerned, and co-operated with Lord Leverhulme, in all matters affecting the welfare of the workers and in the social life of Port Sunlight. In 1920 he relinquished his position with Lever Bros. and became Chairman of William Gossage & Sons, Widnes, and of John Knight, Ltd., of London, until 1924, when he retired owing to ill-health.He was President of the Society of Chemical Industry in 1919, and provided the Society with funds for the endowment of the John Gray Jubilee Scholarship. He was also actively interested in the formation of the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers in 1916. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1888. His son, Mr. George Gray, Managing Director of Messrs. Christopher Thomas & Bros., Ltd., Bristol, is also a Fellow. THOMAS GRAY died at Elie, Fifeshire, on 26th September, in his 63rd year. Educated‘ at George Watson’s College, Edinburgh, he studied science at Anderson’s College, Glasgow, and at the Universities of Glasgow, Jena and Heidelberg. He graduated B.Sc. in tho University of London, and, in due course, proceeded to the D.Sc.of Glasgow, and at Jena obtained the degree of Ph.D. From 1888 to 1893 he was assistant in the chemistry department of the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College, from 1893 to 1903 lecturer on chemistry in Queen Margaret College, Glasgow University and in the Royal Technical College. From 1903 he was professor of teachnical chemistry in the latter college, which position he occupied until his death. During the war, he directed much of the work in Scotland for the production of benzene and toluene for the Ministry of Munitions. He was associat,ed with Sir George Beilby in the planning and erection of H.M. Fuel Research Station at East Greenwich, and subsequently for several years was Chairman of the Committee on the Sampling and Analysis of Coal.He was a prominent member of the Scottish Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, of which he was for ten years Honorary Secretary and subsequently Chairman. In 1924 he received tho degree of LL.D. honoris causa, from the University of Glasgow. He was the author of numerous contributions to the Journal of the Chemical Society, Berichte der Deutschen chenzischen Gesellschaft, the Trans-actions of the Institution of Mining Engineers, the Transactions of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland, the Journal of Gas Lighting, and the Gas World. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1916, served on the Council from 1925 to 1928, and was keenly interested in the Glasgow and West 338 of Scotland Local Section.He also acted on several occasions as Ex-aminer in General Chemical Technology. At his funeral, the Institute was represented by Mr. Hugh Findlay, Chairman of the Section, Dr. P. F. Gordon, District Member of Council, and many other Fellows and Associates. WILLIAMOAKES KIBBLE died in New York in August, in his 61st year. He received his scientific education at Finsbury Technical College under Meldola, Sylvanus Thomson and Perry, and passed the examination for the Associateship of the Institute in 1894, when he obtained an appoint- ment with the New Explosives Co. at Stowmarket. Later, he was engaged with Messrs. Fowler Brothers, Sugar Refiners, at Blackwall, with Messrs. Johnson & Son, Assayers, and in 1896 was appointed chemist and assayer to a group of gold mining companies in New Zealand.Two years later, however, he went to California, where he was engaged with the Golden Eagle Mining Co. In 1903 he proceeded to Denver, Colorado, and in 1908 to Charlotte, N.C., where he held an appointment as City Biologist. In 1916 he joined the scientific staff of the Permutit Company in New York, from which he retired early in the present year. He was elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1897. JOHN ROBERTSONMCGREGOR died on the 12th June, 1931, at the age of 35 years. Born at Perth, he was educated at Woodside Higher Grade School, and the University, Glasgow. He served with the Forces and held a commission as Lieutenant in the 1st King’s Own Scottish Borderers from 1915 until 1919, when he returned to the University, gradu- ated B.Sc.with special distinction in chemistry, and continued research on the chemistry of the terpenes under Professor Henderson, on which he was awarded the degree of Ph.D. He subsequently held the position of assistant in the Chemistry Department of the University until his death. He was elected an Associate of the Institute in 1921. ANDREWSHORTdied at Enfield, on 2nd June, in his 54th year. Educated at Morpeth Grammar School, he entered Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-Tyne, in 