Seedlings of four geographically diverse paper birch (Betula papyriferaMarsh.) populations native to British Columbia were grown under low and high levels of water and nitrogen in a greenhouse for 3 months to examine the relative sensitivity of each population to water and nutrient availability. Nine sequential measurements on height and basal diameter growth were made, and then the seedlings were harvested for final biomass measurements. Under optimal conditions the highest elevation population ceased height growth, while the low-elevation coastal population continued to increase in height under all treatment conditions. Plants of all populations grown under high N conditions grew faster and had larger total biomass and lower root/shoot ratios than plants grown under low N conditions. Relative growth rate was significantly correlated with shoot and foliage biomass, leaf area, and root weight ratio. All populations generally responded more to low N level than to low moisture level in terms of height growth, relative growth rate, total biomass, and root/shoot ratio. This suggests that the populations observed in this study are better adapted to drought than poor soil nutrient availability. Therefore, consideration of site quality, which includes soil moisture regime and soil nutrient regime, should be a primary concern when allocating birch seed lots in a planting program.