INSTITUTE OF CHEMISTRY THE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. FOUNDED 1877. INCORPORATED BY ROYAL CHARTER 1885 I JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS. 1927. Registrar and Secretary. PART 111. Issued under the supervision of the Publications Committee. RICHARD B. PILCHER 30 RUSSELL SQUARE LONDON W.C. 1. Juue 1927. Publications Committee 1927-28 JOCELYN F. THORPE (Cltairnaa?c) ARTHUR SMITHELLS (Preside&) H. C. L. BLOXAM A. J. CHAPMAN F. D. CHATTAWAY W. CLAYTON W. M. CUMMING J. C. DRUMMOND LEWIS EYNON I. M. HEILBRON H. H. HODGSON PATRICK H. KIRKALDY (Treasurer) A. W. KNAPP A. G. G. LEONARD THOMAS MACARA B. G. McLELLAN FRANK SOUTHERDEN. R. THOMAS D. F. TWISS J. A. WATSON. 135 Proceedings of the Council. APRIL-MAY 1927.Public Analysts.-The Public Appointments Committee has had under consideration for some time past the conditions of appointments of Public Analysts as they are affected by recent legislation and regulations. On the’6th April the Committee convened a meeting of Public Analysts held at the Rooms of the Chemical Society in order to consider the lines of representations to be made to the Ministry of Health A statement was prepared setting forth the views expressed and urging that for the proper administration of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts which have been passed in the interests of public health as well a s for the prevention of fraud it is highly desirable that future legislation should provide that the Exchequer should contribute to the cost involved and that public analysts should thereby be placed in a similar position as regards security of tenure etc.as Medical Officers of Health and Sanitary Inspectors. A copy of this statement was forwarded to the Ministry with a request that a deputation might be received in support thereof. On 25th May Sir H. Kingsley Wood Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Health received a deputation from the Institute of Chemistry and the Society of Public Analysts. The deputation which was introduced by Dr. G. C. Clayton M.P. consisted of Messrs. A. Chaston Chapman E. R. Bolton F. W. IF. Arnaud Cecil H. Cribb Edward Hinks with the Registrar and the Assistant Secretary of the Institute. Mr. Chaston Chapman said that the object of the deputation was to put before the Ministry the question of the remuneration of Public Analysts with special reference to the additional work imposed upon those officers by legislation as well as by the Regulations issued by the Ministry during recent years.In 1860 an Act entitled “The Adulteration of Foods Act,” was passed which in 1872 was extended to include drugs. In 1875 the Sale of Food and Drugs Act was passed which had the effect of repealing the previous Acts and this was amended or extended by subsequent Acts until by the Act of 1899 the term “food” was held to include every article used for food or drink by man other than drugs or water and any article which ordinarily enters into or is used in the composition or preparation of human food and also flavouring matters and condiments.Thus the admin- istration of this Act as amended and extended comprised the examination for genuineness and purity of every article of food and drink other than water used by man. It was the 1875 Act which created Public Analysts who were officers specially qualified and empowered to carry out the provisions of that Act. At that time food adulteration was of a relatively crude and simple character and could be detected by comparatively simple means. The fees paid to Public Analysts were on the whole higher than they were ten or fifteen years later and having regard to the comparatively simple character of the work they were called upon to do the remuneration was not such as to afford cause for serious protest.The Act provides that two classes of persons should be entitled to take samples for examination under the Act (i) Medical Officers of Health Sanitary Inspectors Police Officers and others authorised by the various local authorities and (ii) any member of the general public who felt that when purchasing an article of food or drugs the article supplied had not been of the nature substance and quality demanded. Clearly the latter was a proper provision but it was also felt that unless a reasonably small fee were fixed for the analysis the public would hesitate to take advantage of this particular provision. Accord- ingly it was enacted that the fee paid by any such member of the public should be 10s. 6d.; but the debate at the time showed quite clearly there was an understanding that the balance of the Public Analyst’s fee should be paid out of public funds.Unfort- unately the fee of 10s. 6d. without any augmentation came in process of time to be treated as if it had been a statutory fee for all purposes of the Act and 10s. 7d. was in fact the average fee in respect of 232 appointments paid by public bodies to their Public Analysts in 1914. If the work falling on the shoulders of the Public Analyst had remained fairly constant and if no other circumstance had changed this fee though always inadequate would not have brought the matter to the acute stage at which it stands to-day and which had compelled the Institute and the Society to bring it to the notice of the Ministry. 137 Mr.Chaston Chapman repeated that when the Act was passed very little comparatively was known of the chemistry of foods and that methods of adulteration were crude and simple. Owing to the large amount of voluntary research and investigation carried out and still being carried out mainly by Public Analysts without remuneration and entirely in the interest of the public the amount of work involved in the examination of articles of food became enormously increased and they realised that they had been manufacturing a rod or rather a great many rods with which to scourge themselves. As the knowledge of the chemistry of foods increased so did the ingenuity of the adulterator. The Public Analyst found himself confronted with the need of employ- ing new and increasingly delicate methods for the purpose of meeting and defeating the modern adulterator.The appliances which sufficed in 1875 had become thoroughly inadequate and out-of-date and the modern analyst found himself compelled to equip a laboratory with the most modern refinements and to spend large sums of money in the purchase of delicate chemical and physical apparatus. At the same time the amount of work involved had increased to such a point that the Public Analyst could not carry out the work himself and was forced to resort to the help of one or more properly trained assistants. The chemical work involved in the examination of articles of food had increased and with it the expenses involved; but there was another point which had made the plight of the Public Analyst still more serious namely the large number of amendments of the law departmental orders and regulations and recommendations of Royal Commissions and Departmental Committees and other Bodies all of which had combined to add to hi3 labours on a seriously and rapidly ascending scale.A list of these was given in the pamphlet on the “Conditions of Appointments of Public Analysts,” published by the Institute in September 1923. From that it would be seen how vastly the amount of work thrown upon the shoulders of the Public Analyst had increased since the passing of the 1875 Act. Mr. Chaston Chapman then directed special attention to the following since they involved a new principle :- Public Health (Condensed Milk) Regulations r g q .Public Health (Dried Milk) Regulations 1923 Public Health (Preservatives in Food etc.) Regulations 1925 and 1926. 138 Whereas previously the Public Analyst had been required to certify merely whether samples were genuine or adulterated he had now been compelled in many cases to ascertain whether certain samples complied with a fixed definite standard of composition which involved additional work of a very onerous character and which had previously been unnecessary. For many years the great bulk of the analyses had been done by Public Analysts for a fee of 10s. 6d. which was in reality inadequate in 1875. About 1919 many authorities realised that some increase in the remuneration of Public Analysts was absolutely necessary but the majority overlooked the fact that the expenses connected with their work (rent rates apparatus salaries etc.) had more than doubled.In many cases not- withstanding this circumstance no increase was given and where such was granted it was frequently inadequate. The average is still very low and only in Scotland does it reach the still low level of 17s. As if a31 this were not enough some authorities had adopted a system of sampling in which a much larger propor tion of troublesome and time-consuming samples were submitted to the Public Analyst who was thus deprived of the advantage of a flat rate for all samples adulterated or unsdult erated. Summarising the position of the Public Analyst at the present time Mr. Chaston Chapman said that increasing knowledge increasing refinement of adulteration increasing number of Regulations affecting the public health increasing work and responsibility of every kind were thrust upon his shoulders until it was no exaggeration to say that if the Public Analyst was to carry out his work properly and to safeguard the health of the public he could only do so at a loss to himself or by making the more remunerative portions of his practice pay for this thoroughly unremunerative portion.As a proof of the efficiency with which the Public Analysts of the country had carried out their duties notwithstanding the inadequacy of their remuneration attention might be directed to the ever decreasing percentage of adulterated samples as revealed in the official statistics.But the Ministry and other departments had gone to the extreme limit and if any further strain was put upon the Public Analyst it would be an impossibility for him to maintain this high degree of efficiency and the public health might be seriously prejudiced. 139 He did not suggest that local authorities had any desire to exploit either the public spirit or the necessities of highly and expensively trained scientific men but in attaching to Public Analyst appointments conditions of remuneration which were thoroughly incommensurate with the services demanded they were incurring very serious risk. If the present state of affairs was allowed to continue the appointments would not continue to attract and be held by men of the necessary high professional qualifications and attainments.I t had been held that the law gave little power to the central authority; but since Parliament had ordained the end it was difficult to believe that it had not also the power to provide the means so that Public Analysts should not be forced to undertake unlimited work for extremely limited pay. Failing such power the Institute and the Society of Public Analysts wished to suggest that the Ministry should take the earliest opportunity of indicating to the local authorities that in the public interest they should grant to the Public Analysts increased and adequate payment for their work. Sir Kingsley Wood in replying said that he was fully alive to the good work done by Public Analysts as a body and felt that credit was due to them for the reduction in food adulteration which statistics showed.He appreciated that the work of Public Analysts had become more complex that a higher standard of competence was demanded and that subtler forms of adultera- tion were now practised. He agreed that it was probable that the Preservatives Regulations would involve more work per sample examined. He pointed out however that the holding of public appointments conferred a certain status which attracted private work and that although it inight not be a complete answer to the case made it was a fact that the recent and prospective increase in the number of samples submitted involved a corresponding in- crease in the total remuneration of analysts.Sir Kingsley thought further that there might be advantage in an extension of the system of whole-time appointments. He was glad to observe that Mr. Chapman did not suggest that there should be any call upon the Exchequer. He emphasised that under the statute the remuneration was paid by the local authority and was to be agreed upon between them and the analyst and that as the Exchequer had thus no direct interest in the matter the Minister could not attempt to give any directions to local authorities. I t seemed to him therefore though he did not wish to appear in any way unsympathetic that the case presented to him by the deputation should more properly be addressed to the local authorities and he doubted whether anything would be gained by the interven- tion of his Department.Sir Kingsley promised that the points raised should receive his careful consideration and that he would report them fully to Mr. Chamberlain. Mr. Chaston Chapman thanked Sir Kingsley Wood for receiving the deputation which then withdrew. With regard to Sir Kingsley Wood’s reply referred to above it should be mentioned that while the holding of public appoint- ments confers a certain status which attracts private work it is aIso true that some manufacturers prefer not to employ Public Analysts for consulting work. It is also partly true that it is an advantage to receive an increased number of samples; but it may act very adversely to the interestsof Public Analysts if all the samples are of the troublesome kind which is the present tendency.I t is sometimes difficult to adjust the number of assistants employed to the number of samples received without incurring a loss; and it does not always follow that a large number of samples can be analysed more cheaply than a small number $YO rata. The reference to the public funds by which Mr. Chaston Chapman meant the local rates arose from his showing how the fee of 10s. 6d. came to be regarded as a standard. It was simply because that was the fee suggested for which analysis could be made at the request of members of the public and at the time the 1875 Act was passed the speakers in the House of Commons understood that this fee would be augmented from the rates. It is realised that it is difficult for the Ministry of Health to intervene; but the situation is anomalous because the Ministry can and does impose further work on the Public Analyst while apparently it has no right to pay for additional work or to insist that it is paid for.Sir Kingsley Wood also suggested that there might be advan- tage in an extension of the system of whole-time appointments; but the cost to the local authorities would be at least double provided that rent staff equipment and all necessary expenses 141 are taken into account. An independent practitioner main- taining his own laboratory and having a reputation in one or two special lines of work can accommodate one or more ofzthese appointments but he bears the establishment expenses on his general practice. Subsequently a letter was received from Sir Kingsley Wood stating that he had reported the representations of the deputa- tion to Mr.Chamberlain; but seeing that the statute expressly provided that the remuneration was to be agreed upon between the analyst and local authority Mr. Chamberlain did not feel that he would be justified in issuing any general communication to local authorities on this subject. Sir Kingsley added how- ever that the Department was often consulted informally about matters which did not require the Minister’s approval and he promised that if consulted about fees to be paid to public analysts the Department would bear in mind the considerations which had been put before it by the deputation. It will thus be seen that although the Ministry of Health can legislate for the public analysts to do more work it maintains its inability to intervene on the question of their remuneration Poisons and Pharmacy Acts.