1898, as Professor Bedson’s private assistant. In 1902 he graduated B.Sc. with distinction in chemistry, and then became analytical assistant to Professor S. Hoare Collins, and lectured in agricul- tural chemistry in the college for about a year. He then obtained an appointment as chief chemist to the Priestman Collieries, Ltd., in which capacity he controlled their patent coke oven and by-product plant at Blaydon-on-Tyne, and the chemical work there, from various collieries and brick works.In 1907 he published a research, on the distribution of nitrogen and sulphur in the carbonisation of coal, in the Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, and in 1910, in the same journal, a paper on the history of coke manufacture. He devised an electrothermic process for the manufacture of ferro-alloys, chiefly ferro-silicon and ferro- chromes, and acted as manager to the Newcastle Alloy Company, during its initial period, at Rowlands Gill.In 1910 he was appointed assistant works manager and research chemist to Messrs. Cookson & Co.’s Howdon Lead Smelting and Desilverising Works and Antimony Works, where, in conjunction with the manager, he effected substantial improvements in the methods of smelting and refining antimony, and adopted a new process for the production of “star” antimony. In 1916 he became manager of tho works, and in 1924 was elected a director, but in 1929 he moved to Enfield to take up an important position with the Associated Lead Manu- facturers, Ltd., with whom he remained for a year, when he retired owing to ill health. He waa elected a Fellow of the Institute in 1918. 339 The Register. At the meeting of Council held on zIst October, 1932,znew Fellows were elected, 12 Associates were elected to the Fellow- ship, 49 new Associates were elected, and 27 Students were admitted. New Fellows.Edwards, Frederick William, 11, Courtlands Drive, Ewell, Surrey. Greeves, William Francis, 402, London Road South, Lowestoft. Associates elected to the Fellowship. Campbell, Alfred Randolph, 12, Darnley Road, Pollokshields, Glasgow. Collin, Miss Ella Mary, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), 18, Woodstock Gardens, Goodmayes.Coppocb, Philip Dalton, M.Sc.Tech. (Mane.), The Distiller’s Co., Ltd., Groat Burgh, Epsom. Elwes, Eric Vincent, 24, Thistleton Avenue, Claughton, Birkenhead. Howitt, Frederick Oliver, M.Se. (Lond.), 68, Seymour Road, West Bridg- ford, Notts. Jones, Ronald Henry, Glen View, Pontardawe Road, Clydach, Swansea.Reynolds, Cedric Victor, Ph.D. (Lond.), 22, Heavitree Road, Exeter. Sayce, Leonard Alfred, M.Sc., Ph.D. (Dun.), Armstrong College, Newcastle- on-Tyne. Simpson, Ian Alexander, Ph.D. (Liv.), Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, F.M.S. Thompson, John Samuel, B.Sc. (Lond.), 69, Helmsley Grove, Willerby Road, Hull. Ward, Robert, B.Sc. (Lond.), 1, Claremont Terrace, Norton-on-Tees. Williams, Thomas Pearl, B.Sc. (Lond.), 13, Pool Bank, Port Sunlight. New Associates. Barton, Leonard Henry Greenwood, 139, Upper Kennington Lane, London, S.E.ll. Burke, Thomas Eric, 21, Hereford Road, Wavertree, Liverpool. Bussell, Leonard Herbert, 10, Kensington Avenue, London, E.6. Cooper, Arthur Thomas, B.Sc., Ph.D.(Lond.), Tugela, Scraptoft, Leics. Crivan, Harry Edward, B.Sc. (Glas.), 22, Avondale Road, Ipswich. Currie, Henry Thomas, 44, Bellevue Park, Whitewell, Belfast, Dhanbhoora, Darasha Rustomji, B.Sc. (Bombay), A.R.S.M., Royal School of Mines, London, S.W.7. Dudgeon, Henry Edwin, B.A., M.Sc. (T.C.D.), 42, St. Kevin’s Park, Dartry Road, Dublin, S.2. Edwards, Cyril, B.Sc. (Lond.), 66, Waverley Road, Southsea. Elkin, Hugh Arthur, B.A., M.Sc. (T.C.D.), Research Department, The Gourock Ropework Co., Ltd., Port Glasgow. Foster, Albert Ridgeby, B.Sc. (Lond.), 31, St. Bartholomew’s Road, Reading.Friend, Norman Alfred Child, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 29, Lena Gardens, London, W.6. 340 Gore, David Neville, 5, Fidlas Itoad, Llanishen, Cardiff. Hellings, Robert Ferdinand Henry, M.Sc.(S.A.), 21, Milner Street, Grahamstown, S. Africa. Hock, Alfred Gustave Louis Ernest, &I.Sc., Ph.D. (Sheffield), 50, Ferndale Terrace, Widnes. Hudson, Frederick Lyth, M.Sc. (Mane.), Ph.D. (California), The Casita, Fennels Way, Flackwell Heath, Bucks. Hughes, Edward David, M.Sc. (Lond.), Ph.D. (Wales), 97, Gower Street, London, W.C. 1. Jackson, Geoffrey Wansbrough, B.Sc. (Lond.), 11, Deans Parade, Edgware. Jeffrey, Norman Charles Jabez, B.Sc. (Lond.), 5, Rebecca Terrace, London, S.E.16. Johnston, William, 31, Sycamore Road, Waterloo, Liverpool. Jones, Robert Emrys, A.M.C.T., 38, Catherine Street, Crewe. Kenworthy, Leslie, M.