-Dr.G. C. Clayton M.P. and the Registrar gave evidence before the Departmental Committee on the Poisons and Pharmacy Acts at the Home Office on 1st April in support of a memorandum forwarded by the Council to the Departmental Committee in October 1926 regarding the use of the title “chemist.” Further particulars will be published in due course. The Title “Chemist.”-Mr. Vincent H. Kirkham Honorary Corresponding Secretary has reported that the Legislative Council of the Zanzibar Protectorate has lately passed a decree to regulate the dispensing and sale of drugs and poisons in which only the word “ druggist ” is used to define a person who mixes compounds prepares dispenses or sells any drug or poison.The decree comes into operation in the Protectorate on 1st July 1927. Mr. Kirkham who is Director of Agriculture and a member of the Legislative Council spoke in support of the Bill but moved an amendment which was adopted for the deletion of the word “chemist ” from the bill. He said that it was only among English speaking people that the confusion had arisen about the meaning of the word. He gave a short history of the use of the word 1422 showing that in the year 640-according to one way of calcula- tion-the Arabs over-ran Egypt one name of which was Qimia. They found at Alexandria a university where many things were studied.The Arabs were interested in the studies of the men who were trying to make gold out of baser metals. This study they called A1 qimia. The spread of Arabian culture westward along Northern Africa at length reached Spain and in the thirteenth century universities were established there where the Arabian culture with its alchemy algebra and other sciences began to flourish while Greece and Rome were falling into barbarism. The old alchemists whilst searching for a method of trans- muting base metals into gold found out many things about the composition of matter and eventually the science of chemistry evolved from these efforts. Those versed in this science were called “ chemists. ” It was extremely difficult for an Englishman to realisc the incongruity of applying this title to the person who compounded a cough mixture or sold rat poison because for sixty or seventy years the term has been thus misused.It would be better appreciated Mr. Kirkham said if he drew parallels for instance if one spoke of buying a ton of coal from a geologist the incon- gruity would be apparent so also if one referred to a greengrocer as a botanist a butcher as an anatomist or a fishmonger and poulterer as an economic biologist; and it would be more polite than accurate to designate as a zoologist the man u7ho had sold you a pup. Mr. Kirkham then referred to a body-the Institute of Chemistry-whose members were actually “ chemists,” because they were versed in the science of chemistry and pursued the study of the composition of matter and research after means of making new substances.It was being felt even in England that the term “chemist” should be applied only to those to whom it properly belonged. Mr. Kirkham also moved an amendment requiring that all drugs sold under the names given in the British Phar- macopoeia should conform to the standards as laid down in the Pharmacopoeia. Brit is h Engineering Standards Associati on.-Mr. Arthur J. Chapman has been appointed as the representative of the Institute on the committee for the standardisation of sieves and screens used in various industries. 143 Salary Stat istics.-The Council proposes to repeat the procedure adopted in 1921 and to issue a questionnaire regarding the salaries and conditions of appointment of Associates and Fellows in whole-time appointments.The replies which may be anonymous will be collated and curves published showing the average salaries of such Fellows and Associates at various ages in different branches of work. H on o rary Correspond i ng Secretary.-Dr. William Arthur Hargreaves Director of the. Department of Chemistry for South Australia has accepted office as an Honorary Corresponding Secretary of the Institute. Chemical Society t i brary.-Mr. George Nevill Huntly has been appointed as the representative of the Institute on the Library Committee of the Chemical Society in the place of Dr. Robert H. Pickard Vice President who has retired from that Committee and has received the thanks of the Council for his services in that capacity during the past two years.For the year 1927 the Council has forwarded a donation of 4250 to the Library of the Society. The Library is available by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute and for reference purposes to the registered students of the Institute. contribution of EIO towards the expenses of the Celebration of Berthelot Celebration.-The Council has forwarded a the Centenary of Marcelin Berthelot which will take place in Paris in October. Prof J. F. Thorp Vice-president has been appointed to represent the Institute on that occasion. Benevolent Fund.-At the Council meeting held on 17th June the Benevolent Fund Committee reported that the total receipts-subscriptions annual subscriptions and donations- so far received during 1927 amounted to 4632 4s.7d. compared with L486 14s. qd. in 1926. The annual subscriptions which are specially desired show an increase of k43 8s. zd. A sum of E37 has been repaid on account of Ioans compared with L30 in 1926. The payments-grants loans annuities-made during the same period amount to k282 IS. gd. compared with L224 10s. in 1926. Mr. Robert D. Littlefield has been co-opted to the Benevolent Fund Committee as the representative of the Bristol and South- Western Counties Section. 144 J u bilea Celebrations,-The Council has under considera- tion the arrangements to be made in connection with the celebra- tion of the Jubilee of the Institute further particulars of which will be notified to Fellows and Associates in due course.Method of Electing the Counoi1.-Replies have been received from most of the Local Sections regarding the suggestion received from the North-East Coast Executive Committee (representing the Leeds Area Huddersfield and Newcastle Sections) that members of Council should be elected by district alone The Council will give further consideration to this matter when reports have been received from all Sections. 145 Local Sections. Belfast and District.-The Section met at the Royal Belfast Academical Institution on 30th March Dr. W. H. Gibson in the chair. In the unavoidable absence of Prof. Scott Robertson who was to have read a paper Mr. Darbyshire Geography Master of the Academical Institution kindly gave a lecture on “ Historical and Racial Geography,’’ which was greatly appreciated.The lecture concluded with a hearty vote of thanks proposed by Mr. Honneyman seconded by Mr. Hoskins. Bristol and South-Western Counties-Sir Ernest H. Cook has been re-elected chairman of the Section for the ensuing session. Arrangements were made for members of the Section to visit the Melksham Works of the Avon India Rubber Co. Ltd. on a3rd June by kind permission of Mr. Hinde the Managing Director. The party including members from Wiltshire Devon and Somerset was received by Mr. Swanbrough Assistant Works Manager and was conducted over the extensive works by Mr. Lane Mr. J. F. Reid and Mr. W. R. Littlejohn who explained the various processes.The visit was of absorbing interest and after the members had been entertained to tea by the management Mr. R. D. Littlefield in the regretted absence on account of illness of Sir Ernest Cook expressed the cordial thanks of the members to the Company for the courtesy and hospitality which had been shown them. Cape.-The Section held a meeting in the Physical Chemical Laboratories of the University of Cape Town on the 1st April when Prof. Newbery gave a series of demonstrations in connection with the employment of various appliances used in the investi- gation of colloids. 146 The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held on the same day when the Secretary submitted a report showing that four meetings had been held-one at Somerset West two in the Physical Chemical Laboratories of the University and the fourth in tlie form of an excursion to the Southern Sewage Disposal Works at Athlone.The Section had entertained mem- bers of the Cape Town Chemical Society chemical students and members of the professional staffs of the University and also representatives of the municipalities of Cape Town and Stellen- bosch. Very satisfactory publicity had been given to the pro- ceedings of the Section which had met with the appreciation of the Council of the Institute. Mr. E. H. Croghan had been nominated to represent the Section on the South African Committee of the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry of which Professor Smeath Thomas was chairman of the executive.Four other members were also serving as representatives of other bodies. The Annual Report was adopted and a vote of thanks was accorded to the Honorary Secretary for his valuable services. The Treasurer submitted the financial statement and report which were also received and adopted. A discussion took place on the propriety of chemists advertis- ing for practice in thc public press. It was stated that it was not tlie custom of chemists practising on Cape Province to advertise but the view was expressed that in any case a “pro- fessional card ” advertisement in a technical paper containing no more than would be shown on a brass door-plate would be less objectionable than the trade advertisements which are sometimes inserted in the lay press having the name and quali- fications of the chemist who analysed the goods prominently set forth.Some discussion took place on the Benevolent Fund. It was suggested that Sections should be at liberty to assist cases of distress that might arise in South Africa. The officers and committee for the ensuing year were elected as follows :-Professor J. Smeath Thomas Chairman; Dr. C . F. Juritz Secretdzry; Mr. E. H. Croghan Treasurer; Prof. E. Newbery and Mr. G. C. Scully members of the committee. Dr. W. Pugh and Mr. &I. H. Hallack were elected auditors. 147 Edinburgh and East of Scotland.-Following the Annual Meeting which was held on 14th February an ordinary meeting was held jointly with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry at which Mr.J. A. Watson read a paper by Mr. B. D. W. Luff on “The Use of the Microscope in Qualitative Analysis.” Mr. Luff drew attention to this little used application of the microscope and gave an outline of the methods used in the identification of inorganic substances upon the microscope slide by the formation of crystalline deposits of characteristic and easily recognisable appearance. Since only minute quantities were needed the methods were of particular interest in cases where perhaps only a tiny speck of material was available. Mr. Luff explained how the work was carried out and how the processes of dissolving the substance under examination testing for gas evolved if any precipitating various metals and if necessary separations by filtration could be performed upon the slide itself with little other apparatus.Very interesting lantern slides prepared by Mr. Luff showed clearly the characteristics of the crystals obtained with various metals. In a discussion following the paper the question of the expediency of the training of students in these methods arose but the opinion seemed to be held that such work could not find a place in the ordinary course. The final meeting of the winter programme was held on 24th March in the North British Station Hotel Edinburgh jointly with the Society of Chemical Industry Mr. J. A. Watson presiding. Mr. A. M. Cameron read a paper on ‘‘ Fire Risks in Industry.” He dealt first with the classification of causes of fires and then discussed in detail a number of the groups of causes such as spontaneous combustion careless storage static electricity ignition of inflammable vapours dust the production of oxy-hydrogen and insolation.Finally Mr. Cameron gave a summary of his views on fire prevention and fire-fighting. The paper was illustrated by lantern slides showing various fire effects and also fire-fighting appliances. In the ensuing discussion Mr. W. A. Williams referred to his own experience of an unexplained fire in a rubber-sawing depart- ment. He questioned whether as Mr. Cameron had suggested it would always be safer to attempt to recover an inflammable solvent than not to do so because the recovery plant itself might 148 introduce added risk.He also emphasised the importance of having a dual water supply with en tircly independent sources for a sprinkler system in ordcr to guard against a possible failure of one supply. In his works n special fire inain was laid and uscd €or no othcr purpose except to supplement the tower supply to the sprinklers. Major R. Bruce gave two instances in his own experience of fire risks,-one the spontaneous combustion of cot ton netting upon trcatmeiit with oil; the other a dust explosion in the boiler- house chimney due to accumulated soot which became ignited when coke was temporarily in use in the furnace with probably a large excess of air passing up thc chimney. Mr C. N. Kemp referred to a case of the failure of a switch to break a circuit when the voltage accidentally became 460 instead of 230.This suggested the need for care in installing such systems; otherwise there was the danger of fire due to the forma- tion of arcs. In conclusion Mr. Cameron replied to questions and was heartily thanked for his interesting paper. The paper will be publishcd separately by the Institute and issued to members and registered students. Glasgow and West of Scotland.-The meetings for the Session 1926-1927 concluded with a Smoking Concert held in conjunction with the Society of Chemical Industry at Ferguson and Forrester’s Restaurant on 25th March. Members of the Ardeer Chemical Club the Andersonian Chemical Society and the Alchemists’ Club participated. There was a good attendance and the evening proved most enjoyable.Liver pool and North - Western.-At an extraordinary meeting of the Section held on the 23rd February to discuss and formulate concrcte proposals on the subject of the registration of chemists a resolution was passed covering the suggestions summarised below :- (I) That the Institute should take the initiative in all negotiations ; ( 2 ) that it is desirable that the Institute should negotiate in this matter with bodies of the type of the British Associa- tion of Chemists the National Union of Scientific Workers (Chemists’ Section) etc. whose membership is confined to chemists and whose activities are concerned with the pro- fession of chemistry as such; 140 (3) that a Gcneral Chemical Council should be formed in which the Institute the Privy Council the Universities the British Association of Chemists and the National Union of Scientific Workers should have full representation (University representation to be by groups e.g.Scotland Northern Univer- sities etc.) ; (4) that all technical bodies which include chemists (the Society of Public Analysts the Society of Leather Trade Chemists the Institution of Chemical Engineers) should be taken into consultation in framing the minimum qualification for the general register; (5) that in the first instance a candidate not otherwise eligible for admission to the Register should give evidence of a sufficient general and scientific education and of at least seven years’ practice in pure or applied chemistry with evidence of dependability and initiative the applicant to be not less than 30 years of age; and that six years after the inception of the Register the only qualification for admission should be an approved university degree or its examinational equivalent ; (6) that within the General Chemical Council the constitu- ent bodies should remain autonomous but that their various activities should be co-ordinated so far as possible-e.g.the Appointments Registers should be fused; (7) that the Institute should continue its present functions as a qualifying and examining body; (8) that the British Association of Chemists should continue its present functions and in general look after the cconomic interests of the profession ; (9) that any person whose namc is on the general register after its inception should receive at any time if and when he specially requests it on paying a fce a certificate or statement to the effect that his name is upon the Register and that he was admitted to thc Register at a .certain date; that such certificate should also include (a) a statement or summary of the minimum qualification at the time at which admission was made to the general register and (b) a statement that such certificate does not imply any definite qualification more than the minimum qualification for the general register in force at the time of admission The Section was not in favour of a third grade of membership of the Institute and endorsed the rcsolution passed by the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section that a referendum of all members of the Institute be taken on a number of questions relative to registration.On 16th March before a joint meeting with the Society of Chemical Industry Prof. J. C . Drummond gave a lecture on ‘‘ Bio-chemical Aspects of the Nature of Life,” a t the University Prof. W. H. Roberts presiding. Professor Drummond pointed out that the differentiation between systems which might be regarded as living and non- living had occupied the minds of thinkers from the very earliest times. “Animism,” which was founded in the Middle Ages had survived in the various vitalistic theories current at the beginning of the last century. These theories had been shaken by the discoveries of Wohler which together with the work of such chemists as Moore and Baly had taught us something of the transition from the inorganic to the organic; there had also been great extensions in the study of the evolutionary processes of plants and animals.Further light on the subject had been provided by the study of ultra-microscopic viruses and the bacteriophages of d’HerelIe. The phenomena of life could be studied under such headings as growth assimilation respiration reproduction and move- ment all of which represented complex energy changes. Warburg had shown that the process of respiration was to a large extent controlled in the cell by the presence of iron which element seemed to occupy an important r61e. In all cells there was an iron-containing pigment known as cytochrome which was related to the blood pigments known as the haernoglobins.Even in the phenomenon of reproduction it had been found that the processes of fFrtilisation and cell division could be controlled in the laboratory by physical and biochemical methods. Dakin and his colleagues had emphasised the importance of the arrangement of amino-acids in the protein molecule ‘as affecting the biological specificity of various proteins. The lecture was greatly appreciated and Prof. Drummond was accorded a hearty vote of thanks. Chemistry.” 151 At the meeting held in May Mr. A. J. Hall read a paper before the Section on “Cellulose in the Hands of the Chemist.” Mr. Hall referred to the many uses of cellulose and devoted special attention to artificial silk and the problems encountered in dye- ing the material.He showed that difficulties arose not only from the variable nature of artificial silk but also owing to the combinations of the material with other fibres employed in fabrics. The lecture was illustrated by specimens and at its conclusion Mr. Hall was accorded a hearty vote of thanks. The Section has invited Mr. William French to inaugurate the next session on 13th October with a paper on “Fifty Years of London and South-Eastern Counties.-Sir Robert Robertson presided a t a meeting of the Section held at the Institute on 27th April when Mr. George Stubbs Deputy Government Chemist discussed (‘ Some Recent Legislation Affecting Chemists.” In addition to the new Food and Drugs Amendment Act 1927 which has been passed to give effect to the recommendations of the Departmental Committee on the “Use of Preservatives and Colouring Matters in Food,” Mr.Stubbs dealt with the Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act 1926 in connection with which an Advisory Comniittee on which chemists were well represented has been appointed to frame regulations regarding sampling methods of analysis qualifications of agri- cultural analysts and other matters. He also referred to the Therapeutic Substances Act 1925 which would come into full operation in August 1927 providing for the production importa- tion and distribution of therapeutic substances under licence. In connection with this Act the draft regulations prescribing the methods of examination include a provision that in the estima- tion of arsenic in substances of the salvarsan group the method used must be approved by the Licensing Authority.He men- tioned also the Dangerous Drugs Act 1925 the Merchandise Marks Act 1926 the Sale of Food (Weights and Measures) Act 1926 the Petroleum Act 1906 and the Lead Paint (Protection against Poisoning) Act 1926 dealing in each case with matters of interest to chemists An interesting discussion followed in which Messrs. Hinks Hawkins Howard Carr and others participated and the pro- ceedings terminated with a cordial vote of thanks to Mr. Stubbs. 152 Manchester and District.-At a meeting of the Manchester Section held on 7th March at which Mr. S. E. Melling presided Prof. E. C . C. Baly delivered a lecture entitled “Plant Chemis- try.” Prof.Baly said that probably the one reaction in chemistry which was more interesting than any other was the one by mcans of which a living plant succeeded in converting carbonic acid or carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates including of course the simultaneous reactions whereby materials of the nature of proteins and similar substances were produced. The reaction was interesting because it was the fundamental reaction a t the basis of all life. If that reaction did not take place neither he nor anyone else in the room would be there because they would not be living. That was why in spite of all the polarity theories of chemistry which were so fascinating and interesting there was a fundamental reaction underlying them all which deserved somc attention But frankly the problem had proved to be an extremely difficult one.It had been well known for many years starting originally from the work of von Baeyer that the process which took place in the living leaf of the plant was one of extraordinary mystery and at one time something practically magical as well as mysterious had been applied to it in the term vis vitalis or “the force of life.” I t was felt that there was something which differentiated the chemistry of the living organism from the chemistry of inert material. In 1921 Professors Heilbron and Barker and Prof. Baly himself published a preliminary paper in which they claimed to have obtained ordinary formaldehyde by the action of light upon carbon dioxide in water.This claim was considered by many people as a distinct contribution to the subject of the photosynthesis which took place in the leaves of plants. The pioneers in this particular experimental field were Prof. Moore and Mr. Webster who had investigated the possibilities of the conversion of carbonic acid into formaldehyde. They found that when solutions of carbonic acid in water were exposed to ultra-violet light nothing happened; that was to say they were unable to detect the formation of formaldehyde but they did find that in the presence of colloidal ferric hydroxide small quantities of formaldehyde were produced. Prof. Baly said he and his fellow workers differed somewhat from that conclusion because they found that if water through which a stream of 153 carbon dioxide was passed were exposed to ultra-violet light there was afterwards very definite evidence of the formation of formaldehyde.Moore and Webster showed that formaldehyde on exposure to ultra-violet light was converted into substances which showed some of the reactions of ordinary hexose sugars. Subsequently said Prof. Baly there had been put forward the idea that formation of carbohydrates in the living leaf took place in two stages the first stage being the formation of ordinary formaldehyde and the second stage being the subsequent con- version of the formaldehyde by polymerisation under the action of light into sugar. As a matter of fact when this proposition was examined from the physico-chemical point of view it was found to be erroneous.According to modern views of chemistry every single reaction required that the reacting molecules must be activated by the supply of a certain amount of energy before they underwent any reaction whatsoever. The great mystery of the living leaf was that in spite of the fact that a very large number of gram-calories had to be absorbed to bring about the reaction yet the plant managed to effect it by means of visible light and indeed as far as one could ascertain by light which lay within the yellow region of the spectrum. There was a photo-chemical reaction on the surface of the leaf and it was believed that the large total quantity of energy necessary to activate the carbonic acid was supplied at the surface and then the process was completed by visible light.Photosynthesis took place in those cells which contained chloroplasts. There was strong evidence that the phenomenon of photo synthesis of the plant was due to surface aborption. There was also a fatigue effect to be considered. If the light was too strong the plant ceased to work though it became active again after being placed in the dark for a couple of hours. With too much light the functioning power of the chIorophyU was arrested. Prof. Robinson proposed and Dr. E. Ardern seconded that a vote of thanks be accorded to Prof. Baly for his extremely interesting lecture ; this was carried by acclamation. A discussion then ensued in which Prof. Robinson Dr. E. Ardern and Messrs E. Thomas Short Manley and Hannah took part.Prof. Baly in replying to the discussion said that a systematic examination was being conducted in regard to sugar syrups which were formed by the action of light and concentrated 154 formaldehyde. The term “Carbohydrate ” was distinctly vague particularly if only ordinary tests were used. Sir James Irvine and Dr. Francis found that such a sugar symp examined by them was a sticky and extremely sweet substance which was optically inactive and from which they were able to prepare pure tetramethyl glucose. The formation of various complex carbohydrates and indeed of simple carbohydrates was largely governed if not entirely govered by the hydrogen-ion concen- tration. Probably the preferential formation of sucrose in particular species of plants was due to the occurrence of a particular hydrogen-ion concentration which was maintained by a suitable buffer solution.There was a peculiar merit in a coloured surface as compared with a white surface. Possibly carbonic acid when absorbed by the coloured surface received more energy than when it was absorbed by a white surface. In the latter case ultra-violet light was required to the formation of sugar. I\nalaya.-The Annual General Meeting of the Section was held at Kuala Lumpur Federated Malay States on 27th February Mr. F. L. Okell in the chair. The annual report and financial statements for 1926 were received and adopted. The report showed that at the annual meeting held in February r926 the members of the Section visited the Government Opium Factory and the Municipal Sewage Works; also that three meetings had been held at Singapore at which papers were read by Mr.A. G. Harrington on “The Working of the Municipal Sewage Plant;” by Mr. J. C. Coway on “Opium Analysis;” and by Mr. F. L. Okell on “Tin and its Analysis;” and that two meetings were held in Kuala Lurnpur when papers were read by Mr. J. Edwardes on “Recent work in connection with the established practice for the Yrepara- tion of Plantation Rubber,” and by Mr. R. 0. Bishop on “ Malayan Fibres.” A sub-committee of the Section has under consideration certain recommendations concerning the sale of fertilisers. The committee for the Section was elected as follows :-Messrs. F. L. Okell J.Edwardes C. D. V. Georgi M. Jamieson H. Marsden and R. E. Willgress (Hon. Secretary) Messrs. J. C. Cowap and A. G. Harrington were elected Honorary Auditors. Thanks were accorded to Mr. H. Marsden the retiring Hon. Secretary to Mr. Okell as acting Chairman and to the Director of the Institute for Medical Research for providing accomrnoda- tion for meetings of the Section. Newcastle-on-Tyne and North-East Coast.-The Annual Dinner of the Section was held on 25th March in con- junction with the local section of the Society of Chemical Industry and the Newcastle-on-Tyne Chemical Industry Club,- Dr. J. T. Dunn in the chair. The toast of “The Progress of Chemistry,” was proposed by Prof. Arthur Smithells the President of the Institute who reviewed the more important discoveries during the last century and said that he had no uneasiness as to future progress.He concluded by referring to the work done by Mr. F. I-€. Carr with whose name he coupled the toast. Mr. Carr in replying made some interesting references to the chemistry of silks and to several important bio-chemical pro- blems. Sir George Renwick Bart. proposed the health of the Chair- man remarking that it was fifty years since Dr. Dunn had first taken an active part in promoting the progress of chemistry in various branches in the North-East Coast district. He expressed the hope that he might continue to do so for many years to come. Referring in humorous vein to his own deplorable lack of chemical knowledge he said that he relied on men like Dr.Dunn to guide him in distinguishing between things “pure” and “impure,” in order that people might live a little longer. The younger chemists must play their parts well if the decay of chemical industries on Tyneside were to be checked. Dr. J. T. Dunn in reply referred to the work and progress of Armstrong College since its early beginning when the laboratories consisted of old attics and cellars at what was now the Mining Institute. The meeting concluded with musical items rendered by Madame Humble and Mr. W. Hendry with Mr. C. V. Rutherford at the piano. South Wales.