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., New Buckenham, Norwich.Lamb, James, B.Sc. (Lond.), 32, Beehive Lane, Ilford. Littler, William Brian, M.Sc. (Mane.), Burnlea, Beechley Road, Wrexham. Macdonald, George Edward, 26, Thingwall Lane, Broadgreen, Liverpool. Mallinder, R.aymond, B.Sc. (Lond.), 18, Masonic Street, Halifax. Matthews, Robert Karran, The Shack, Irby Mill Hill Wood, Frankby, Wirral. Morgans, Wilfred Morley, B.Sc. (Wales), Ph.D. (Lond.), Charman Dene, Cheshunt, Herts. Moses, Geoffrey, A.M.C.T., Sandon, Manchester Road, Lostock Gralam, Northwich. Moss, Harold John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 13, Tudor Way, London, W.3. Narayanamurti, Duraiswami, M.Sc. (Bombay), A.Tnst.P., Seasoning Section, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, India. Nicholson, Robert Ivan, M.Sc. (N.Z.), Princes Street, Cambridge, Waikato, N.Z.Piper, Gordon Hobbs, B.A., B.Sc. (Oxon.), 10, Herondale Avenue, London, S.W.18. Reeve, Miss Evelyn Caroline, B.Sc. (Lond.), 216, St. James’ Road, London, S.E.l. Ross, John, B.Sc., Ph.D. (Lond.), A.R.C.S., D.I.C., 8, Tavistock Place, London, W.C.l. Scates, William John, B.Sc. (Lond.), 21, Cleverly Estate, London, W.12. Scott, Kenneth Thomas Bartlett, B.Sc. (Reading), Wrington, Lisle Road, High Wycombe. Secret, Kenneth William, B.Sc. (Lond.), 37, High Street, London, S.W.19. Streatfield, Edward Leslie, B.Sc. (Lond.), 16, Friern Road, London, S.E.22. Trower, Geoffrey John, A.R.C.S., 13, Milton Crescent, Ilford. Turner, Hubert Laurence, 63, Weoley Park Road, Selly Oak, Birmingham.Walker, William Bernard, A.M.C.T., 136, Tweedale Street, Rochdale.Wentworth, Victor Harold, B.Sc. (Lond.), 117, Chelmsford Road, London, E.18. Whittle, Ernest George, B.Sc. (Lond.), 15, Hayling Avenue, Copnor, Portsmouth. Widdowson, Eric Joseph, M.Sc. (Shefield), 35, Greenhill Road, Woodseats, Sheffield, 8. Wild, William, Ph.D., B.Sc. (Leeds), 1, Bewerley Street, DewsburyRoad, Leeds. Wilson, Edwin Dennison, B.Sc. (Lond.), 180, Browning Road, London, E. 12. Woolhouse, Thomas Geoffrey, M.Se., Ph.D. (Shefield), 222, Firth Park Road, Pitsmoor, Sheffield, 5. Young, Harold George, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.S.M., 54, Hillier Road, London, s.w.11. 341 New Students. Baker, Paul Southgate, 67, Princes Road, Teddington. Booth, Ernest, 80, Raby Street, Moss Side, Manchester.Brear, Arthur, 4, Shay Lane, Ovenden, Halifax. Campbell, George Reid, 60, Claremont Crescent, Kilwinning, Ayrshire.Cooper, Leslie Charles, 22, Moorside Road, Swinton, Manchester. Ellis, Edwin Albert, 78, Station Road, London, E.7. Evans, Arthur Owen, 38, Bryn Gardden, Rhos, Wrexham. Gardiner, William Alfred, 9, Sheephouse, Farnham, Surrey. Heading, William Richard, 19, Burnbank Gardens, Glasgow, N.W. Heath, Alan Leslie, 65, St. Georges Road, London, S.W.l. Hullah, Ralph, 260, Upper Woodlands Road, Bradford. Maber, Wilfred Frank, 37, Mill Lane, Wareham, Dorset. MacCallum, Alexander Joseph, Holyrood Crescent, Clarkston, Glasgow. Nicholson, Andrew, 101, Castle Road, Cathcart, Glasgow. Nightingale, John Edward, 17, Park Avenue, Gillingham.Padget, Harvey, 134, Manchester Road, Deepcar, Sheffield. Rigg, Norman, 23, Hadassah Street, Siddal, Halifax. Robertshaw, Arnold, 329, Gerlington Road, Duckworth Lane, Bradford. Rolfe, Horace George, 70, Kingsley Road, Northampton. Stewart, James McGregor, at 5, St. Helena Road, Westbury Park, Bristol, 6. Taylor, Leonard, 47, Evington Parks Road, Leicester. Teal, Eric Fred, 52, Dorothy Avenue, Alperton, Middx. Timson, Philip Frederick, 24, Cleveland Gardens, London, N.W.2. Walton, Harold Selwyn, 78, Gibraltar Road, Halifax. Wark, John Jeffrey, Charleston, East Road, Irvine, Ayrshire. Wilson, Robert, A.M.C.T., 33, Arpley Street, Warrington. Wright, John, 9, Spring Terrace, Lower Crumpsall, Manchester. DEATHS. Fellows.Alfred Chaston Chapman, F.R.S. John Gray. Thomas Gray, LL.D., D.Sc. (Glas.), Ph.D. (Jena).William Oakes Kibble. Andrew Short, M.Sc. (Dun.). Associates. John McGregor Robertson, Ph.D. (Glas.). CHANGE OF NAME. Max Mendel Krupeney, Associate, to Maxwell Morton Cooper, by Deed Poll. 342 General Notices. The Streatfeild Memorial Lecture, 1932.-Mr. W. A. Williams, Fellow, Works Manager, North British Rubber Co., Ltd., will give the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture at the Institute, on Friday, 18th November, at 8 p.m. Subject : “Rubber.’’ The S. M. Gluckstein Memorial Lecture, 1932, will be given by Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, President of the Royal Society, on Friday, 16th December, at 8 p.m. Further particulars will be announced in due course.Lectures are open to Fellows, Associates and Registered Students of the Institute, and the Streatfeild Memorial Lecture will be open to former Students of Finsbury Technical College. So far as accommodation allows, tickets of admission may also be obtained by persons other than Members and Students of the Institute on application to the Registrar. Annual Chemical Dinner, 1932.