-An ordinary meeting of the Section was held in Swansea on 29th April Mr. C. M. W. Grieb in the chair. Mr. C . W. Wood attended by invitation and received a cigarette case presented by the local sections of the Institute and the Society of Chemical Industry as an acknowledgment of his services as Hon.Secretary of both Sections. In making the presentation Prof. J. E. Coates said that Mr. Wood had served as Hon. Secretary for over two years and the work could not have been better done. The work was difficult 156 owing to several factors but his present appointment as editor of a technical oil paper indicated his efficiency and experience in secretarial work. Mr. Wood had already received many ex- pressions of thanks which Prof. Coates said he endorsed as strongly as possible. The Sections were delighted to welcome him and wished him all success in the future. Mr. Wood replying said that he was wry grateful for the gift and appreciated very highly the kind thoughts that had been expressed.He had enjoyed his work as Hon. Secretary and he thanked all who had helped him. The Chairman then opened a discussion 011 the method of electing members of Council suggested by the North-East Area Executive Committee which had been referred to the Section by the Council. He said that there appeared to be some dis- satisfaction at the large proportion of London members of Council but it must be remembered that attendances of provincial members a t Council meetings were unavoidably less. Mr. Made1 pointed out that election by district alone might prevent very desirable candidates from being elected if several happened to belong to the same district.Mr. Ayling regretted that the anomalies were not specified in the resolutions as in the absence of more definite inforniation the meeting could do very little. He remarked on the small pro- portion of members that exercised the vote,-the number of voters in the recent election being approximately only 800. There seemed to be some objection to the large number of nominations made by Council but the remedy appeared to be for members to send in a larger number of their own nominations. Dr. Ramsay thought that the Council nominations contained too many academic members and an insufficient number of chemists engaged in industry. Prof J. E. Coates said that many thought that the Council nominees should not be specially marked on the balloting papers.He moved and Mr. Made! scconded “That this meeting approves of the present method of election of General Members of Council.” The motion was carried. In opening a discussion on the desirability of Associates being eligible for election‘to Council the Chairman said that the gist of the arguments in favour of this proposal when it was before the London Section appeared to be that as there was such a pre- ponderance of Associates they ought to be represented on 157 Council but he failed to see in what manner the present reprc- sentation was detrimental to the interests of Associates. Mr. Ayling drew attention to the large proportion of Associates to Fellows approximately two to one and to the fact that very few Associates now proceeded to take the Fellowship.Of Fellows recently elected approximately 40 per cent. had not been Associates. It appeared reasonable therefore that some proportion of Council should consist of Associates. In considering the reasons that Associates do not proceed to the Fellowship Dr. Ramsay thoug1i.t that the non-rctuniable fee was a partial cause. Many Associates might consider themselves eligible for election without examination but if they were referred for examination on application and were unwilling to sit (as many were) the fee was forfeited. Mr. Anderson expressed himself in favour of Associates being eligible for Council and Mr. Ayling further suggested that Associates might have different views from Fellows and that it would help Council to have these views at first hand.Dr. Hinkel said that there had been many arguments in favour of Associates being eligible but none against and he proposed the resolution “That this meeting is in favour of Associates being eligible for election to Council.” Mr. Ayling seconded and the motion was carried nem con. It was further resolved unanimously “ That Council be requested to ascertain the views of other local Sections on this motion.” Referring to a resolution recently passed by the Glasgow and West of Scotland Section that “A referendum of all members of the Institute be taken on a number of questions relative to Registration ,,’ Prof. Coates suggested that it was most important for Council to have the opinions of members who were unable to attend local Section meetings.It was unanimously decided to support the Glasgow resolution. After a brief consideration of the possibility of publishing articles on chemical matters in local newspapers the meeting concluded. The Institute of Chemistry Students’ Association (London). On the suggestion of Prof. Uonnan the Students’ Association recently arranged a programme of Works Visits for a party of fifteen students of chemistry and the Professor of the University of Amsterdam. The visitors arrived on mst April and on the same day visited Messrs. Parke Davis and Company’s works at Hounslow. In the evening the Committee and a few members of the Associa- tion met them at the Institute Mr. Collett welcomed them on behalf of the Institute and Mr.R. 0. Gibson A.I.C. a former Vice-president of the Association who had worked for two years in Holland also joined the party. The sociable disposition and the fluent English of the visitors resulted in a most enjoyable gat hering. On 23rd April a party of twenty-five members of the Asso- ciation accompanied the visitors to the National Physical Laboratory. A visit was paid to University College Laboratories and an informal singsong was held in the College the Hollanders being acquainted with many English Students’ songs such as “ Clementine.” During the following week the Association also arranged for the party to visit the Tar and Ammonia Products works of the Gas Light and Coke Co. Beckton; the Royal Institu- tion; 0x0 Ltd.; Osram Ltd.; and J.Lyons Ltd. In all cases the hospitality shown was much appreciated. In addition to the more serious side of their visit amusements were by no means neglected. Notes. Official Chemical Appointments Overseas.-The Institute has received copies of a Colonial Office Memorandum (Miscellaneous 280 10th edition) on Agricultural Forestry and other Scientific Appointments in the Colonial Service printed in March last which contains information for the assistance of intending candidates for such appointments. For service in Tropical Africa candidates must be not less than 214 years of age at the time of taking up their duties although they may apply earlier in order that their applications may be completed in time to be considered at the earliest possible moment.For other appointments candidates should usually be not less than zx years of age; candidatcs for colonial agri- cultural schohrships should be not less than 19 years of age. The usual maximum age limit for junior appointments is 35 but candidates under 30 are in most cases definitely preferred. No candidate will be considered by the Secretary of State for the Colonies for appointments at his disposal who has not-if of suitable age-served in some branch of H.M. Forces during the late war unless his reasons for not having done so are con- sidered entirely satisfactory. Under Part I General-Appointments at the disposal of the Secretary of State are confined to those Colonies Protectorates etc. which are administered under his directions :- In Tropical Africa on the East side Kenya Nyassalsnd Protectorate Tanganyika Territory Uganda Protectorate Somaliland Protectorate Zanzibar Protectorate and Northern Rhodesia.On the West side Nigeria the GoId Coast Sierra Leone and the Gambia. Eastern Colonies and Protectorates Ceylon Hong Kong the Straits Settlements and the Malay States. The West Indian Colonies Jamaica Bahamas Barbados Windward Islands Leeward Islands Trinidad etc. and British Cuiano and British Honduras. Western Pacific Fiji Gilbert and Ellicc Island Colony British SoIomon Islands Protectorate. Cyprus and Gibraltar in the Mediterranean. Various islands Mauritius Seychelles Bermuda Fdklancl Islands and St. Helena. 160 Palestine The ’Iraq Government Service is almost exclusively staffed by ’Iraqis although British officers are attached as advisers or inspectors to certain departments appointments being made by the King of ’Iraq with tho concurrence and usually on the recommendation of the Secretary of State for the Colonies.General information respecting the Colonial Service can be obtained from the “Dominions Office and Colonial Office List,” published by Messrs. Waterlow & Sons which contains also the Colonial Regulations showing the rules as to leave of absence free passages etc. These regulations can be purchased sepa- rately from H.M. Stationery Office. Information regarding the East African Dependencies-conditions of life climate and living expenses-can be obtained from H.M. East African Trade and Information Office Royal Mail Buildings Cockspur Street London S.W .I.Similar information concerning Malaya and the West Indian Colonies (together with British Guiana and British Honduras) may be obtained from the Malay States Information Agency 88 Cannon Street London E.C.4 and the West India Committee 14 Trinity Square London E.C.3 respectively . The Secretary of State does not select candidates for appoint- ments for self-governing Dominions (Canada Australia New Zealand Union of South Africa the Irish Free State and New- foundland) or for territories under their control regarding which information can be obtained from the High Commissioners or Agents-General in London. Appointments in Southern Rhodesia are controlled by the local Government.Applications for appointments in Malta should be addressed to the Secretary to the Head of Ministry Malta; and applications for appointments in the Sudan should be made to the Controller Sudan Govern- ment Oflice Wellington House Buckingham Gate London S.W.1. Members of the Universities of Oxford Cambridge London (and University College) Edinburgh Glasgow Dublin (Trinity College) and Wales should apply through the Appoint- ments Committee or Board of their University. For appoint- ments in North Borneo applications should be made to the British North Borneo Company 17 St. Helen’s Place London E.C.2. Information regarding appointments in Sarawak made by His Highness the Rajah can be obtained from the Sarawak Advisory Committee Sarawak 2 Millbank London S.W.I.Under Part I1 Agricultural Appointments-reference is made to Specialist and Research Appointments including those of agricultural chemists for which a good scientific university 161 education and some post-graduate work are required. In a footnote it is stated that a chemistry student who wishes to qualify for appointment as an Agricultural Chemist should refer to the syllabus approved by the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain. and Ireland for the Fellowship Examination in the branch of Agricultural Chemistry and that it would be to his advantage to possess the certificate of the Institute in that branch. Reference is also made to Colonial Agricultural Scholar- ships and to the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture in Trinidad particulars of which can be obtained from the Private Secretary (Appointments) Colonial Office.The Memorandum contains particulars of the approved establishments of the Agricultural Departments of t hc Colonies and Protectorates which are administered under the direction of the Secretary of State. Part III deals with Forestry Appointments and Part IV with Veterinary Appointments. In Part V Appointments for Analytical Chemists-in referring to other appointments for chemists at the disposal of the Secretary of State-the Memo- randum contains the following statement :- “A candidate for one of these appointments should usually be an Associate of the Institute of Chemistry and should possess a good University degree in Chemistry.It would also be to his advantage to bold the certificate of the Institute of Chemistry in Branch E-The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Foods and Drugs and Water. The duties and qualifications required vary but as a rule the Government Analyst may be called upon to undertake any analytical work that falls outside the sphere of the Agricultural Chemist e.g. the analytical examination of stores such as cement oils and paints; thc analysis of samples of water food and drugs; tho identification and assaying of oms; bacteriological and medico-legal work. His duties may include the teaching of the native subordinate staff and a ccrtriin amount of work outside the laboratory stwh as t8he inspcction of cargoes on board ships. &search Chemists are sometimes requkd to carry out special inves tigcttions.” Particulars of certain appointments arc then given.Part VI deals with geological appointments which in some colonies include appointments for chemists. Income Tax.-A notice which was recently issued by the Institute of Structural Engineers states that H.M. Inspectors of Taxes are being advised that no objection need be raised to the allowance for Income Tax purposes of Members’ subscription in the following cases :- (a) Where a member is assessable under Schedule D in respect of professional profits; and (b) Where a member is assessable under Schedule E in those cases only in which continued membership of the Institution is an indispensable condition of tenure of appointment.University Col tege London.-The President d repre- sent the Institute at the celebration of the Centenary of University College London. A congratulatory address has been forwarded to the President the Provost the Deans of the Faculties and the Committee of the College recalling the names of its past great teachers of chemistry,-Edward Turner Thomas Graham George Fownes Alexander William Williamson Charles Graham William Ranisay,-and expressing the hope that the College will ever continue to pursue its great and beneficent work. British Engineering Standards Association.-The British Engineeriiig Standards Association has pubIished an Indexed List of British Standard Specifications and Reports C.B. 2007~ price IS. net. The folIowing are of general chemical interest :- 12-1925.Portland Cement Specification for. 29-1 909 Stwl Forgings for Narine Purposes Specification for Ingot. 30-1907. Stcol (lCksLings for llisrinc Purposes Specification for. 32-1921. Steel Bars for tho production of Machined Parts Specification for. 35-1907. Copper Alloy Bars for use in Automatic Machines Specifica- tion for. 44-1909. Cast Iron Pipes for HydrauIic Power Specification for. 48-1919. Wrought Iron of Sniithing Quality for Shipbuilding (Grade D) 51-1913. JYrought Iron for USE! in Railway Rolling Stock (“Best- Tws Pitches Bitumens and Asphalts when used for Road Specificatiou for. Yorkshiro” utid Grades A I3 and C) Specification for. 93-1 027. Boilcr Tribes (including Superheater Smoke and Element Tubes) for Locomotive BoiIers Specification for Cold Drawn IVeldlcss Steel.cTS-IO14. Sult-Glazed Ware Pipes Specification for. 76-1916. Yurpos(:s heport on Nomenclature of and Specifications 78-1917. 83-1922. for Tar and Pitch for R o d Purposes. (The Specifidions for Tar are temporarily withdrawn.) Cast Iron Pipes and Special Castings for Water Gas and Sewage Specification for. Aircraft Dope and Protective Covering Standard of Reference for. 114-1920. Valve and Valve Spring Steels for Aircraft (Under Revision). 115-1924 Metallic Kesistance Materials for Electrical Purposes Specifi- cation for. 123-1 924. Hard Drawn Copper Solid and Stranded Circular Conductors for Overheid Power Transmission Purposes Specification for. 203-1924.206-1924. Specifications for. Pure Mineral Lubricating Oils Classification of. 217-1926. Vulcanised Fibre for Electrical Purposes Specification for. 219-1925. Soft Solders (Grades A B C D E F G H and J) Specifica- 210-1924. tion for. 220-1926. Fine Zinc (or Spelter) (Grades A and B) Specification for. 221-1 926. Special Zinc (or Spelter) Specification for. 222-1926. Foundry Zinc (or Spelter) Spccification for. 229-1926. Flame-proof Euclosures for Electrical Apparatus and Tests for Flame-proof Enclosures Specification for. 239-1926. Genuine Dry White L e d for Paints Specification for. 241-1926. Genuine White Lead Oil Paste for Paints Specification for. 242-1926. Refined Linseed Oil Specification for. 243- 1926. Raw Linseed Oil Specification for.Turpentine T,ype 1 Specification for. 245-1926. White Spirit Type 1 for Paints Specificatioii for. 245-1926. Zinc Oxide (Types 1 and 2) for Paints Specification for. 256-1926. Asbestine for Paints Specification for. 256-1 926. Interior Oil Varnish Specification for. 257-1926. Exterior Oil Varnish Specification for. 258-1926. Flatting or Rubbing Oil Varnish Specification for. 259-1926. Boiled Linseed Oil Specification for. 244-1926. Barytes for Paints Specification for. 261-1926. Ready Mixed Linseed Oil Paint (Oil Gloss) Genuine White 163 136-X921. Benzol for Motor Fuel Specification for. 137-1922. Porcelain Insulators for Overhead Power Lines (3,OOO- I50,OOO Volts) Specification for. 144-1921. Creosote for the Preservation of Timber Specification for.146-1926. Portland Blastfurnace Cement Specification for. 148-1923. Insulating Oils for use in Traiisfomcrs Oil Swikhes and Circuit Breakers Tentative Specification for. 187-1923. Sand-Lime (Calcium-Silicate) Bricks Specification for. 188-1923. Dctermination of Viscosity in Abso1ut.e Units Method for the. 189-1 925. Cast Iron Filter Plates and Frames Specification for. 198-1925. Electrolytic Copper Wire Bars Cakes Slabs and Billets Specification for. 199-1 924. Electrolytic Copper bigots and Ingot 13ar.s Specification for. 200- 1924. Tough Copper Cakes and Billets for RolIing Spccification for. 201-1924. Fine Copper Cakes for Rolling Specification for. 202-1924. Electrolytic Cathode Copper Specification for. “Best Select ” Copper Specification for.Silver Solder Specification for. 209-1924. Fuels for Heavy Oil Engines (Petroleum and Shale Oils) Paints Specification for. Zinc Oxide Oil Paste for Paints specification for. Extra Hard Drying Varnish Specification for. 260-1926. Lead Specification for. 262-1926. Ready Mixed Linseed Oil Paint (Oil Gloss) Tinted Paints (White Lead Base) Specification for. 272- 1926. Red Oxides of Iron ( C h s 1 Natural or Mixed lron Oxides) for 273-1926. 274-1926. Dr. Ernest Vanstone of the Seale-Hayne Agricultural and Technical College represented the Institute at the Conference of the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions held at Plymouth from 4th to 7th June. 164 Books and their Contents. The following books have been presented by the authors or publishers and may be seen in the Library of the Institute :- “Atoms and Molecules.” Part I Chapter XI1 of “The Foundations of Chemical Theory.” R.M. Caven. Pp. viii + 141. (London Blackie & Son Ltd.). 7s. Older theories and views of valency mid chemical constitution ; cquivdcn t atomic ancl molecular weights ; chsification of the elements; the modern view of the ahom and molecule; tho colloidal state. “Brewing and Malting A Standard Manual of.” J. Ross- Mackenzie. Pp. xxiii + 415. (London Crosby Lockwood & Son). 45s. A practical guide to the Art and Science of Brewing and Malting and to t.he Physical and Chemical Evaliiation of the materials cmployed in these industries. A revised and augmented work based on “A Hardy Book for Brewers,” by H.E. Wright. “Chemistry The Elements of.” W. Foster. Pp. xviii + 576. (New York D. Van Nostrand Company). $2. X goneral test-book in which elemoritmy priicip1o.s are illustrated from history ancl applications of chemistry. “Essays on the Art and Principles of Chemistry,” including the first Messel Memorial Lecture. H. E. Armstrong. Pp. xxxi + 276. (London Ernest Benn Ltd.). 15s. “ Inorganic Chemical Synonyms and other Useful Chemical Data.” E. R. Darling. Pp. vii + 119. (New York 30. Van Nostrand Company). $I. ‘‘ Mkmento du Chimiste.” I .-Partie Scientifique. Revised under the direction of M. Boll and P. Baud. Yp. 676. (Paris Dunod) . A book of tables constants etc.,’in French. “Nature’s Serious Tale as reveaIed by Science Instinct and Common Scnsc Some Recent Discoveries.The late Thomas Jamieson. (Aberdeen The Rosemount Press). Papers left by the late Mr. Jmieson to be published and privately circulated after his death. 165 April- May Examinations 1927. f . nicLy . . 15 Abstract of the Report of t h e Board of Examiners. Examinations were held at the times and places mentioned below; the numbers of candidates examined and of those who passed were :- No. examined. No. passed. For the Associateship in General Chemistry- At the Institute 25thc30th April and 3rd- *28 6th May At Natal University College in March . . 9 1 For the Fellowship- At the Institute and a t the Royal School of Mines Branch A.Inorganic Chem- istry Section 11. MetJlurgy. 16th- 20th May * 2 1 . . 1. At the Universily lbadiing Branch (U) .%griculturd Chemistry Oth-13th May At the Institute Brirnch (fd) Tht Chem- ist ry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs uncl of Water 9th-14th At the Victoria University Mmchcster Branch (F) Biochemistry? with special reference to Chemical Pathology 2nd- 6th May At Bristol Branch (G) Industrial Chem. 0 d > 1 10 1 . . . . . . . . 1 Tar and Ammonia 9th-13th May 1 istry with special reference to Coal At the Institute Chemistry of Foods with special reference to Milk and Milk Products 9th-13th May . . . . 1 At tho City Laboratories Liverpool Special Examination in Oils arid Fats 1 - 51 25t h-2 9th April 26 * Two candidates failed only in the translation of German technical literature.One candidate passed the examination in the translation of l.’rench and Uerrnuri technical literature and one in the translation of German technical literature thereby completing their examination. 1 1 1 - EXAMINATION FOR THE ASSOCIATESHIP IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY. The standard reached by a large number of candidates at this examination was in many respects distinctly unsatisfactory. Candidates should realise that the standard of knowledge required is a high one and quite equal to that necessary in order to obtain a good honours degree. In the written payers on Inorganic and Physical chemistry the only questions which were reasonably well done were those the answers to which could be cullcd directly from ordinary text-books.The majority of the Candidates seemed unable to tackle any question from the laboratory point of view and had no practical knowledge of gas analysis. In the paper on Organic Chemistry many of the candidates did not seem to be thoroughly grounded in the elementary principles. Some of them stated that they had been “cramming up” such topics as alkaloids terpenes sugars and purins but their answers showed that they were not clear on elementary points such as the differences between nitriles and isonitriles. -4 simple calculation on the distillation of nitrobenzene in steam was seldom correctly done and an elementary question on the diazo reaction was not treated adequately.Knowledge shown of the historical development of organic chemistry was very imperfect. In the practical work both Inorganic and Organic candidates did not make sufficient use of the text-books provided. This inability to employ chemical literature was notably shown in the qualitative exercise on the molybdate and tungstate and also in the quantitative separation of copper and nickel In the Organic quantitative exercises candidates did not look through the books to find proximate methods for the quantitative estimations of phenolic substances and aromatic amines. Kjeldahl estimations were suggested when quicker proximate methods for estimating amines were available. EXAMINATION FOR THE FELLOWSHIP. In the examination in Branch E,-the Chemistry including Microscopy of Food and Drugs and of Water,-the knowledge shown of optics in relation to the microscope was weak.Future candidates should also pay much more attention to acquiring knowledge of the appearance and structures of foods and drugs under the microscope. 167 In some cases little was known of the methods for the estimation of arsenic in its organic compounds. Some candidates also had very scanty knowledge of the new Preservative Regulations and the methods for determining whether or not a sample of milk is of Grade A quality. Weakness was also shown in the knowledge of the phosphates usedfor food purposes together with the impurities likely to be found therein. PASS LIST. Examination for the Asaociateship in General Chemistry.Brown George AH.-W.C. Heriot-Watt College Edinburgh. Freeland David Michael Chelsea Polytechnic. Harding George Royal Technical ColIege Sslford; and College of Tech- nology Manchoster. Keeley Eric Cecil B.Sc. (Lond.) King’s College London. Lawrence Cyril Dunn 13.S~. (Lond.) Truinecl under S . R. Illingworth I).&. P.I.C. at the School of Mines Trcforest. Lucke Douglas Thurlow B.8c. (Lon&) Sir John CUSS Technical Institute London. Nattrass Ernest Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.) University College London; ancl East London College. Thompson Archibald Waiter Sir John Cass Technical Institute London. Tompsetf Sidney Lionel B.Sc. (Lond.) King’s Coltege London; and Northern Polytechnic London. Examination for the Fellowsirip.In Branch A Inorganic Chemistry Section I I Metallurgy. Blyth Howard Neville B.A. (Oson.). Sandilands James. In Brunch D Agricultural Chemistry Ling Edgar Roberts B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. In Branch E The Chemistray (includiriq iikficroscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. ChiIds Hugh B.Sc. (Manc.). Chilvers Cecil B.Sc. (Lond.). Crosbie-Oates Raymond B.Sc. (Liv.). Hornby Frederick Percival B.Sc. (Lond.). Noughton Arthur Sereld M.Sc. (Loncl.). Mann Thomas. Monk Harold Edward B.Sc. (Liv.). Sherratt John Graham B.Sc. Tech. (Manc.). Sutton Richard William BSc. Tech. (Manc.). Watridge Roy Warren B.Sc. (Lond.). In Branch P Biochemistry with special reference to Chemical Pathology. Hocking Frederick Denison Maurice M.B.B.5. (Lond.) M.R.C.S. L.K.C.P. A.C.O.F.C. In Branch Industrial Chemistry wit?& special reference to Coat 168 l'av and Ammonia. Eadie Robert George Watt B.Sc. (Glus.). In a Speciat Examination in the Chemistry of Foods with special reference to Milk and Milk Products. Bogod Mark A.R.C.S. In a .Special Examination in Oils and Fats. Rhys -Davies William. The following papers and exercises were given:- Examination for the Associateship in General Chemistry. MONDAY 25th APRIL 1927 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (FOUR questions only to be attempted.) 1. Nitric oxide is absorbed by a solution of ferrous chloride and it has been stated that the definite compoiirid FcCl,(NO) is formed. Describe in cletail how you would test this statement experimentally.2. Give an account of the preparation properties reactions and applications of THBEE of the following:- Silicochloroform (trichlorsilane) anhydrous cuprous sulphate calcium hydride potassium cobaltinitri$e. 3. Give methods suitable for the accurate determination of small proportions (0.1 per cent. or less) of:- ( a ) NO in liquid nitrous oxide. (b) CO in hydrogen. (c) Oxygen in liquid carbon dioxide. (d) Nitrogen in liquid ammonia. The gases are assumed to be supplied in cylinders under pressure. One method is to be described in detail. 4. Give a short account of the present state of knowledge of the molecular complexity of liquids. 5. Write a short essay on ONE of the following:- (a) The theory of indicators treated historically.(b) Recent additions to our knowledge of crystal structure. ( c ) Active nitrogen. determined. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (FOUR questions only to be attempted.) 1. Describe the sources mode of extraction and purification of either (a) Selenium and selenious acid or ( b ) Lithium and two of its compounds. 2. Define the radioactive constant of a radioactive element Give details of one method by which this constant can be experimentally 3. Draw up a scheme for the quantitative analysis of either (a) Lopidolite (only Li K Na Al F water need be considered); or (b) Apatite (variety cont&ining fluorine). 169 of theso changes on its use as a hoat-resist.ing material. Discuss the evidence for or against the existence of one or mom silicic acids.4. Discuss the changes which occur on hesting silica and the beahg 5. Describe the Weston cell. Give full dctuils of tho methods of purification of the chemical substances used in the construction of this cell. - L- 6. Define the meaning of the terms in the van't Hoff equation K = o'02T2 and give the outline of the proof. How far has this formula been confirmed experimentally? TUESDAY 26th APRIL 1037. 10 am. to 1 p.m. these processes. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Discuss the laboratory methods of separating and purifying organic substancw by distillaticm including in this discussion distillations (u) in stcam uiid (6) under reduced pressure. A mixture of iiitrobenzena and water boils a t 00" under 760 111111. pressure.At this tomperature the vapour pressure of water is 733 mm. FVhat proportion of thc total distillate in steam consists of nitrobenzene ? 3. W'hat developments in organic chemistry are associated with the rmnies of Hunsen Dumas Frankland and Wohler. 3. Contrast. the methods available for the preparation of aliphatic cyanides (nitriies) a i d isocyanirles (imiitriies) Compam the chemical properties of the two series and dduce evidence in support of the chemical constitutions ascribed to the isomerides C,H,N. 4. What is implied by the terms (a) aldol condensation ( b ) Claisen's reaction? Illustrate your answer by giving TWO examples of each of 3. Starting from aniline how are the following prepared:- (u) Bcnzcnediazoniurn chloride; (b) Diuzoeininobenzenc ( c ) Arninotizobenzene? What is tho action of reducing agents on each of thcse substances? 6.Describe the pparatioii of phthelic anhydrido and outline tho conversion of this substance into (a) anthruquinonc (b) cosin ( c ) indigotin. FIRST PERIOD. WEDNESDAY 27th APRIL 1927. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Solution d contains three organic substances. (Phcnol dimethyl. aniline benzene ; or m-cresol p-toluidine methyl alcohol.) Refer these constit,ucnts of the solution to their respective classes and identify the compounds. ( This exercise mu.ut be completed to -day.) 2. JVrite up a method for estimating any one of the three con- stituents of solution A and submit the method for approval to the Exam- iners. Carry out the approved method of analysis and express your results iu grams per litre.( l ' h i s exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 170 1. 1. THURSDAY 28th APRIL 1927. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Report on the nature of the organic matend B. (Cacodylic acid; or Ammonium urate.) 2. Complete exercise 2 of previous day. FRIDAY 29th APRIL 2927. 10 a.m. lo 4.30 p-tn. Heport on the nature of the substaim C. (Calcium sulphrtte lead molybclate and precipitated silica.) ( T l k exercise must be completed to-day). 2. Determinc silver nickel and copper in solution D. Express the results in grams per 100 grams of solution. This exercise rnay be completed to-morrow). SATURDa4Y 30th APRIL 1927. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Comploto the analysis of solution D. 1. SECOND PERIOD.TUESDAY 3rd MAY 1927. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p m . 1. Solution E contains three organic substances. ( /3-napthol o- toluicline ethyl alcohol ; or p-naphthol aniline toluene.) Refer these constituents of the solution to thoir respective classes and identify the compounds. Examiners. (This exercise must be completed to-day.) 2. Write up a method for estimating any oiie of the thme con- stituents of solution E. and submit the rrtcthod for approval to the Carry out tho atpproved method of analysis and express your results in grams per litre. ( This exercise may be cmnpleled to -morrow. ) WEDNESDAY 4th MAY 1927. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. 