-The Annual Chemical Dinner will be held on Thursday, the 8th December, at the Connaught Rooms, Great Queen Street, London, W.C.2, at 7 for 7.30 p.m., Professor H. E. Armstrong, LL.D., F.R.S., in the chair. Professor Sir Frederick Keeble, C.B .E., Sc.D., F.R.S., will be the guest of the evening. This will be a social event in which members of the various societies and institutions interested in chemistry are invited to participate. The dinner will be followed by music and dancing.Tickets, price 15s. each-for lady or gentleman-including gratuities, but not wine-will be obtainable in October and November, from Mr. F. A. Greene, The Chemical Club, 2, Whitehall Court, London, S.W.I. Further particulars will be announced in due course. 343 Examinations, 1933.-The arrangements for examinations during 1933 will be as follows:- FORTHE ASSOCIATESHIP. Dates of Examinations. Entries close. 9th to 14th January. }Monday, 7th November, 1932. (Notebooks: 16th December.) Monday, 6th February, 1933. (Notebooks: 17th March.) a4th to zgth Aprily 18th to 23rd September, Monday, 10th July, 1933.in London and Glasgow. } (Notebooks: 8th September.) FORTHE FELLOWSHIP. 1st to 6th May. Monday, 6th February, 1933. 25th to 30th September. Monday, 10th July, 1933. For Candidates wishing to be examined in Branch “G”-Industrial Chemistry, the list will close on 9th June, 1933. Election of District Members of Council.-Fellows and Associates are reminded that, for the election of District Members of Council, to take office from 1st March, 1933, nominations should be received at the offices of the Institute on or before Monday, 12th December, 1932. I. In accordance with By-Law 30 (I), the following Districts were defined by the Institute in General Meeting, held on 7th 1921, and amended on 1st March, 1923:- Birmingham and Midlands, including the Counties of Hereford, Salop, Stafford, Worcester, Warwick, Derby, Nottingham,Leicester, Lincoln, Rutland and Northampton.Bristol and South-Western Counties, including the Counties of Gloucester, Wilts, Dorset, Somerset, Devon and Cornwall. Liverpool and North-West Coast, including the Counties of Flint, Westmorland and Cumberland, and so much of the Counties of Chester and Lancaster as lies to the west of the line drawn through the centre of the postal district of Wigan and Warrington; the towns of Wigan and Warrington and all towns on the line, of which the greater portion of the postal district lies to the west of the line. The Isle of Man. ‘London and South-Eastern Counties, including the Counties of Middlesex, Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Buckingham, Hertford, Essex, Bedford, Cambridge, SufTolk, Norfolk, Hunting- don, Hants, with the Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands.Manchester and District, including so much of the Counties of Lancaster and Chester as lies to the east of the line drawn through the postal districts of Wigan and Warrington as aforesaid. 344 North-East Coast and Yorkshire, including the Counties of Northumberland, Durham and York. Edinburgh and East of Scotland, including the Counties of Nairn, Elgin, Banff, Aberdeen, Kincardine, Forfar, Perth, Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Linlithgow, Edinburgh, Haddington, Berwick, Peebles, Selkirk, and Roxburgh. Glasgow and West of Scotland, including the Counties of Caith- ness, Sutherland, Ross and Cromarty, Inverness, Argyll, Dum- barton, Renfretv, Lanark, Ayr, Wigtown, Kirkcudbright, and Dumfries.Wales (excluding the County of Flint, see iii). The County of Monmouth. Northern Ireland, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. Irish Free State, as defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and subsequent enactments relating thereto. The Commonwealth of Australia, the Dominion of Canada, the Dominion of New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Empire of India, the Crown Colonies, and elsewhere abroad. The Council have adopted the following Rules for the election of District Members of Council:- 11. (1) Any five Members whose registered addresses are within any one District, as defined and adopted by the Institute in General Meeting, may nominate one eligible Fellow as a candidate for election as a District Member of Council for that District, but no member shall nominate more than one such Fellow; except that the Committee of any Local Section constituted in accordance with By-Law 94 2(a) may, as such, nominate one candidate for such election, or if there be more than one Local Section in a District the Committees of all the Local Sections in that District shall sit jointly for the purpose of nominating one Candidate for such election.(2) Any nomination made under these Rules shall be delivered to the Secretary at the Offices of the Institute on or before the second Monday in December in the year preceding the date of election, and shall be in the following form :-“We, the undersigned, Members of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland, do hereby certify that A.B., of (registered address) , a Fellow of this Institute, is, in our estimation, a fit and proper person to be a District Member of the Council of the Institute, and we do hereby nominate him as acandidate for election as a District Member of Council.” (3) Any such nomination may consist of several documents in like form, each signed by one or more Members. Nominations for District XI1 should be received not later than 31st August. 111.(1) On or before the fifth day of January in any year, the Council shall cause to be sent to every Member in each district in the manner prescribed by By-Law 81, a balloting list containing the names of the candidates nominated for election as District Members of Council for such District, and the balloting list shall indicate which, if any, of the candidates has been nominated by the Committee or Committees of the Local Section or Sections in the respective District; except that in the case of District (xii) this rule shall read as if “September” (in the year previous) were substituted for “January.” 345 (2) Each Member desirous of voting- (a) Shall record his vote for a District Member of the Council by making a cross against the name of the candidate for whose election he desires to vote, but no Member shall vote for more than one such candidate.(b) Shall deliver or transmit his balloting list in a sealed envelope bearing on the outside the signature of the Member, addressed to the Secretary, at the office of the Institute, so that it be received not later than by the first post on the third Monday in January in the year for which the election is being held. IV. (1) The envelopes containing the balloting lists shall, on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January in the year in which the election is held, be opened by two Scrutineers, neither Members of the Council, nor candidates nominated for election as District Members of the Council, who shall be nominated by the Council in December of the year preceding the election at a meeting convened specially for that purpose.(2) The balloting list of any member who on the Thursday next after the third Monday in January is in arrear with any subscription or other sum payable by him to the Institute under the By-Laws shall be disallowed. (3) The Scrutineers shall present their Report to the Council at a meeting, on the Friday next after the third Monday in January, specially convened for that purpose. (4) The candidate receiving the greatest number of votes in each District respectively shall be elected and, in any case of an equality of votes, the Council shall decide the matter by ballot. (5) If at any time after the balloting lists have been sent to members, and before the dissolution of the Annual General Meeting, any candidate who would otherwise have beon elected has died or has with- drawn his nomination or has in any way become ineligible for Membership of the Council, then the candidate having the next greatest number of votes shall be elected, or if there be no such candidate, the vacancy shall be filled as provided in Rule V.(6) The election of District Members of Council shall be notified to members when they are served with the balloting list for the election of General Members of Council at the Annual General Meeting. V. After the first election any vacancy among the District Members of the Council occurring between the Annual General Meetings, owing to death, resignation, removal or otherwise, shall be filled by the election by the Committee of the Local Section, in the respective District of one eligible Fellow; or if there be more than one Local Section in the District the Committees of all the Sections therein shall hold a joint meeting for the purpose of such election.Notice convening a meeting for this purpose shall be sent by the Secretary of the Institute to all the members of the Committee or Committees of the Section or Sections concerned at least fourteen days before the date of the meeting. If there be no Local Section within a District, a