1. Report on the nature of the organic material F. (Caffeine or sulphonal. ) 2. Complete exercise 2 of previous day.THURSDAY. 5th AIAY 1927. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Report on the nature of the substance G. (Sodium silicotungstate and lead sulphate.) (This exercise ?nust be completed to-clay.) 2. Determine silver nickel and copper in solution H. Express the results in grams per 100 grams of solution. (This exercise mag be completed to -mowow). FRIDAY 6th MAY 1927. 10 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Complete the analysis of solution H. Fo Cn . . - Ore Limestone . . 12.0 30.0 22.0 3.0 28.0 8 clwts. 6 02. - 5 dwts. 1.5 5.0 Iron Ore - 47.5 Ag per ton - - 171 short CtLO and SiO Earths S Au per short ton - 6-0 35.0 - 172 2. Describe with the aid of a sketch an acid open-hearth furnace and indicate its chief dimensions. Give a brief outline of tho working of a chargc and the approximate analysis of (1) the pig iron used (2) the lining material of tho hearth and ( 3 ) the bricks in thc roof.3. Compare wrought iron arid vcry mild skcl stating clearly how they differ and give H typical amlysis of each. \Vhy are wrought iron tubes of small calibre frequently preferred to those made of very mild steel ? 4. How would you determine the tcrnperature of a 12-ton ingot of steel which has just bwn removed from an annealing furnace ? Describe the appliances you would use. It is assumed that the ingot is well above a red heat. 5. State the met-hods you would employ for determining ( a ) the combined carbon in a mottled iron and. (b) the total carbon in a sample of ferro-tungsten. 6.Describe the difficulties inherent in the accurate deteniintttion of sulphur in pig-iron and steel and indicak how far these dificulties are met by the methods commonly used. 7. Give a brief account of the reactions of vanadium. Indicate how thesc reactions niay hc applied to the rlcterrninatiori of vrtnaclium in ores and st.eels. 8. Givc an account o f the changes that occiir in thc micro-stmctuw of the inner tube of a piccc of or(li~~tiicc from thc casting to the finish(v1 tube. State the trrutinoit recrivcd t~nd ticscrilw. thr structure obtniiic!d in each case. It is wxsnmcd that the stw1 c.on1ains 0.3 per cent. carbon 3.5 per cent. nickel 0.6 per cent. chromium i t n t l O.(i p r cent. mnarpnese. TUEh‘DAY 17th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the percantages of the chief constituents in 5t sample of basic slag.(This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) WEDNESDAY 18th MAY 1027 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Make an assay of the antimonial gold ore for golcl and. silver. 2. Determine the percentages of tin and tungsten in a snmplc of “tin concentrate.” (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) THURSDAY 19th M A Y 1927 10 a.m. lo 3 p.m. Determino the perccntagcs of thic chief coristitucnts in an slloy steel. (This exercise mag be completed to-morrow.) FRIDAY 20th M A Y 1927 10 a.m. lo 5 p.m. Prepare the two samples of tabc for cxarniiiation under the microscope. Sketch their striictiirrs itnd rt-port as far as you arc able wslwcthg the materials of which the tubes are made. Branch D.Agricultural Chemistry. MONDAY 9th MAY 2927 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. (Not more than FIVE questions to be attempted.) I. Write a short cssny on the colloidal propwties of thc soil. 173 2. Describe the origin manufacture and cornposition of the slags as fertilisers paying special attention to the ttltorations which have taken place in the nature of these subutauces of lute ycrtrs. 3. Give in outline three methods for the mechanical analysis of soils including the reccntly introduced official Inothotl. What information of practical value clo you expect to obtain from tho mechanical analyois? 4. Discuss the law of diminishing returns as it applies to the appli- cation of fertilisers to the soil. 5. Describe the manufacture properties and use of two of the more rcccntly introduced nit,rogenous fertilisers.6. It is desired to test the fertilising value of four different mineral phosphates by means of a field experiment. Grassland which has received no manurial treatment for many years is the only land available. Describe all the steps you would take in initiating the exporiment. You can assume that the chemical analyses of the phowphatcs are supplied to you. 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. (Not more than FIVE questions to be attempted.) 1. Describe in detail how you would ciotcrmins the digcstibiiity of the main const,itucnt,s of a sample of linseed cake. Sheep are assumed to be the only animals available for the experiment. 3. Give a short account of the iniportancc of the ash constitlicnts of a ration rrferring t80 any recent work on the subject with which you twc acquainted.3. Statc what you know of the origin approximate composition and use of fish meal as a feeding stuff. What do you look for in a gooti sample and what estimations would you carry out in the laboratory if a sample were submitted to you for report. 4. A cow of approximately 10 cwt. live weight is giving 2 gallons of milk a day and is not in calf. Mangolds hay and oat straw are avail- able as home-grown foods and these can be supplemented by any suitable concentrated feeding stuffs. Work out a suitable ration for the animal. Discuss your choice of concentrated feeding stuffs from the point of view of cost. (Tables of analyses and current market prices are provided.) 5. Give a short account of the chemical composition of any three important insecticides or fungicides.The three chosen should bzlong to different classes of washes. 6. Describe the changes which take place on adding rennct to milk. Statc tbo average composition of (a) the fresh curd (b) tho finished cheesc (Cheddar) and ( c ) the whey. What processcs arc thcrc for the utilisation of the lust-named product. TUESDAY 10th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. 1. Make a qualitative examination of the given potato manure and estimate three constituents of fertilising value. (This exercise may be completed to-morrow.) 2. Investigate tho nature of the substance B. (Inulin.) WEDNESDAY 11th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine and report on the given samplcs of milk. 174 THURSDAY 12th MAY 1927 10 a.m.to 5 p.m. Make a full technical analysis of the given feeding stuff and write a report thereon. (This exercise may be cwnpleted to-nlowour.) FRIDAY 13th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Estimate the lime requirement of the given sample of soil. Branch E. The Chemistry (including Microscopy) of Food and Drugs and of Water. MONDAY 9th MAY 1927. 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. 1. Explain the following terms in relation to Microscopy:- Spherical aberration ; achromatic ; apochromatic ; numerical aperture ; double refraction; optical index. 2. How is formaldehydc prepared? State its properties and its uses as a reagent. How may it brx detected and estimated when present in small quantities in food? 3. Briefly state what mcthods you would adopt for the identification and cstiination of arsenic in its organic combinations.Answer in a separate book. 4. State thc composition of the following preparations giving the medicind dose in each case:- Tirict. aconiti tinct. cttmph. co. tinct. digitalis tinct. scillae ; synipus ipccac. syrupus chloral; ext. ergotae liq. ext. filicis liq. est. ipecac liq. 5. Givc an account of the nature and therapentic properties of any three synthetic drugs in common use. Explain briefly the principles which have guided endeavours to synthesise substances with desired therapeut.ic act ion. 6 Give an exact account of the nature and origin of ergot. Discuss its thcrapeutic uses and describe the symptoms of poisoning by the drug. by their use? 2 p.m.to 5 p.m. FIVE questions only to be attempted. 1. Givc a short account of thc nature and propertic s of proteins and of the procluchs resulting from their hydrolysis. 2. h l i c n t o brit:fly how the various phosphates used in food products arc prcparcd. What impurities are liable to be intmduccd into foods 3. What prcscrvatives if any and what proportions of the same are xow permitted iii the following foods :- Sausages j tbrns non-alcoholic wines dried chcrries butter gelatine bcer. 4. Statc how you would proceed to determine whether or not a sample of milk sold as Grade A milk conforms with the regulations. 6. A margarine is prepared from palm kernel oil neutral lard butter fat arachis oil and cottonseed oil. Briefly indicate the me6hods you would adopt to -certain the presence and proportion of each fat.6 Describe the B.P. process for the estimation of morphine in opium. 175 TUEBDAY and WEDNESDAY 10th and 11th MAY 1927. 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Analyse 8 s fully as possible and report upon the sample of cheese A and the sample of baking powlcr U. (Gcnuinc! clicesc; baking powder consisting of sodium acid pyrophosphatc sodium bicarbonate and ground rice.) Write official certificates for each on the forms provided. THURSDAY 12th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Examine the food C for irritant poisons and if present determine the amount. (Zinc chloride or mercuric chloride.) Make a qualitative examination of t.he powdcr U which is a mixture of two substances only. (Quinine sslicylute i*IlCl salicin or reaorcinol and benzoic acid or quinine sulphate and phenazono.) PRIDAY 13th ,4fA4Y 1937 LO a.m.to 5 p.m. Esaminc the specimens E F G H J and K microscopicaIly. Make rough drawings of and iiamc the diagnostic structures irk each and if possible identify the spechncns. SATURDAY 14th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. I. Examine microscopically the wheaten flour marked A arid report upon any abnormalities present. 2. From the piece of muscle provided (R) make preparations to show as clearly as possiblc the structure of tlm (ibres. 3. Assume that thc. suniple of nrhit (C‘) is that ol’ a pitticrit who while taking salicylic acid niedicinnilp is under suspicicm o f acciclen t d poisoning by carbolic acid. Dwidc whether cit1it.r of thcsc! acids is present or both.Branch F. Biochemistry with special refercnce to Chemical Fathology. NONDAY 2nd MAY 10 a.?tb. to 1 p m . (Not more than FOUR questions to be altemnpted.) 1. Uoscribe the occurrcnce properties and chemical structurc? of 2. Give an account of the general properties and methods of puri- 3. Describe the various types of oxidation mechanisms that have 4. What do you understand by thc “biological value” of a protein lecithin. What is known as to its importance in the body? fication of enzymes. What is known as to their nature? been demonstrated in living tissues and give examples of each. and how may it be determined? 5. Give an account of the discovery of vitamin C (water soluble). How may foodstuffs be examined for its presence ? 2 pm.to 5 p m . (Not more than FOUR questions to be attewzpted.) 1 . Discuss the methods available for aescssing the functional activity of the kiclricys in renal disease. 4. 176 2. Describe tho causes of glyooeurie and the means you would adopt for their differentiation in man. 3. Give an account of tho origin and fate in the body of tho bile pigments. How may variations in the amount procluccd be detected? Describe the van den Bergh reactions and their uses in jamidice. What is meant by the term “basal metabolism.” How is it measured and under what conditions does it show variations from the normal ? 5. What conditions am described 8s inborn errors of metabolism? Discuss what is known of the origin of homogentisic acid in alcaptonuna and the light it throws on normal metabolic processes.TUESDAY and WEDNESDAY 3rd and 4th MAY 1937 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each day. 1. Examine qualitatively the samples of urine A B and C and mport upon them. 3. Determine the nitrogen distribution in the urine C and tho amount of any abnormal constituents you find to be prcscnt. Write a report on tho results of your examination. (These exercises must bc concluded by the end of the second day.) THURSDAY 5th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Determine the ratio of urea nitrogen to non-protein nitrogm in the blood D and estimate tho blood sugar beforc and after incubation for two hours a t 37’ C. Comment on the results. FRIDA Y 6th MAY 1927 I0 a.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Examine the stomach contcnts E removed one hour after a test meal Report on the functiontil activity of the stomach as revealed by your esamination.3. Mako a qualitative examination of the urinnry calculus F. Branch G Industrial Chemistry with special reference to Coal-Tar and Ammonia. MONDAY 9th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 1 p.nt. (FIVE questions only to be attempted.) 1. Give a general account of the methods used and the principles underlying their use for measuring the pressurc and the flow of liquids in tubes describing and explaining especially devices used when prcssure differences are small. 2. Describe briefly and generally the conditions and requirements which clet.ermine the form in which the fuel necessary to carry out a process is most advantageously applied-as coal coke powdered fuel oil producer gas etc.--illustrating your answer by reference to particular processes known to you.3. Explain clearly why the solid matcrials for chemical works processes are usually more or less finely disintegrated instoad of being used in thcir natural lumpy state. 177 Describe very shortly how such h e division is effected (giving met.hods of action but no details of construction of the machines you have in mind). What difference would it make in the choice of machincry whether the material to bo disintegrated were coal bone or wood? 4. Give a general account of those properties of vapours especially in relation to heat which enable us to utilise the evaporation of liquids to effect separations of liquids from solids or concentration of solutions in works practice.What principles must guide us in seeking to carry out such operations economically and how are those principles illustrated in a multiple effect evaporator? 5. What are the properties of lead glass silica ware and the various “incorrodible” metallic alloys which fit them for use in chemical works operations and what disadvantages are associated with each material ? 6. Discuss the relative merits of the “permutite” and the lime and soda precipitation methods of softening a hard water when the softened water is to be used for-(a) steam generation (b) chemical oper- ations ? 2 p.m. to 6 p.m. (FIVE questions only to be attempted of which Nos. 1 and 2 w e compulsorg.) 1. What part does “heat interchange” play h the distillation of tar and its products? Give diagram and description of a typical plant embodying this form of economy.2. Describe a large scale process for obtaining pure 0880 ammonia from gas liquor. 3. On what processes are centrifugal machines and filter presses employed in a modern tar works? Give details. 4. Describe various mems which are employed to break down water-in-oil emulsions on tho largo scale. 5. Describe briefly the plant you would design for making 4 ton of crude carbolic acid and 1& tons of crude cresylic acid daily from light oils containing 22 per cent of tar acids. 6. Describe the precautions you would observe in a tar works against risks of fire and explosion generally. TUESDAY 10th MAY to FRIDAY 13th MAY 1927 10 a.m.to 5 pm. 1. Determine the percentage of phenol and meta cresol in the mixturo supplied which contains phenol and ortho melu and para cresols. 2. From crude tar which is supplied to you prepare a sample of refined tar which will meet the requirements approximately of the Road Board’s Specification No. 2 and report on it. 3. You are supplied with a sample of coal tar naphtha. Report whether you consider it suitable for the manufacture of anti-fouling paints. (Note.-The sulphur-content of the sample is nil.) 4. You are given a sample of commercial ammonium sulphate which has become contaminated by gas liquor. Report on this. 178 The Chemistry of Foods with special reference to Milk and Milk Products. MONDAY 9th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.1. Write a short essay on the application of the microscope to the examination of food. 2. How is meat extract prepared? Discuss its nutritive value. 3. What impurities are liable to be introduced into the following foods in the process of preparation :- Self-raising flour; beer; vinegar; non-alcoholic beverages ; tinned foods. 4. Describe in detail a process for the estimation of “higher alcohols” in a potable spirit. 8. Discuss the use of so-called “improvers” in wheaten flour. Name any substances you know which have been used as “i~npmvers.” 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. (Not more than FIVE questions to be attempted of which Nos. 1 and 3 are compuluory.) 1. On what does the freezing point of milk depend. Discuss the valuc of the determination of the freezing point of milk in tho examination o f commercial samples of milk.Give details of this determination and indicate source of error and limits of variation in milk. 2. What are the causes and what is the extent of the variation in the percentage of fat in the milk of individual cows? 3. Discuss the manufacture of dried milk by means of the Just- Hat,maker process from the point of view of t.he economics of manufacture. 4. Describe two methods which are suggested for the utilisation of whey; give details. 5. Discuss the composition and properties of casein with reference to its use in chemical industry. 6. What vitamins have been recognised in cows’ milk? What is their source and to what extent may they be destroyed in “process” inilks ? 7.Write a short essay on hydrogen-ion concentration with reference to its importance in the dairy industry. 8. Compare butter and margarine giving the most important constituent,a of each from a physiological point of view. TUESDAY 10th MAY and WEDNESDAY 11th MAY 1927 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. each duy. 1. Determine the caffeine in the sample of coffee A. 3. Ident,ify and estimate the preservative in the stwnplo of lime juice B. (Formaldehyde.) 3. Examine and identify the oil C. (Sesame oil.) 179 THURSDAY 12th MAY and FRIDAY 13th MAY 1927 10 am. to 6 p,m. each day. 1. The sample of butter (A) has been made from the milk of cows fed on the sample of cod-liver oil (U). In what respect if any has this feeding modified the composition of the sample from the normal composition for fresh butter.2. Determine the calcium in tho sample of milk (C). 3. Estimate the preservative in the sample of cream (U). (Boric acid.) 4. Report on the purity of the sample of milk (E). Oils and Fats MONDAY 25th APRIL 1927 10 a m . to 1 p.m 1. Describe briefly some of the modern methods for refining oils and fats. 2. How are the following essential oils evaluated Peppermint lavender lemon. 3. What are the distinctive characteristics and tests of the following oils :- Rape cod-liver arwhis coconut and shea nut. 2 p.m. to 5 p.m. 1. Give a short description of a method and plant employed for the production of glycerine from oils and fats. 2. Discuss the development of rancidity in oils and fats.3. A “lard compound” on analysis yielded the following data:- Iodine value 70; saponification value 205 ; Reichert Meissel number 2.5; Polenske number 3.5 and t.he Halphen test gave a pink coloration. State giving your reasons what fats you would infer to be present in the compound. TUESDAY to FRIDAY 26th to 29th APRIL 10 a.m. to 5 p m 1. The specimen A is the unsaponifiable matter extracted from a substance sold as a fat. Analyse it and rnport upon its composition. (Cholesterol and paraffi wax.) 2. Estimate the oil in the mixture B. 3. AnLtlyse and report upon the smplc of oil C which w - 8 ~ sold as a salad oil. (Mineral hydrocarbon coloured yellow.) 4. Examine the sample of linseed oil D and report upon its fit.ness for use in paints.(Linseed rape and mineral oils.) 5. Identify the pure substance E. (Palmitic acid.) 180 Obituary. WILLIAM BEAMONT HART died on 29th December 1926 in his 62nd year. He was educated at Manchester Commercial Schools and at Owens Colbge where he was Roscoe Scholar in 1885 and gained medals at the examinations of the City and GuiIds of London Institute in Alkali Manu- facture and Coal Tar Products. On leaving Owens College he was engaged for some years with tho Clayton Aniline Co. and in 1892 established a practice in Manchester. During the years 1895 to 1900 he visited Con- stantinople to advise the Turkish Government on the manufacture of sulphuric acid and smokeless powder. For these services he received the Order of Osmanieh in 1902. Resuming practice in Manchcster he waa retained by several important firms in an advisory capacity until his death.He served as a member of the Committees of the Local Sections of the Society of Chemical Industry and of the Institute. He passed the examina- tion for the Associateship of the Institute in 1886 was elected a Fellow in 1890 and subsequently passed tho specid examination in Therapeutics Pharmacology and Microscopy. JAMES DAVID KETTLE died at Croydon on 20th May in his 48th year. He matriculated at London University in 1896 and graduated as BSc. in 1900; he passed the Intermediate Examination of the Institute in 1906 and the final examination for the Associateship in the Chemistry of Food and Drugs etc. in 1907. From 1903 to 1911 hc assisted Dr.Alexander Scott and Sir James Dewar in research at the Davy Faraday Research Laboratory of the Royal Institution. He then joined the scientific staff of British Drug Houses where he remained until 1921 in which year he was appointed Assistant Government Analyst at Trinidad H e was home on sick leave at the timo of his death. He was elected a Fellow of the InstsitUte in 1910. WILLIAM CARLETON WILLIAMS died at Goring-on-Thames on the 25th May in his 77th year. He studied chemistry under Roscoe at Owens College Manchester where he gained the Associateship of the College the Dalton Scholarship and subsequently the degree of B.Sc. (Vict.). He pursued research at the Universities of Heidelberg and Bonn before returning to Owen’s College as a demonstrator and in 1883 was appointcd professor of chemistry in succession to Carnelly at Firth Collegc-now the University-Sheffield where he continued until his retirement in 1904.He was elected a Follow of tho Institute in 1884. 181 The Register. At the meetings of Council held on 8th April 20th May and 17th June 1927 7 new Fellows were elected 32 Associates were elected to the Fellowship go new Associates were elected and 47 Students were admitted. The Institute has Iost z Fellows by death. New Fellows. Henderson William Pringle 14 bven Stroet Pollokshielcls Glasgow. Reiller Patrick Anderson The Colombo Commercial Co. Colombo Ceylon. Lessing Rudolf Ph.D. (Miinich) Southapton House 317 High lIolborn London W.C. I. Ma.nn Thomas 14 Alexandra Terrace Bransty Whitzhaven.Pratt James Davidson O.B.E. MA, B.Sc. (Aberd.) 3 Leinster Gardens London W.2. Rhys-Davies William 14 Dock Street Lower Briggate Leeds. Rowley Ernest Whitworth 14 Brackcn Road Darlington. Associates eleoted to the Fellowship Brtcharach Alfred Louis B.A. (Cantab.) 26 Willow Road Hampstead London N.W.3. Birkinshaw John Howard M.Sc. (Leeds) Maythorne Ardrossan Road Blyth Howard Neville B.A. (Oxon) 5 Dry Hill Park Road Tonbridge. Bogod Mark A.R.C.S. 8 Kenyon Mansions Queen’s Club Gardens Briggs Dennis Brook M.A. (Cantab.) Braclfield College nr. Rcading. Sal tcoats Ayrshire. London W. 14. Hightown Manchcster. Casson Simon Rcrnard B.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) 188 Xlizabeth Street Channon Harold John M.Sc. B.A. (Lond.) Department of Experimental Pathology Tho University heds.Chiids Hugh B.Sc. (Manc.) 32 Endcliffe Terrace Road Shefficld. Chilvers Cecii 13.S~. (Lond.) 29 St. Luke’s Avenue llford Essex. Crosbie-Oates Raymond B.Sc. (Liv.) Thc Chalet Park West Heswall Choshire. Drtvies WillizLm Lewis Ph,D. (Cantab.) M.Sc. (Wales) The University Reading. Dawson Stanley Ernest A.M.C.T. 8 Lynton Park Road Cheadle Hulme Eadie Robert George Watt B.Sc. (Glus.) 22 Whitcvale Street Dennis- Facer Albert William B. A. (Oxon) Agricultural Laboratory Box 387 Hocking Frederick Denison Maurice M.B. B.S. (Loncl.) M.R.C.S. S toc kport. tom Glusgow. Salisbury S. Rhodesia. L.R.C.P. A.C.G.F .C. 18 Wooclsidc Park Road N. Finchlcy London N.12. 182 Hornby Frederick Percival B.Sc.(Lond.) 83 Harberton Road Highgate London N.19. Houghton Arthur Sereld M.Sc. (Lond.) 38 The Drive Fulham B o d London S.W.6. Howell Owen Rhys Ph.D. (Cantab. and WaIes) 14 Kent K o d West Victoria Park Manchester. Hyde Claudius George A.R.C.S. c/o The Gas Referees 66 Victoria Street Westminster London S.W. 1. Ling Edgar Roberts U.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Cartref Oliver Rod Loughborough. Mandleberg Joseph Harold M.A. (Cantab.) The Ited House Worsley Road Swinton hlanchestor. McI,achlan Thomas A.C.G.F.C. 62 Leyland Road Lee London S.E. 12. Monk Harold Edward KSc. (Liv.) c/o City Analyst's Department Mount Pleasant Liverpool. Naylor Donald Sanderson H.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) 117 College Road Whalley Range Manchester. Page Harold James M.E.E. KSc.(Lond.) Kothamsted ExpcrimentaI Stat ion Harpenden Herts . Picken James B.Sc. (Glas.) Qreig House Wiikinson Street Shefield. Sandilands James 103 West Holmes Gwdms Musselburgh Midlothian. Sutton Richard William B.Sc.Tcch. (Manc.) 22 Heavitree Road Eseter. Tainsh Pcter Wright O.R.E. A.R.T.C. 1 Craiglands Spitd Cheshire. Vernon Iz'illinm Harold Juggins 13.S~. (Bim.) D.So. (Lond.) 6 High Watridge Roy Warren B.Sc. (Lond.) 38 Vespasian Itoucl Bitterne Park Woodman Howland Marcus Ph.D. (Cantab.) School of Agriculture Street Wimblccion London S.W. 19. Southampton. Cambridge. New Associates. Agnew William Young B.Sc. (Loncl.) 22 South Hamilton Street Kil- mamock Ayrshire. Ashmore James Ernest BSc. B.Sc.Tec.11. (Sheff.) 15 Humber R o d Blackheath London S.E.3.Balmain William Andrew B.Sc. (Lond.) 22 Oukington Avenue Wemblcy Park. Berry IYilliam hI.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) 279 Moss Lane Ihst I\loss Sidc Manohester. Berry IVilliam Ambler M.Sc. l?h.L). (Sheff.) 19 Blakeney Road Black Munro David B.Sc. (alas.) 23 Harrington Drivc East Kilbricle Lnnarkshire. Bone Miss Elizabeth Hume B.Sc. (Glas.) 69 Prince of Wtdes Mansions Battersea London S.W.11. Ihshaw John Cripps B.A. B.Sc. (Oxon) Wortley Vicarage Shefficld. Shcffield. Britten Gilbert Frederic B.A. M.8c. (S.A.) Government Chemical Brooking Reginttld Alfred Gilbert M.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. 3 Old Exeter Street Chudlaigh Dcvoxi. Brown George A.H.W.C. 11 Polwarth Gardens Edinburgh. Buchm James Lindsay B.Sc. (Loncl.) Hampden Club London N.W.I . Carter Ralph U.Sc. (Lond.) 65 Main Ridge Boston Lincs. Clark Frederick Leslie M.Sc. (Sheit) 170 Rarnsley ltoad Shefield. Laboratory P.O. Box 668 Cape TOYVIA S. Africa. Clulow Frvclerick William B.Sc. (Lond .) 14 Little Lane Manningham Bradford. 183 Cooper Leslie Hugh Norman BSc. (Wales) Eversby Marl Drive Llandudno Junction S. Wales. Cox Charles Beresford B.Sc. (Lond.) 51 North Road West Bridgford Nottingham. Croucher Herbcwt Harry B.Sc. (Lond.) Chemistry Department Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture Trinidad B.W.I. Dnrlcy John Harold 26 Gloucester Road South Ealing London W.5. Daviea John Berwyn Ph.D. (Liv.) 74 Salisbury Rod Wavertree Liverpool. Dennington Sidney Herman B.Sc. (Lond.) 3 Grove Road Lowestoft. Eden Thomas M.Sc.(Vict.) Rothamsted Experimental Station Harpenden Herts. Elmer Frank William B.Sc. (Lond.) 8 High Road Wood Green London N.22. Evans Harry Leonard M.Sc.Tcch. (Manc.) Clee House Wells Green Crewe Cheshire. Frederick Robert Charlcs Royal Naval Medical School Royal Naval College Greenwich London S.E.lO. Freeland David Michad 13 Perryn Road Acton London W.3. Garcliner Percy Cyril Thendon Church ?Vay Whetstone London N.20. Guhault Ernest Michel B.Sc. (Sheff .) 22 Sterndale Road Millhouses Shefficld . Hall George Vincent MSc. (Lecds) 6 Borough Xoad Bridlington Yorks. Harding George 19 Wood Street Port Sunlight Cheshire. Harley David 13.S~. (Edin.) 47 Castleblair Park Dunfermline Fife. Hc~aley Alfred Thomas B.Sc. (Lond.) 79 Pop’s Avenue Twickenham Midcllcscx.Hcggie Richard Graeme B.Sc.Eng. (Witwatersrand) 42 Kotze Street Hospital Hill Johannesburg S. Africa. Hocbon William Brook A.C.G.F.C. 40 Park Avenue Wood Green London N.22. Hoyle Ronald Herbert, BSc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Lyndhurst Chigwell Inglis Alerandcxr Stewart Robertson B.Sc. (Edin.) 127 Kinghorne Road Duntlca Scotland. Ivison Norman John B.Sc. (Lond.) 24 Beacorisfield Street Newcastle- on-Tyne. James Robert Gilbert B.Sc. (Birm.) Bcllevue Harold Road Deal Kent. Jarrott IYulter George 123 Droylsden Road Newton Heath Manchester. Jeffrey Robert Stewart Martin BSc. (Glm.) Lithgow Avenue Kirkintil- loch. Joiner JTilliam Alexander M.Sc. (N.Z.) 67 Rakau Road Hataitai Wellington N.Z. JOWS Griffith William 101 Hungerford Road Crewe.Eswex. Jones William Glyrine B.Sc. (Wales) Gwynedd Manod Blaensu Keeley Eric Cecil B.Sc. (Loiid.) Ballingcion Bower Mount Rod Maid Ffestiniog N. IValcs. stone. Kenyon Miss Nancy Hannah B.Sc. (Liv.) 62 Queen Victoria Road Burnley Lanes. Knight, Arihur Howard B.Sc. (Birm.) East Winterslow nr. Salisbury Wilts. Koppikar Manjunath Nangesh M.A. BSc. (Bombay) c/o Victoria Jubilee Technical Institute King’s Circle Matunga Bombay. Lanning Hubert John B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. Holcote Selbourne New Malden Surrey 184 Lawrence Cyril Dunn B.Sc. (Lond.) 46 Juer Street Park Road Battersea London S.W.11. Lawton George B.Sc. Ph.D. (Lond.) 139 Ashby Road Loughborough Leics. Laxton Albrt Edward B.Sc. (Lond.) 110 Fairfoot Road Bow Leadbotter George Gilbert 7 May Street Monton Mancheater.London E.3. Light Louis M.Sc.Tech. (Vict.) Ph.D. (Ziirich) 68 Vernham Road Lighton Charles 13 Welbury Drive Bradford Yorks. Lucke Douglas Thurlow B.Sc. (Lond.) Stopford London Road MacKeand James Crawford Setch King’s Lynn Norfolk. MacPhail Dugald Ian BSc. (Glas.) 68 Dagger Lane West Bromwich Plumstead London S.E.18. Hadbigh . Staffs. Melville Edward Miller M.A. B.So. B.Sc.Agric. (Glas.) c/o H. Swanson- Woods Esq. 14 Burnbank Terrace Glasgow N.W. Mounfield James Denis M.Sc.Tech. (Manc.) Lynwood Walton Neath Road Lower Walton Warrington Lancs. Mowat Iwn Blair B.Sc. (Glas.) 9 Loudon Terrace Glasgow W.2. Murray Arthur GeorgG B.Sc. (Lond.) Linden House Linden Grove Beeston Notts. McNicol Reginald Arthur M.Sc.(Lond.) 18 Tho Manor Way Wallington Surrey. Nnttrass Ernest Frederick B.Sc. (Lond.) 27 Wheelwright Road Erdington Birmingham. Nickels Lancelot B.Sc. (Lond.) 230 Nevell’s Road htchworth. Owen Arthur B.Sc. (Wales) 11 Bodfor Terrace Aberdovey Merioneth- shire. Owen Ralph David Lulworth Llantarnam nr. Newport Mon. Owcns William Morgan Ph.D. (Liv.) 35 Itomer Road Kenshgton Liverpool. Patterson James Bruce Eric M.Sc. (Lond.) 357 Goldhawk Road London W.6. Perry Archibald Laurence Hillyer B.Sc.Tech. (Mmc.) 272 Withington Road Chorlton-cum-Hardy Manchoster. Philip William George B.Sc. (Sheff .) 263 Pitsmoor Road Sheffield. Purkis Frank Theodore M.Sc. (Bh.) 59 Edgbaston Road Moseley Birmingham. Rau Hattilrudur Shivn BSc.