casual vacancy shall be filled by the election by the Council'of one eligible Fellow from the Fellows resident in that District. If there be a casual vacancy in the case of the District Member of Council for District (xii), such vacancy shall be filled by the Council by the election of one eligible Fellow.The Fellows whose names are given below are the present Members of Council for the Districts indicated. The names of 346 those who have completed the period of three years’ service on the Council and retire in accordance with By-Law 23 are printed in italics. Birmingham and Midlands : Joseph Robert Johnson. Bristol and South-Western Counties : Edward Russell, B.Sc. Liverpool and North- West Coast : Walter Perguson Buist, B.Sc. London and South-Eastern Counties : George Stubbs, C.B.E. Manchester and District: William David Rogers, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. North-East Coast and Yorkshire : Harry Mallcin Mason, M.Sc. Edinburgh and East of Scotland : Robert Bruce, M.C.Glasgow and West of Scotland : Peter Ferguson Gordon, Ph.D. Wales and the County of Monmouth: Leonard Eric Hinkel, D.Sc. Northern Ireland: Jesse Carl Albert Brierley, M.Sc. Irish Free State : William Robert Pearon, M.A., Sc.D. The Overseas Dominions and elsewhere abroad : Edward John Way. Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Registered Students.-A medal and prize (Eio 10s.) for the best essay, not exceeding 3,000words, will be awarded in January, 1933, and will be presented at the next Annual General Meeting, or at a meeting of the Local Section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to registered students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. The object of the essay is to induce Registered Students to develop a sense of professional public spirit and to devote thought to questions of professional interest and to the position of chemists in the life of the community-the essay to be on a subject of professional, as opposed to technical or purely chemical impor- tance.Having due regard to the objects stated above, Registered Students are informed that the Council is prepared, for the present year, to consider an essay on any subject which has a bearing on chemistry or chemical work, from the professional or personal point of view, provided that it does not deal with any purely chemical, technical, or historical subject. The following subjects have been selected by the Council for previous essays :-1927: “The Importance of Chemistry to the Welfare of the People.” 1928 : “The Importance of General Education to the Professional Chemist.” 1929: “The Cultural Value of Science.” 1930 : “Chemical Education from the Student’s Point of View.” 1931: “Why I have chosen Chemistry as a Profession.” Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the Local Section of the district in which the competitor resides (see list of Local Sections at the end of this PARTof the Journal) on or before the 31st December, 1932, and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique, but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein.The Committee of each Local Section will be asked to select, from those received, not more than three essays considered to be worthy of the award. The essays selected by the Local Sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors, the Council will decide whether an award be made. The award is not made more than once to any individual competitor. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. TheMeldola Medal (the gift of the Society of Maccabaeans) is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise, and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work. The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The next award will be made in January, 1933. The Council will be glad to have attention directed, before 31st December, 1932, to work of the character indicated. Beilby Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of Chemistry, the Society of Chemical Industry, and the Institute of Metals, awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work, preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Beilby, 348 including problems connected with fuel economy, chemical engineering, and metallurgy.Awards will be made not on the result of any competition, but in recognition of continuous work of exceptional merit, bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents, the, Honorary Treasurers, and the Secretaries of the three partici- pating Institutions, who will meet in the latter part of June, and will be glad to have their attention directed to outstanding work of the nature indicated. Correspondence on this subject should be addressed to the Convener, Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund, Institute of Chemistry, 30, Russell Square, London, W.C.1, not later than 1st June, 1933.The administrators will meet in that month. Notice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to qualify for the Fellowship, and to impress upon them the importance of proceeding to the higher grade as soon as possible. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates who are available for appointments, or are desirous of extending their opportunities, is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information, inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists.Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months, and are in the last term of their training for the Associateship, may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute, provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors. Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment, but seeking to improve their positions, are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employment are required to pa~7 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months, and, if not successful in obtaining an appointment, will thereafter be supplied with the lists gratis for a further period, if necessary.349 The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assist- ants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and, in some cases, Intermediate Science Examinations. Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for Registered Students and Laboratory Assistants are invited to communicate with the Registrar. TheLibrary.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students between the hours of 10a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays, 10a.m. and I p.m.), except when examinations are being held. The library is primarily intended for the use of candidates during the Institute's practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able, by the courtesy of the Council of the Society, for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books, from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.), except during August and the early part of September, when the hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted at present to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes, but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. The Science Museum, South Kensington.-The Director and Secretary of the Science Museum, South Kensington, has notified the Council of the Institute that arrangements have been made for the issue of books and periodicals on loan to scientific workers introduced by approved institutions.Books which can be obtained easily from other institutions are not ordinarily lent by the Science Library. The Science Library, however, contains some 360 periodicals specially devoted to chemical science, and arrangements have been made (on com- pleting a form of requisition obtainable from the Registrar of the Institute) for borrowing any of these, and of other periodi- cals in the Library which may not be available elsewhere. Boots Booklovers' Library.-With Part I of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS,published in February, a circular was issued, by direction of the Council, giving particulars of the special terms to be allowed to Fellows and Associates desiring to use 350 Boots Booklovers’ Library.Over 300 members are now partici- pating in the scheme. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers (buck- ram: IS. zd. each) for binding the Journal in annual volumes, are requested to notify the Registrar of their requirements, indicating the years for which the covers are required. Arrangements may be made with Messrs. A. W. Bain & Co., Ltd., 17-19, Bishop’s Road, Cambridge Heath, London, E.2, to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGSon the following terms: buckram cover, IS. zd.; binding, 2s. gd.; postage and packing, 9d.; in all, 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lecturers.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute and is available to members who wish to illustrate lectures.Enquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. As the slides are frequently in demand, members are requested to notify their requirements at least 14 days before the date on which the slides are to be used. Changes of Address-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates, etc., Fellows, Associates, and Registered Students, who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give, so far as possible, their permanent addresses for registration.