(Allahahad) The Retreat The Luz Mylapore Madras India. Rowland Stanley B.Sc. (Lond.) 6 Essex Haad Enfield Middx. Schofield Maurice B.A. (Oxon) B.Sc. (Lond.) 64 Oakleigh Road Clayton Bradford. Hiinpson Alexander Thomas Spence B.A. (Cantab.) 3 Carlton Road Brockley London S.E.4. Smith George Stanley 13.S~. (Lond.) 46 Adelaide Street Crewe. Smith John David Main B.Sc. (Lond.) Ph,D. (Birm.) 57 Carless Avenue Harborne Birmingham. Smith Lionel Hewgill 33 Bcssingby Road Bridlington Yorks. Smith Philip Hugh Payne B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. 22 Wallbutton Road Brockley London S.E.4. Stend John Charles William B.Sc. (Lond.) Langham Villa Montague Road Drttchett Bucks. Stimson John Charles B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. D.I.C. 23 Cromwell Road Tunbridgo Wells.Thompson Archibald Walter 2 Kitto Road New Cross London S.E.14. s.w.4. Heath Birmingham. 185 Thorn Miss Vera Millicent B.Sc. (Lond.) 37 Stertde Road Sharrow S heffield . Tompsett Sidney Lionel B.Sc. (Lond.) Bio-Chemical Department Bland Sutton Institute Middlesex Hospital London W. 1. Turrell Levi Robert 97 Mildenhall Road Clapton London E.5. Wadsworth Raymond Varian 128 Bunbury Road Northfield Birming- ham. Wallis Edward B.Sc (Lond.) 28 Deauville Road Clapham London Wishart James Miller B.Sc. (Edin.) c/o Mrs. Lawton 11 Blandford Gardens Leeds. Wright Reginald Frank A.R.C.S. Fairhazel Avondalo Road Hove Brighton. Saxley Robert William B.Sc. (Birm.) 11 Naxby Road Washwood New Students. Brooks John Joseph Ablett 47 Pendle Road Stmatham London S.W.16.Bull Herbert Ivor Hill Crest Purton nr. Swindon Wilts. Calvert John Thornton 66 Burbage Road Herne Hill London S.E.24. Camfield Ernest 167 Wandsworth Bridge Road Fulham London S.W.6. Carter Geoffrey Frank IB Broadlands Road Highgate London N.G. Chamberlain Norman Hardy 13 Vambery Road Plumstead London S.E.18. Cook Eric Douglas 103 Dowanhill Road Catford London S.E.6. Daniel Lionel Laloo St. Joseph Trinidad B.W.1. Dunning Eric William Bee 286 High Road Kilburn London N.W.6. Ekins Reginald Percy 41 Granville Street Leamington Spa Warwick. Evans Walter Edmund 150 Pen-y-Lan Road Roath Cardiff. Fletcher Leonard Tempest 6 Grange TerrcLce,Yeadon nr. Leeds. Forbes Maxwell McLuckie G1 Manse Street Saltcoats Ayrshire. Fox Douglas Arthur Kavensworth 4 5 ~ Wickham Road Brockley London S.E.4.Gage George Jackson Park Side Ashley Road Epsom Surrey. Goss John Richard 59 Leeside Crescent Golders Green London N.W.11. Handy John Francis Charles 67 Shepherd Place Upper Brook Street London W.l Hebbs Lewis Goudin Spire 11 Albert Road Gtroud Green London N.4. Herriott Jack Shirley 129 Week Street Maidstone Kent. Holdridge Douglas Arthur 19 Moreton Parade May Bank Newcastle- under-Lyme Staffs. Howell Arthur Knighton 37 Crompton Road Errwood Road Levens- hulme Manchester. Javes Archie Ronald Westrena Chaucer Road Ashford Middx. Juster Miss Margaret Mary 44 Pollards Hill South Norbury London S.W.16. King Alexander 12 Cholmeley Crescent Highgate London N.6. Laycock John Craven The Spinney Market Lavington Wilts.Mann Jason Thomas William The Homestead Burchardbro Road Abbey Wood London S.E.2. Millar Stewart Halley 11 Montpelier Edinburgh. Olliver Miss Mamie 4 Northumberland Road Coventry. Parris Leonard Joseph Station House Catford Bridge London S.E.G. Parsons Josiah Dawe 138 Rainham Road Chatham Kent. Parsons Leslie George Brett 73 Lynton Avenue Ealing London W.13. Paul James Shearer c/o Mrs. Suttle Highwood Newton Road Stow- market. 186 ROSS RonaId Gabriel 92 Granville Road London N.12. Sands Reginald Robert 16 Monmouth Road Watford Herts. Schofield Henry Fryer Kimberlcy Middlewood Rod High Lane nr. Stockport Cheshire. SidclaIl Robert A.M.C.T. 28 Edna Street Higher Crumpsall Man- Chester. Sleigh Sydney William 49 Ftoyer Road Small Heath Birmingham.Smith Norman Wilson 17 Groes l3oaci Grassendale Liverpool. Stuart Norman 46 Platts Lane Hampstead London N.W.3. Tibbetts Thomas Wesley Heath Tavern High Strect Cradley Heath Staffs. Toms William 37 Seaview Avenue West R o d Dublin. Watson Eric George 8 Mount Adon Park Dulwich London S.E.22. Whittell James Frederick Inman School House Kirkeaton nr. Hudders- field. Woolf Nathan 97 Ellesmere Road Dollis Hill London N.W.10. Wraight Frederick Ernest Imperial College Hostel Prince (;'onsort Road South Kensington London S.JV.7. Wraight Wilf rid Hatherley Imperial College Hostel Prince Consort Road South Kensington London S.W.7. Young 'William Emlyn Bethel Road Llansamlet Swansea Ghni. Change of Name.Kloot Alfrtd Aaron Fellow-to Harding-Kloot Alf red,--by Dced Poll. DEATHS. Fellows. James David Kettle B.Sc. William Carleton Williams B.Sc. 187 General Notices. Se pte r n be r Exam i nation s .-Examinations for Associate- ship and Fellowship will be held from 19th to 24th September or 26th September to 1st October. The list of entries will close on Monday 18th July 1927. Not ice to Associates.-The Council desires to encourage all Associates to proceed to the Fellowship as soon as possible. The attention of Associates elected prior to June 1924 who have since been continuously engaged in the study and practical application of chemistry is directed to the revised syllabuses for the examinations for the Fellowship. Copies of the regulations and forms of application can be obtained from the Registrar.Sir Edward Frankland Medal and Prize for Students.- A medal and prize (EIO IOS.) for the best essay not exceeding 3,000 words on “The Importance of Chemistry to the Welfare of the People” will be awarded in January 1928 and presented at the nest annual general meeting or at a meeting of the local section to which the successful competitor is attached. Entries are limited to rcgistcred students who are less than 22 years of age at the time of forwarding the essay. Each essay must be sent to the Honorary Secretary of the local section of the district in which the cornyetitor resides on or before the 3xst December X927 and must be accompanied by a signed declaration that it is the independent work of the competitor.The Committee of each local section will be asked to select from among the essays received not more than three considered to be most worthy of the award. Essays will be valued partly for literary style and technique but mainly for the thoughts and ideas contained therein. The essays selected by the local sections will be referred to assessors appointed by the Council. On the report of the assessors the Council will decide whether an award be made. Enquiries on the subject of the Sir Edward Frankland Essays should be addressed to the Registrar. pating Institutions. 188 Bei I by Memorial Awards.-From the interest derived from the invested capital of the Sir George Beilby Memorial Fund at intervals to be determined by the administrators representing the Institute of chemistry the Society of Chemical Industry and the Institute of Metals awards will be made to British investigators in science to mark appreciation of records of distinguished original work preference being given to in- vestigations relating to the special interests of Sir George Bcilby including problems connected with fuel economy chemical engineering and metallurgy.Awards will not be made on the result of any competition but in recognition of continous work of exceptional merit bearing evidence of distinct advancement in knowledge and practice. The administrators of the Fund are the Presidents the Honorary Treasurers and the Secretaries of the three partici- Meldola Medal.-The Meldola Medal is awarded annually to the chemist whose published chemical work shows the most promise and is brought to the notice of the administrators during the year ending 31st December prior to the award; without restricting the award to any particular branch of chemical work the administrators have primary regard to work bearing on analytical chemistry.The recipient must be a British subject not more than 30 years of age at the time of the completion of the work; but until 1928 the award may be made to candidates who at the time of the completion of the work are more than 30 years of age provided that the age of the recipient does not exceed 30 by more than the period during which the recipient was engaged on active naval military or air service.The Medal may not be awarded more than once to the same person. The Council will be glad to have attention directed (before 1st January 1928) to work of the character indicated. The award for the year 1927 will be made in January 1928. Appointments Register.-A Register of Fellows and Associates of the Institute of Chemistry who are available for appointments is kept at the offices of the Institute. For full information inquiries should be addressed to the Registrar. Fellows and Associates are invited to notify the Institute of suitable vacancies for qualified chemists. 189 Students who have been registered as Students of the Institute for not less than six months and are in the last term of their college course may receive the Appointments Register of the Institute on the same terms as Fellows and Associates provided that their applications for this privilege be endorsed by their professors.Lists of vacancies are forwarded twice weekly to those whose names are on the Appointments Register. Fellows and Associates who are already in employment but seeking to improve their positions are required to pay 10s. for a period of six months. Members and Students who are without employ- ment are required to pay 6s. 6d. for the first period of six months and if not successful in obtaining an appointment will there- after be suppIied with the fists gratis for a further period of six months if necessary. The Institute also maintains a Register of Laboratory Assistants who have passed approved Preliminary Examinations and in some cases Intermediate Science Examinations.Fellows and Associates who have vacancies for such assistants and students are invited to communicate with the Registrar. The Li brary.-The Library of the Institute is open for the use of Fellows Associates and Registered Students between the hours of 10 a.m. and 6 p.m. on week-days (Saturdays 10 a.m. and I pm.) except when examinations are being held. The library consists of books which are likely to be required by candidates during the Institute’s practical examinations. The comprehensive Library of the Chemical Society is avail- able by the courtesy of the Council of the Society for the use of Fellows and Associates of the Institute wishing to consult or borrow books from 10 a.m.to g p.m. on week-days (Saturdays from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.). Registered Students of the Institute are also permitted for the present year to use the Library of the Chemical Society for reference purposes but not to borrow books. Members and Students of the Institute using the Library of the Society are required to conform to the rules of the Society regarding the use of its books. Covers for Journal.-Members who desire covers for binding the JOURNAL (cost about IS. zd. each) are requested to 190 notify the Registrar of their requirements indicating the years for which they are desirous of binding the JOURNAL. Arrangements have been made with Messrs A. W. Bain & Co. Ltd. 17-19 Bishop’s Road Cambridge Heath London E.2.to bind volumes of the JOURNAL AND PROCEEDINGS on the following terms Buckram case IS. 2d.; binding 2s. gd.; postage and packing gd.; in all 4s. 8d. Lantern Slides for Lectures.-A collection of slides is kept at the Institute for the use of members who wish to give lectures. The collection includes a large number of portraits and pictures of alchemists and chemists. which are especially useful to members lecturing on various phases of the history of chemistry. Changes of Address.-In view of the expense involved through frequent alterations of addressograph plates etc. Fellows Associates and Registered Students who wish to notify changes of address are requested to give so far as possible their permanent addresses for registration. Official Chemical Appointments 1927.The following correctioiis and additions have been notified to the Registrar since the publication of the sixth edition of “ Official Cheniical Appointments” :- Cubriel 63. 64 Y‘3 * ADDENDA and CORRIGENDA. K. V. Eatoil. For “hl.Se.” reud “lj.Sc.” Livorpool. Add “ddditiorml Agriculturul dtiulyst.-E. Joiios A1.8~. (Vict. ~ i i d Liv.) F.I.C.” 62. Liverpool. Add ’‘ Additioiiul Public Arudyat,-E. Gabriel Joiiei h1.S~. (\‘ict. m c l Liv,) F.I.C.” Jlonmouth. Add “Deputy AwZyot.-U. Hogmi F.I.C.” Staffordshiro. Add “ A clditional Public Awalyst.-A. E. Johnsoli 13.S~. (Lond.) A.IZ.C.Bc.I. YLC.” A. 31. lVanclless. Add “ X A . (Cantab.).” Uritish Rescarch AssocitLtioii for Woollen atud Il-orsted l~iilustr.ies 1f’o.r present entry read “Director -S.(-4. Barker. Yh.L). B.1mt.Y. Chewists.-A. T. King l3.S~. (Lorid.) F.I.C. ; J. Barritt U.8c. (Lwicl.) A.R.C,S. A.I.C.; H. 1%. IIirst l3.8~. (Leeds) F.I.C.; Miss I?. PI;. Lambert M.Sc.” C. Kemp. .4dd “BSc. (Loncl.) A.H.C.S. U.I.C.” . 104. Birmingham The UiiiLwsity. Add “Heseaids Aaaisturst ire Oil Engineering and Reflning.-O. C. Elvins M.Sc. (Birm.) A.I.C.” 113. Keiidctl. Technical School. Delete ‘‘ H. W. Burgess,” ttnrl insert ‘‘ George Vogt.” 114. Leeds The University. Line 9 delete “M.l3.E.”; line 13 add ”J. \I-. Baker I).Sc. (Loiid.) A.H.C.S. A.I.C.; H. Burton XSe. Ph.D. (Sheff.) R.I.C.”; line 14 delete entry; line 13 for Leather Iriduatriea .’ n. McCandlish M.Sc. (Leeds). Leclurcr,s.-- *‘ P1i.U.” reud “D.Sc.” Add “l’rofe~sor of Applied Gheireistr,tj I\‘.1%. Atkiu L S c . (Loeds); F. C. Thompson M.Sc. ; H. Salt KSc. (Loeds) A.I.C’ 115. Liverpool Tho University. Add to Lecturers “ R. A. Morton Ph.D. (Liv.) A.I.C.” 1%. Insert “Cardiff. County Secondary School for Boys.-J. E. King l 3 . S ~ . (his.); Lt. F. U. Crlukwell J3.8~. (Lond.).” 133. Liverpool The University. Delete “C. 1). Bcngough,” mid ireaert ”C. 0. Baniiister hl.E~ig. A.H.S.M. F.I.C.” 135. A. d. IValker. &’or “F.1.C.” reud “A.I.C.” 136. Silttoti Lioiiiiigtoii. J’or present erhtry reud “A. C. UUK*I~S hI.8c.Touh. (Maiic.) Y.l.C. Head of Chornical Dcpt.; E. 1%. Ling l3.S~. of Agriculture Advisory Chemist” (Loncl.) A.lC.C.S. F.I.C.; G. 0. WOX; H. ‘l’. Uranfield Miriistry P.T.O. Page 141 Insert “Ultlonau Festinioy. Fecitiniog County Sohool. E. T. Jones M.Sc. (Wales) F.I.C.” 143. Insert “Urora (Sutherlaid). 11. C:. Schod. J. 1). Aluxitntlor 1LSc. (Edin . ) A. I. C . ’ ’ 144. Caistor (Lincs.) Ura~ninar Schoul. Ueletc “A. ljcouk ~ ~ r i t l A. Roebuck,” elid insert “ J. Player.” 142. Insert “Chester. The College. 3’. W. Hoopor B.Sc. (Liv.) A.I.C.” 151. Lancaster Royal Grammar School. For puresent entry reud “ J . Bradshaw M.Sc. (Manc.) A.I.C.; A Huck U,Sc.; C. H Tuck B.A.” 1 Us. Oldham Municipal Secondary School. E’or preaerd mtry r e d “E. Dickinson B.Sc. (Lond.) A.R.C.S. A.1.C.; Miss hi ~IOOL’U B.Sc.” 170. Shrewsbury. Add “Priory County School. 8. D. Stennitt M.Sc. 174. Winderinere Grammar School. Delete “ V. S. Uolclirian.” (Manc ) A. I. 0.’ ’ Edwards Junr.” 186. ’Iraq. Add “ C‘hemist Oflcer to Air &Iir&try Hinuidi.-H. Lotttvii 1‘31. Imert “Government Quiiiirie E’ttctory Nudubatam Nilyiri Uhtrict. Manuf ucturing Chemist.-Honry Whea tley l3. So. (Lord. ) A. I. C .* ’ (Leeds) F.I.C.” 192. Invert “Director of AgriczLlture.-H. H Mmn M.8c. (Vict ) u . 8 ~ 198. Lahore. Add “College for Worneii. Miss S. M. Httrrisoii M.A. S Illartill (Oxon.) A.I.C.” 306. Uganda Protectorate. Add “ dgricubzcral CItwt&t.-lV. Ph.D. (Lond.) A.R.C.Y. A.I.C.” 343. List of Societies uibd 1 rtatituliotl*. ‘ i i ~ the Appcrdis attould iiccl~~dc “The Iriterriatioiittl Society of Loathor ‘l’rltdos’ Uhoriiists.” 2.33. Bioohemical Socioty. Add “ HOIL. Z’muaurer.-J. A. Gardrier M.A. (Oxon.) F.I.C.” 290 Indert “Bagnall D. J. T. 66.”